panthera

{{Automatic taxobox

| name = Panthera

| fossil_range = {{geological range|Pliocene|Present|refs=}}

| image = 4panthera3.0.png

| image_caption = From top to bottom: tiger, lion, jaguar, leopard, snow leopard

| taxon = Panthera

| authority = Oken, 1816{{MSW3 Wozencraft |id=14000227 |pages=546–548 |heading=Genus Panthera}}

| type_species = Felis pardus
(= Panthera pardus)

| type_species_authority = Linnaeus, 1758

| subdivision_ranks = Species

| subdivision = {{Linked species list

|{{extinct}}Panthera atrox|(Leidy, 1853)

|{{extinct}}Panthera balamoides|Stinnesbeck et al., 2019

|{{extinct}}Panthera dhokpathanensis|Bakr, 1986

|{{extinct}}Panthera fossilis|(Reichenau, 1906)

|{{extinct}}Panthera gombaszoegensis|(Kretzoi, 1938)

|Panthera leo|(Linnaeus, 1758)

|Panthera onca|(Linnaeus, 1758)

|{{extinct}}Panthera palaeosinensis|(Zdansky, 1924)

|Panthera pardus|(Linnaeus, 1758)

|{{extinct}}Panthera principialis|Hemmer, 2023

|{{extinct}}Panthera shawi|(Broom, 1948)

|{{extinct}}Panthera spelaea|(Goldfuss, 1810)

|Panthera tigris|(Linnaeus, 1758)

|Panthera uncia|(Schreber, 1775)

|{{extinct}}Panthera youngi|Pei, 1934

|{{extinct}}Panthera zdanskyi|Mazák, Christiansen & Kitchener, 2011

}}

| synonyms = {{collapsible list |title=About 10 |titlestyle=text-align:center; font-weight:normal; |bullets=y

|Jaguarius Severtzov, 1858

|Leo Frisch, 1775

|Leonina Greve, 1894

|Leoninae Wagner, 1841

|Pardotigris Kretzoi, 1929

|Pardus Fitzinger, 1868

|Tigrina Greve, 1894

|Tigrinae Wagner, 1841

|Tigris Gray, 1843

|Tigris Frisch, 1775

}}

| synonyms_ref =

}}

Panthera{{notetag|{{IPAc-en|'|p|ae|n|T|ə|r|ə|,_|p|ae|n|'|T|i:|r|ə}} {{respell|PAN|thə|rə|,_|pan|THEE|rə}}{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Panthera |encyclopedia=Collins Dictionary |year=2005 |publisher=Penguin Random House |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/panthera |language=en}}{{Harvard citation no brackets|Eons|2021|ref=Eons2021|loc=1:30}}, spoken by Kallie Moore}} is a genus within the family Felidae, and one of two extant genera in the subfamily Pantherinae. It contains the largest living members of the cat family. There are five living species: the jaguar, leopard, lion, snow leopard and tiger. Numerous extinct species are also named, including the cave lion and American lion.

Etymology

The word {{wikt-lang|en|panther}} derives from Classical Latin {{wikt-lang|la|panthēra}}, itself from the Ancient Greek {{translit|grc|pánthēr}} ({{wikt-lang|grc|πάνθηρ}}).{{cite book |last1=Liddell, H. G. |last2=Scott, R. |name-list-style=amp |year=1940 |chapter=πάνθηρ |chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2377441 |title=A Greek-English Lexicon |edition=Revised and augmented |location=Oxford |publisher=Clarendon Press |access-date=21 February 2021 |archive-date=11 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080411203109/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2377441 |url-status=live }}

Characteristics

In Panthera species, the dorsal profile of the skull is flattish or evenly convex. The frontal interorbital area is not noticeably elevated, and the area behind the elevation is less steeply sloped. The basic cranial axis is nearly horizontal. The inner chamber of the bullae is large, the outer small. The partition between them is close to the external auditory meatus. The convexly rounded chin is sloping.{{cite book |author=Pocock, R. I. |year=1939 |chapter=Panthera |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/PocockMammalia1/pocock1#page/n243/mode/2up |title=The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Mammalia. – Volume 1 |publisher=Taylor and Francis |location=London |pages=196–239}}

All Panthera species have an incompletely ossified hyoid bone and a specially adapted larynx with large vocal folds covered in a fibro-elastic pad; these characteristics enable them to roar. Only the snow leopard cannot roar, as it has shorter vocal folds of {{cvt|9|mm}} that provide a lower resistance to airflow; it was therefore proposed to be retained in the genus Uncia.{{Cite journal |title=The larynx of roaring and non-roaring cats |journal=Journal of Anatomy |date=1989 |pmc=1256521 |pmid=2606766 |pages=117–121 |volume=163 |first=M. H.|last=Hast}}

Panthera species can prusten, which is a short, soft, snorting sound; it is used during contact between friendly individuals. The roar is an especially loud call with a distinctive pattern that depends on the species.{{cite journal |last1=Weissengruber |first1=G. E. |last2=Forstenpointner, G. |last3=Peters, G. |last4= Kübber-Heiss, A. |last5=Fitch, W. T. |title=Hyoid apparatus and pharynx in the lion (Panthera leo), jaguar (Panthera onca), tiger (Panthera tigris), cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) and the domestic cat (Felis silvestris f. catus) |journal=Journal of Anatomy |pages=195–209 | volume=201|issue=3 |year=2002 |doi=10.1046/j.1469-7580.2002.00088.x |pmc=1570911 |pmid=12363272}}

Evolution

The geographic origin of the genus Panthera is uncertain, though the earliest known definitive species Panthera principialis is from Tanzania. P. blytheae from northern Central Asia, originally described as the oldest known Panthera species, is suggested to be similar in skull features to the snow leopard, but subsequent studies have since agreed that it is not a member of or a related species of the snow leopard lineage and that it belongs to a different genus Palaeopanthera.{{cite journal |author1=Geraads, D. |author2=Peigné, S |title=Re-appraisal of Felis pamiri Ozansoy 1959 (Carnivora, Felidae) from the upper Miocene of Turkey: the earliest pantherine cat? |journal=Journal of Mammalian Evolution |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=415–425 |year=2017 |url=https://hal.sorbonne-universite.fr/hal-01675275/document |doi=10.1007/s10914-016-9349-6|s2cid=207195894}}{{cite journal|last1=Hemmer|first1=H. |date=2023 |title=The evolution of the palaeopantherine cats, Palaeopanthera gen. nov. blytheae (Tseng et al., 2014) and Palaeopanthera pamiri (Ozansoy, 1959) comb. nov. (Mammalia, Carnivora, Felidae) |journal=Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments |volume=103 |issue=4 |pages=827–839 |doi=10.1007/s12549-023-00571-5 |bibcode=2023PdPe..103..827H |s2cid=257842190}}{{Cite journal|last1=Jiangzuo |first1=Q. |last2=Madurell-Malapeira |first2=J. |last3=Li |first3=X. |last4=Estraviz-López |first4=D. |last5=Mateus |first5=O. |last6=Testu |first6=A. |last7=Li |first7=S. |last8=Wang |first8=S. |last9=Deng |first9=T. |title=Insights on the evolution and adaptation toward high-altitude and cold environments in the snow leopard lineage |year=2025 |journal=Science Advances |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=eadp5243 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.adp5243 |pmid=39813339 |pmc=11734717 |doi-access=free }} The tiger, snow leopard, and clouded leopard genetic lineages likely dispersed in Southeast Asia during the Late Miocene.{{cite journal |last1=Tseng |first1=Z.J. |last2=Wang |first2=X. |last3=Slater |first3=G.J. |last4=Takeuchi |first4=G.T. |last5=Li |first5=Q. |last6=Liu |first6=J. |last7=Xie |first7=G. |name-list-style=amp |year=2014 |title=Himalayan fossils of the oldest known pantherine establish ancient origin of big cats |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=281 |issue=1774 |page=20132686 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2013.2686 |pmid=24225466 |pmc=3843846}}

Genetic studies indicate that the pantherine cats diverged from the subfamily Felinae between six and ten million years ago.{{cite journal |last1=Johnson |first1=W.E. |last2=Eizirik |first2=E. |last3=Pecon-Slattery |first3=J. |last4=Murphy |first4=W.J. |last5=Antunes |first5=A. |last6=Teeling |first6=E. |last7=O'Brien |first7=S.J. |name-list-style=amp |year=2006 |doi=10.1126/science.1122277 |title=The Late Miocene radiation of modern Felidae: A genetic assessment |journal=Science |volume=311 |pages=73–77 |pmid=16400146 |issue=5757 |bibcode=2006Sci...311...73J |s2cid=41672825 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1230866 |access-date=28 June 2019 |archive-date=4 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004075725/https://zenodo.org/record/1230866 |url-status=live}}

The genus Neofelis is sister to Panthera.{{cite journal |last1=Janczewski |first1=D.N. |last2=Modi |first2=W.S. |last3=Stephens |first3=J.C. |last4=O'Brien |first4=S.J. |name-list-style=amp |year=1996 |title=Molecular evolution of mitochondrial 12S RNA and cytochrome b sequences in the pantherine lineage of Felidae |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=690–707 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040232 |pmid=7544865 |doi-access=free}}{{cite journal |last1=Johnson |first1=W. E. |last2=O'Brien |first2=S.J. |name-list-style=amp |year=1997 |title=Phylogenetic reconstruction of the Felidae using 16S rRNA and NADH-5 mitochondrial genes |journal=Journal of Molecular Evolution |volume=44 |issue=S1 |pages=S98–S116 |doi=10.1007/PL00000060 |pmid=9071018 |bibcode=1997JMolE..44S..98J |s2cid=40185850 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1232587 |access-date=28 June 2019 |archive-date=4 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004075723/https://zenodo.org/record/1232587 |url-status=live}}{{cite journal |last1=Yu |first1=L. |last2=Zhang |first2=Y.P. |name-list-style=amp |year=2005 |title=Phylogenetic studies of pantherine cats (Felidae) based on multiple genes, with novel application of nuclear beta-fibrinogen intron 7 to carnivores |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=483–495 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2005.01.017 |pmid=15804417|bibcode=2005MolPE..35..483Y }}

The clouded leopard appears to have diverged about {{Ma|8.66}}. Panthera diverged from other cat species about {{Ma|11.3}} and then evolved into the species tiger about {{Ma|6.55}}, snow leopard about {{Ma|4.63}} and leopard about {{Ma|4.35}}. Mitochondrial sequence data from fossils suggest that the American lion (P. atrox) is a sister lineage to Panthera spelaea (the Eurasian cave or steppe lion) that diverged about {{Ma|0.34}}, and that both P. atrox and P. spelaea are most closely related to lions among living Panthera species.{{cite journal |last1=Barnett |first1=R. |last2=Shapiro |first2=B. |author-link2=Beth Shapiro |last3=Barnes |first3=I. |last4=Ho |first4=S.Y.W. |last5=Burger |first5=J. |author-link5=Joachim Burger |last6=Yamaguchi |first6=N. |last7=Higham |first7=T.F.G. |last8=Wheeler |first8=H.T. |last9=Rosendahl |first9=W. |last10=Sher |first10=A.V. |last11=Sotnikova |first11=M. |last12=Kuznetsova |first12=T. |last13=Baryshnikov |first13=G.F. |last14=Martin |first14=L.D. |last15=Harington |first15=C.R. |last16=Burns |first16=J.A. |last17=Cooper |first17=A. |name-list-style=amp |title=Phylogeography of lions (Panthera leo ssp.) reveals three distinct taxa and a late Pleistocene reduction in genetic diversity |journal=Molecular Ecology |year=2009 |volume=18 |issue=8 |pages=1668–1677 |pmid=19302360 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04134.x |bibcode=2009MolEc..18.1668B |s2cid=46716748 |url=https://www.zin.ru/Labs/theriology/eng/staff/baryshnikov/references/barnett_et_al_2009.pdf |access-date=24 February 2019 |archive-date=8 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808225555/https://www.zin.ru/Labs/theriology/eng/staff/baryshnikov/references/barnett_et_al_2009.pdf |url-status=live}} The snow leopard is nested within Panthera and is the sister species of the tiger.{{cite journal |last1=Davis |first1=B.W. |title=Supermatrix and species tree methods resolve phylogenetic relationships within the big cats, Panthera (Carnivora: Felidae) |author2=Li, G. |author3=Murphy, W.J. |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=56 |date=2010 |issue=1 |pages=64–76 |pmid=20138224 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2010.01.036|bibcode=2010MolPE..56...64D }}

Results of a 2016 study based on analysis of biparental nuclear genomes suggest the following relationships of living Panthera species:{{cite journal |author=Li, G. |author2=Davis, B. W. |author3=Eizirik, E. |name-list-style=amp |author4=Murphy, W. J. |year=2016 |title=Phylogenomic evidence for ancient hybridization in the genomes of living cats (Felidae) |journal=Genome Research |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=1–11 |doi=10.1101/gr.186668.114 |pmid=26518481 |pmc=4691742}}

The extinct species Panthera gombaszoegensis, was probably closely related to the modern jaguar. The first fossil remains were excavated in Olivola, in Italy, and date to {{Ma|1.6}}.{{cite journal |last1=Hemmer |first1=H. |last2=Kahlke |first2=R.D. |last3=Vekua |first3=A.K. |name-list-style=amp |year=2001 |title=The Jaguar – Panthera onca gombaszoegensis (Kretzoi, 1938) (Carnivora: Felidae) in the late lower Pleistocene of Akhalkalaki (south Georgia; Transcaucasia) and its evolutionary and ecological significance | journal=Geobios |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=475–486 |doi=10.1016/s0016-6995(01)80011-5 |bibcode=2001Geobi..34..475H}}

Fossil remains found in South Africa that appear to belong within the Panthera lineage date to about {{Ma|2.0|3.8}}.{{cite journal |last1=Turner |first1=A. |year=1987 |title=New fossil carnivore remains from the Sterkfontein hominid site (Mammalia: Carnivora) |journal=Annals of the Transvaal Museum |volume=34 |issue=15 |pages=319–347 |url=https://journals.co.za/content/nfi_annalstm/34/15/AJA00411752_121?crawler=true&mimetype=application/pdf}}

Classification

Panthera was named and described by Lorenz Oken in 1816 who placed all the spotted cats in this group.{{cite book |last1=Oken |first1=L. |title=Lehrbuch der Zoologie. 2. Abtheilung |publisher=August Schmid & Comp. |year=1816 |location=Jena |page=1052 |chapter=1. Art, Panthera |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S5o5AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1052}}{{cite journal |last1=Allen |first1=J. A. |year=1902 |title=Mammal names proposed by Oken in his 'Lehrbuch der Zoologie' |url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstream/handle/2246/509//v2/dspace/ingest/pdfSource/bul/B016a27.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |journal=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History |volume=16 |issue=27 |pages=373−379 |access-date=4 April 2019 |archive-date=9 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509152416/https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstream/handle/2246/509//v2/dspace/ingest/pdfSource/bul/B016a27.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |url-status=live }} During the 19th and 20th centuries, various explorers and staff of natural history museums suggested numerous subspecies, or at times called "races", for all Panthera species. The taxonomist Reginald Innes Pocock reviewed skins and skulls in the zoological collection of the Natural History Museum, London, and grouped subspecies described, thus shortening the lists considerably.{{cite journal | last1=Pocock | first1=R. I. | year=1930 | title=The panthers and ounces of Asia | journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society | volume = 34 | issue = 1| pages = 65–82}}{{cite journal |last1=Pocock | first1 = R. I. | year=1932 |title=The leopards of Africa | doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.1932.tb01085.x | journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London | volume = 102 | issue=2| pages = 543–591}}{{cite journal | last1 = Pocock | first1 = R. I. | year = 1939 | title=The races of jaguar (Panthera onca) | journal=Novitates Zoologicae | volume=41 | pages = 406–422}} Reginald Innes Pocock revised the classification of this genus in 1916 as comprising the tiger (P. tigris), lion (P. leo), jaguar (P. onca), and leopard (P. pardus) on the basis of common features of their skulls.{{cite journal |last1=Pocock |first1=R. I. |year=1916 |title=The Classification and Generic Nomenclature of F. uncia and its Allies |url=https://archive.org/stream/ser8annalsmagazi18londuoft#page/314/mode/2up |journal=The Annals and Magazine of Natural History: Including Zoology, Botany, and Geology |series=Series 8 |volume=XVIII |issue=105 |pages=314–316 |doi=10.1080/00222931608693854}} Since the mid-1980s, several Panthera species became subjects of genetic research, mostly using blood samples of captive individuals. Study results indicate that many of the lion and leopard subspecies are questionable because of insufficient genetic distinction between them.{{cite journal |author=O'Brien, S. J. |author2=Martenson, J. S. |author3=Packer, C. |author4=Herbst, L. |author5=de Vos, V. |author6=Joslin, P. |author7=Ott-Joslin, J. |author8=Wildt, D. E. |author9=Bush, M. |name-list-style=amp |year=1987 |url=http://www.cbs.umn.edu/sites/default/files/public/downloads/Biochemical_Genetic_Variation_in_Geographic_Isolates_of_African_and_Asiatic_Lions.pdf |title=Biochemical genetic variation in geographic isolates of African and Asiatic lions |journal=National Geographic Research |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=114–124 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502101107/http://www.cbs.umn.edu/sites/default/files/public/downloads/Biochemical_Genetic_Variation_in_Geographic_Isolates_of_African_and_Asiatic_Lions.pdf |archive-date=2 May 2013}}{{cite journal | last1 = Miththapala | first1 = S. | last2 = Seidensticker | first2 = J. | last3 = O'Brien | first3 = S. J. | year = 1996 | title = Phylogeographic subspecies recognition in leopards (Panthera pardus): Molecular genetic variation | journal = Conservation Biology | volume = 10 | issue = 4| pages = 1115–1132 | doi=10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10041115.x| bibcode = 1996ConBi..10.1115M }} Subsequently, it was proposed to group all African leopard populations to P. p. pardus and retain eight subspecific names for Asian leopard populations.{{cite journal | last1 = Uphyrkina | first1 = O. | last2 = Johnson | first2 = W. E. | last3 = Quigley | first3 = H. B. | last4 = Miquelle | first4 = D. G. | last5 = Marker | first5 = L. | last6 = Bush | first6 = M. E. | last7 = O'Brien | first7 = S. J. | year = 2001 | title = Phylogenetics, genome diversity and origin of modern leopard, Panthera pardus | url = https://zenodo.org/record/1236516 | journal = Molecular Ecology | volume = 10 | issue = 11 | pages = 2617–2633 | doi = 10.1046/j.0962-1083.2001.01350.x | pmid = 11883877 | bibcode = 2001MolEc..10.2617U | s2cid = 304770 | access-date = 28 June 2019 | archive-date = 6 August 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200806044827/https://zenodo.org/record/1236516 | url-status = live }} Results of genetic analysis indicate that the snow leopard (formerly Uncia uncia) also belongs to the genus Panthera (P. uncia), a classification that was accepted by IUCN Red List assessors in 2008.

Based on genetic research, it was suggested to group all living sub-Saharan lion populations into P. l. leo.{{cite journal | last1 = Dubach | first1 = J. | last2 = Patterson | first2 = B. D. | last3 = Briggs | first3 = M. B. | last4 = Venzke | first4 = K. | last5 = Flamand | first5 = J. | last6 = Stander | first6 = P. | last7 = Scheepers | first7 = L. | last8 = Kays | first8 = R. W. | year = 2005 | title = Molecular genetic variation across the southern and eastern geographic ranges of the African lion, Panthera leo | journal = Conservation Genetics | volume = 6 | issue = 1 | pages = 15–24 | doi = 10.1007/s10592-004-7729-6 | bibcode = 2005ConG....6...15D | s2cid = 30414547 | url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226066591 | access-date = 5 March 2019 | archive-date = 5 March 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240305201616/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226066591_Molecular_genetic_variation_across_the_southern_and_eastern_geographic_ranges_of_the_African_lion_Panthera_leo | url-status = live }}

Results of phylogeographic studies indicate that the Western and Central African lion populations are more closely related to those in India and form a different clade than lion populations in Southern and East Africa; southeastern Ethiopia is an admixture region between North African and East African lion populations.{{Cite journal |last1=Bertola |first1=L. D. |last2=Van Hooft |first2=W. F. |last3=Vrieling |first3=K. |last4=Uit De Weerd |first4=D. R. |last5=York |first5=D. S. |last6=Bauer |first6=H. |last7=Prins |first7=H. H. T. |last8=Funston |first8=P. J. |last9=Udo De Haes |first9=H. A. |last10=Leirs |first10=H. |last11=Van Haeringen |first11=W. A. |last12=Sogbohossou |first12=E. |last13=Tumenta |first13=P. N. |last14=De Iongh |first14=H. H. |title=Genetic diversity, evolutionary history and implications for conservation of the lion (Panthera leo) in West and Central Africa |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02500.x |journal=Journal of Biogeography |volume=38 |issue=7 |pages=1356–1367 |year=2011 |bibcode=2011JBiog..38.1356B |s2cid=82728679 |url=http://dspace.learningnetworks.org/bitstream/1820/4311/1/2011_Bertola,Hooft,Vrieling,Weerd,York,Bauer,Prins,Haes,Iongh_GeneticDiversityEvolutionaryHistoryAndImplicationsForConservationOfTheLionInWestAndCentralAfrica.pdf |access-date=17 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608070014/http://dspace.learningnetworks.org/bitstream/1820/4311/1/2011_Bertola,Hooft,Vrieling,Weerd,York,Bauer,Prins,Haes,Iongh_GeneticDiversityEvolutionaryHistoryAndImplicationsForConservationOfTheLionInWestAndCentralAfrica.pdf |archive-date=8 June 2019 }}{{cite journal |author=Bertola, L. D. |author2=Jongbloed, H. |author3=Van Der Gaag, K. J. |author4=De Knijff, P. |author5=Yamaguchi, N. |author6=Hooghiemstra, H. |author7=Bauer, H. |author8=Henschel, P. |author9=White, P. A. |author10=Driscoll, C. A. |author11=Tende, T. |year=2016 |title=Phylogeographic patterns in Africa and High Resolution Delineation of genetic clades in the Lion (Panthera leo) |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=6 |page=30807 |doi=10.1038/srep30807|pmid=27488946 |pmc=4973251 |bibcode=2016NatSR...630807B}}

Black panthers do not form a distinct species, but are melanistic specimens of the genus, most often encountered in the leopard and jaguar.{{cite journal |author = Robinson, R. |year=1970 |title=Inheritance of black form of the leopard Panthera pardus |journal=Genetica |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=190–197 |pmid=5480762 |doi=10.1007/bf00958904|s2cid=5446868 }}{{cite journal |author=Eizirik, E. |author2=Yuhki, N. |author3=Johnson, W. E. |author4=Menotti-Raymond, M. |author5=Hannah, S. S. |author6=O'Brien, S. J. |title=Molecular Genetics and Evolution of Melanism in the Cat Family |journal=Current Biology |year=2003 |volume=13 |issue=5 |pages=448–453 |doi=10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00128-3 |pmid=12620197|s2cid=19021807 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2003CBio...13..448E }}

=Contemporary species=

The following list of the genus Panthera is based on the taxonomic assessment in Mammal Species of the World and reflects the taxonomy revised in 2017 by the Cat Classification Task Force of the Cat Specialist Group:{{cite journal |author1=Kitchener, A. C. |author2=Breitenmoser-Würsten, C. |author3=Eizirik, E. |author4=Gentry, A. |author5=Werdelin, L. |author6=Wilting, A. |author7=Yamaguchi, N. |author8=Abramov, A. V. |author9=Christiansen, P. |author10=Driscoll, C. |author11=Duckworth, J. W. |author12=Johnson, W. |author13=Luo, S.-J. |author14=Meijaard, E. |author15=O'Donoghue, P. |author16=Sanderson, J. |author17=Seymour, K. |author18=Bruford, M. |author19=Groves, C. |author20=Hoffmann, M. |author21=Nowell, K. |author22=Timmons, Z. |author23=Tobe, S. |year=2017 |title=A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group |journal=Cat News |issue=Special Issue 11 |pages=66−75 |url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/32616/A_revised_Felidae_Taxonomy_CatNews.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |access-date=13 May 2018 |archive-date=17 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200117172708/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/32616/A_revised_Felidae_Taxonomy_CatNews.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |url-status=live }}

Species	Subspecies	IUCN Red List status and distribution
class="wikitable"
style="vertical-align: top;" \|Lion P. leo {{small\|(Linnaeus, 1758)}} File:Ngorongoro Crater (26) (cropped).jpg \|P. l. leo {{small\|(Linnaeus, 1758)}} including: †Barbary lion P. l. leo sensu stricto Asiatic lion {{small\|syn. P. l. persica (Johann Nepomuk Meyer, 1826){{cite thesis \|last1=Meyer \|first1=J. N. \|year=1826 \|title=Dissertatio inauguralis anatomico-medica de genere felium \|location=Vienna \|type=Doctoral thesis \|publisher=University of Vienna}}}} P. l. melanochaita {{small\|(Smith, 1842){{cite book \|author=Smith, C. H. \|year=1842 \|chapter=Black maned lion Leo melanochaitus \|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/naturalistslibra15jardrich#page/176/mode/2up \|page=Plate X, 177 \|title=The Naturalist's Library. Vol. 15 Mammalia \|editor1-last=Jardine \|editor1-first=W. \|location=London \|publisher=Chatto and Windus}}}} including: †Cape lion P. l. melanochaita sensu stricto{{cite journal \|author=Mazak, V. \|year=1975 \|title=Notes on the Black-maned Lion of the Cape, Panthera leo melanochaita (Ch. H. Smith, 1842) and a Revised List of the Preserved Specimens \|journal=Verhandelingen Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen \|issue=64 \|pages=1–44}}	Vulnerable species{{cite iucn \|title=Panthera leo \|author=Bauer, H. \|author2=Packer, C. \|author3=Funston, P. F. \|author4=Henschel, P. \|author5=Nowell, K. \|name-list-style=amp \|page=e.T15951A115130419 \|year=2016}} frameless
style="vertical-align: top;" \|Jaguar P. onca {{small\|(Linnaeus, 1758)}} frameless \|Monotypic{{Cite journal\|last=Larson\|first=S. E.\|date=1997 \|title=Taxonomic re-evaluation of the jaguar \|journal=Zoo Biology \|language=en \|volume=16 \|issue=2 \|pages=107–120 \|doi=10.1002/(SICI)1098-2361(1997)16:2<107::AID-ZOO2>3.0.CO;2-E}} \|Near-threatened species{{cite iucn\|title=Panthera onca \|author1=Quigley, H.\|author2=Foster, R.\|author3=Petracca, L.\|author4=Payan, E.\|author5=Salom, R. \|author6=Harmsen, B. \|name-list-style=amp \|page=e.T15953A123791436 \|year=2017}} frameless
style="vertical-align: top;" \|Leopard P. pardus {{small\|(Linnaeus, 1758)}} frameless \|African leopard P. p. pardus {{small\|(Linnaeus, 1758)}} Indian leopard P. p. fusca {{small\|(Meyer, 1794)}}{{cite book \|author=Meyer, F. A. A. \|year=1794 \|title=Zoologische Annalen. Erster Band \|location=Weimar \|publisher=Im Verlage des Industrie-Comptoirs \|pages=394–396 \|chapter=Über de la Metheries schwarzen Panther \|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v4s-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA394}} Javan leopard P. p. melas {{small\|(G. Cuvier, 1809)}}{{cite journal \|last=Cuvier, G. \|year=1809 \|title=Recherches sur les espėces vivantes de grands chats, pour servir de preuves et d'éclaircissement au chapitre sur les carnassiers fossils \|journal=Annales du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle \|volume=Tome XIV \|pages=136–164}} Arabian leopard P. p. nimr {{small\|(Hemprich and Ehrenberg), 1833}}{{cite book \|last1=Hemprich \|first1=W. \|last2=Ehrenberg \|first2=C. G. \|year=1830 \|chapter=Felis, pardus?, nimr \|pages=Plate 17 \|title=Symbolae Physicae, seu Icones et Descriptiones Mammalium quae ex Itinere per Africam Borealem et Asiam Occidentalem Friderici Guilelmi Hemprich et Christiani Godofredi Ehrenberg. Decas Secunda. Zoologica I. Mammalia II \|location=Berolini \|publisher=Officina Academica \|editor=Dr. C. G. Ehrenberg \|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/SymbolaephysicaMammEhreA/page/n60}} P. p. tulliana {{small\|(Valenciennes, 1856),{{cite journal \|last=Valenciennes, A. \|date=1856 \|title=Sur une nouvelles espèce de Panthère tué par M. Tchihatcheff à Ninfi, village situé à huit lieues est de Smyrne \|journal=Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences \|volume=42 \|pages=1035–1039}} syn. P. p. ciscaucasica (Satunin, 1914),{{cite book \|last=Satunin, K. A. \|year=1914 \|title=Opredelitel' mlekopitayushchikh Rossiiskoi Imperii \|trans-title=Guide to the mammals of the Russian Empire \|location=Tiflis \|publisher=Tipographia Kantzelyarii Namestnichestva }} P. p. saxicolor Pocock, 1927{{cite journal \|last=Pocock \|first=R. I. \|year=1927 \|title=Description of two subspecies of leopards \|journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History \|volume=20 \|series=Series 9 \|issue=116 \|pages=213–214\|doi=10.1080/00222932708655586 }}}} Amur leopard P. p. orientalis {{small\|(Schlegel, 1857),{{cite book \|author=Schlegel, H. \|year=1857 \|chapter=Felis orientalis \|page=23 \|title=Handleiding Tot de Beoefening der Dierkunde, I^e Deel \|publisher=Boekdrukkerij van Nys \|location=Breda}} syn. P. p. japonensis (Gray, 1862){{cite journal \|author=Gray, J. E. \|year=1862 \|title=Description of some new species of Mammalia \|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Zoological Society of London \|volume=30 \|pages=261−263, plate XXXIII \|url=https://archive.org/details/proceedingsofgen62zool/page/262\|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1862.tb06524.x }}}} Indochinese leopard P. p. delacouri {{small\|Pocock, 1930}}{{cite journal \|author=Pocock, R. I. \|year=1930 \|title=The Panthers and Ounces of Asia \|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society \|volume=34 \|issue=2 \|pages=307–336}} Sri Lankan leopard P. p. kotiya {{small\|Deraniyagala, 1956}}{{cite journal \|last=Deraniyagala \|first=P. E. P. \|year=1956 \|title=The Ceylon leopard, a distinct subspecies \|journal=Spolia Zeylanica \|volume=28 \|pages=115–116}} \|{{IUCN status\|VU\|15954}}{{cite iucn \|title=Panthera pardus \|author=Stein, A. B. \|author2=Athreya, V. \|author3=Gerngross, P. \|author4=Balme, G. \|author5=Henschel, P. \|author6=Karanth, U. \|author7=Miquelle, D. \|author8=Rostro, S. \|author9=Kamler, J. F. \|author10=Laguardia, A. \|name-list-style=amp \|page=e.T15954A102421779\|date=2016}} frameless
style="vertical-align: top;" \|Tiger P. tigris {{small\|(Linnaeus, 1758)}}{{cite book \|author=Linnaeus, C. \|year=1758 \|title=Caroli Linnæi Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis \|volume=Tomus I \|edition=decima, reformata \|location=Holmiae \|publisher=Laurentius Salvius \|pages=41−42 \|chapter=Felis \|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/mobot31753000798865#page/41/mode/2up}} frameless \|style="white-space: nowrap;"\|P. t. tigris {{small\|(Linnaeus, 1758)}} including: Bengal tiger P. t. tigris sensu stricto †Caspian tiger {{small\|syn. P. t. virgata (Illiger, 1815){{cite journal \|last1=Illiger \|first1=C. \|year=1815 \|title=Überblick der Säugethiere nach ihrer Verteilung über die Welttheile \|journal=Abhandlungen der Königlichen Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin \|volume=1804−1811 \|pages=39−159 \|url=http://bibliothek.bbaw.de/bbaw/bibliothek-digital/digitalequellen/schriften/anzeige/index_html?band=07-abh/18041811&seite:int=195 \|access-date=2 January 2021 \|archive-date=8 June 2019 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608070026/http://bibliothek.bbaw.de/bbaw/bibliothek-digital/digitalequellen/schriften/anzeige/index_html?band=07-abh%2F18041811&seite%3Aint=195 }}}} Siberian tiger {{small\|syn. P. t. altaica (Temminck, 1844){{cite book \|last=Temminck, C. J. \|year=1844 \|chapter=Aperçu général et spécifique sur les Mammifères qui habitent le Japon et les Iles qui en dépendent \|title=Fauna Japonica sive Descriptio animalium, quae in itinere per Japoniam, jussu et auspiciis superiorum, qui summum in India Batava imperium tenent, suscepto, annis 1825–1830 collegit, notis, observationibus et adumbrationibus illustravit Ph. Fr. de Siebold \|location=Leiden \|publisher=Lugduni Batavorum \|editor1=Siebold, P. F. v. \|editor2=Temminck, C. J. \|editor3=Schlegel, H. \|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/faunajaponicasi00sieb/page/43}}}} South China tiger {{small\|syn. P. t. amoyensis (Hilzheimer, 1905){{cite journal \|last1=Hilzheimer \|first1=M. \|year=1905 \|title=Über einige Tigerschädel aus der Straßburger zoologischen Sammlung \|journal=Zoologischer Anzeiger \|volume=28 \|pages=594–599 \|url=https://archive.org/stream/zoologischeranze28deut#page/594/mode/2up}}}} Indochinese tiger {{small\|syn. P. t. corbetti Mazák, 1968{{cite journal \|last1=Mazák \|first1=V. \|year=1968 \|title=Nouvelle sous-espèce de tigre provenant de l'Asie du sud-est \|journal=Mammalia \|volume=32 \|issue=1 \|pages=104−112 \|doi=10.1515/mamm.1968.32.1.104\|s2cid=84054536 }}}} Malayan tiger {{small\|syn. P. t. jacksoni Luo et al., 2004{{cite journal \|last1=Luo, S. J. \|last2=Kim, J. H. \|last3=Johnson, W. E. \|last4=Walt, J. v. d. \|last5=Martenson, J. \|last6=Yuhki, N. \|last7=Miquelle, D. G. \|year=2004 \|title=Phylogeography and Genetic Ancestry of Tigers (Panthera tigris) \|journal=PLOS Biology \|volume=2 \|issue=12 \|pages=e442 \|doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0020442 \|pmid=15583716 \|pmc=534810 \|doi-access=free }}}} Sunda Island tiger P. t. sondaica {{small\|Temminck, 1844)}} including †Javan tiger P. t. sondaica sensu stricto Sumatran tiger {{small\|syn. P t. sumatrae (Temminck, 1844)}} †Bali tiger {{small\|syn. P. t. balica Schwarz, 1912){{cite journal \|last=Schwarz \|first=E. \|year=1912 \|title=Notes on Malay tigers, with description of a new form from Bali \|journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History \|pages=324–326 \|volume=Series 8 Volume 10 \|issue=57 \|url=https://archive.org/stream/annalsmagazineof8101912lond#page/324/mode/2up \|doi=10.1080/00222931208693243}}}}	Endangered species{{Cite iucn \|title=Panthera tigris \|author1=Goodrich, J. \|author2=Lynam, A. \|author3=Miquelle, D. \|author4=Wibisono, H. \|author5=Kawanishi, K. \|author6=Pattanavibool, A. \|author7=Htun, S. \|author8=Tempa, T. \|author9=Karki, J. \|author10=Jhala, Y. \|author11=Karanth, U. \|name-list-style=amp \| page=e.T15955A50659951 \|date=2015}} frameless
style="vertical-align: top;" \|Snow leopard P. uncia {{small\|(Schreber, 1775)}}{{cite book \|last1=Schreber \|first1=J. C. D. \|chapter=Die Unze \|title=Die Säugethiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Beschreibungen \|date=1777 \|pages=386–387 \|location=Erlangen \|publisher=Wolfgang Walther \|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/SaYugthiereAbbiIIISchr#page/386/mode/2up}} frameless \|Monotypic	{{IUCN status\|VU\|22732}}{{cite iucn \|title=Panthera uncia \|author1=McCarthy, T. \|author2=Mallon, D. \|author3=Jackson, R. \|author4=Zahler, P. \|author5=McCarthy, K. \|name-list-style=amp \|year= 2017 \|page= e.T22732A50664030 \|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T22732A50664030.en \|access-date=6 February 2023}} frameless

=Extinct species and subspecies=

class="wikitable"
Species and subspecies	Fossil records	Notes !Images
style="vertical-align: top;" \|Panthera atrox \|North America, 0.13 to 0.013 MYA, with dubious remains in South America.{{Cite journal\|last1= Chimento \|first1= N. R.\|last2= Agnolin\|first2=F. L.\|year= 2017 \|title=The fossil American lion (Panthera atrox) in South America: Palaeobiogeographical implications \|journal= Comptes Rendus Palevol \|volume= 16\|issue= 8\|pages= 850–864 \|doi= 10.1016/j.crpv.2017.06.009\|bibcode= 2017CRPal..16..850C\|doi-access= \|hdl= 11336/65990\|hdl-access= free}} \|Commonly known as the American lion, P. atrox is thought to have descended from a basal P. spelaea cave lion population isolated south of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet, and then established a mitochondrial sister clade circa 200,000 BP.{{Cite journal \|last1=Barnett \|first1=R. \|last2=Shapiro \|first2=B. \|last3=Barnes \|first3=I. \|last4=Ho \|first4=S. Y. W. \|last5=Burger \|first5=J. \|last6=Yamaguchi \|first6=N. \|last7=Higham \|first7=T. F. G. \|last8=Wheeler \|first8=H. T. \|last9=Rosendahl \|first9=W. \|date=2009 \|title=Phylogeography of lions (Panthera leo ssp.) reveals three distinct taxa and a late Pleistocene reduction in genetic diversity \|journal=Molecular Ecology \|volume=18 \|issue=8 \|pages=1668–77 \|doi=10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04134.x \|pmid=19302360 \|bibcode=2009MolEc..18.1668B \|s2cid=46716748 \|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/24216045 \|access-date=7 March 2018 \|archive-date=20 September 2018 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920011400/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/24216045 \|url-status=live }} It was sometimes considered a subspecies either under the nomenclature of P. leo or P. spelaea.{{Cite journal \|author1=Sotnikova, M. \|author2=Nikolskiy, P. \|date=2006 \|title=Systematic position of the cave lion Panthera spelaea (Goldfuss) based on cranial and dental characters \|journal=Quaternary International \|language=en \|volume=142–143 \|pages=218–228 \|doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2005.03.019 \|bibcode=2006QuInt.142..218S \|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13484/files/PAL_E260.pdf \|access-date=24 January 2023 \|archive-date=5 February 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205061457/https://doc.rero.ch/record/13484/files/PAL_E260.pdf \|url-status=live }} One of the largest Panthera species.{{cite journal \|last1=Christiansen \|first1=P. \|last2=Harris \|first2=J. M. \|year=2009 \|title=Craniomandibular morphology and phylogenetic affinities of Panthera atrox: implications for the evolution and paleobiology of the lion lineage \|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology \|volume=29 \|issue=3 \|pages=934–945 \|bibcode=2009JVPal..29..934C \|doi=10.1671/039.029.0314 \|s2cid=85975640}} Became extinct around 13,000-12,000 years ago.{{Cite journal \|last1=O’Keefe \|first1=F. Robin \|last2=Dunn \|first2=Regan E. \|last3=Weitzel \|first3=Elic M. \|last4=Waters \|first4=Michael R. \|last5=Martinez \|first5=Lisa N. \|last6=Binder \|first6=Wendy J. \|last7=Southon \|first7=John R. \|last8=Cohen \|first8=Joshua E. \|last9=Meachen \|first9=Julie A. \|last10=DeSantis \|first10=Larisa R. G. \|last11=Kirby \|first11=Matthew E. \|last12=Ghezzo \|first12=Elena \|last13=Coltrain \|first13=Joan B. \|last14=Fuller \|first14=Benjamin T. \|last15=Farrell \|first15=Aisling B. \|date=18 August 2023 \|title=Pre–Younger Dryas megafaunal extirpation at Rancho La Brea linked to fire-driven state shift \|url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abo3594 \|journal=Science \|language=en \|volume=381 \|issue=6659 \|pages=eabo3594 \|doi=10.1126/science.abo3594 \|pmid=37590347 \|s2cid=260956289 \|issn=0036-8075 \|access-date=11 March 2024 \|archive-date=27 January 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127153230/https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abo3594 \|url-status=live }} \|File:American lion National Park Service illustration.png
style="vertical-align: top;" \|Panthera balamoides{{Cite journal\|last1=Stinnesbeck, S. R. \|last2=Stinnesbeck, W. \|last3=Frey, E. \|last4=Olguín, J. A. \|last5=Sandoval, C. R. \|last6=Morlet, A. V. \|author7=González, A. H. \|year=2018 \|title=Panthera balamoides and other Pleistocene felids from the submerged caves of Tulum, Quintana Roo, Mexico \|journal=Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology \|volume=32 \|issue= 7\|pages=1–10 \|doi=10.1080/08912963.2018.1556649\|s2cid=92328512 }} \|Mexico, ~0.13 MYA \|Dubious, other authors suggest that the remains are actually of the extinct bear Arctotherium instead.{{Cite journal \|author1=Blaine W. Schubert \|author2=James C. Chatters \|author3=Joaquin Arroyo-Cabrales \|author4=Joshua X. Samuels \|author5=Leopoldo H. Soibelzon \|author6=Francisco J. Prevosti \|author7=Christopher Widga \|author8=Alberto Nava \|author9=Dominique Rissolo \|author10=Pilar Luna Erreguerena \|year=2019 \|title=Yucatán carnivorans shed light on the Great American Biotic Interchange \|journal=Biology Letters \|volume=15 \|issue=5 \|pages=Article ID 20190148 \|doi=10.1098/rsbl.2019.0148 \|pmc=6548739 \|pmid=31039726}} \|
Panthera dhokpathanensis \|Siwaliks, ~2.7 MYA \|Described in 1986.{{Cite journal\|last=Bakr \|first=A. \|year=1986 \|title=On a collection of Siwalik Carnivora \|journal=Biological Society of Pakistan\|volume=11\|pages=1–64 }} \|
style="vertical-align: top;" \|Panthera fossilis{{cite thesis \|last1=Harington \|first1=C. R. \|year=1996 \|title=Pleistocene mammals of the Yukon Territory \|type=PhD \|publisher=University of Alberta \|location=Edmonton}} \|Europe and Asia, 0.68 to 0.25 MYA \|Extinct species of lion known from the Middle Pleistocene of Europe and Asia. One of the largest known species of Panthera. Considered to be the ancestor of P. spelaea.{{Cite journal \|last1=Sabo \|first1=Martin \|last2=Tomašových \|first2=Adam \|last3=Gullár \|first3=Juraj \|date=August 2022 \|title=Geographic and temporal variability in Pleistocene lion-like felids: Implications for their evolution and taxonomy \|url=https://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2022/3681-lion-cranial-variability \|journal=Palaeontologia Electronica \|language=English \|volume=25 \|issue=2 \|pages=1–27 \|doi=10.26879/1175 \|issn=1094-8074 \|s2cid=251855356 \|doi-access=free \|access-date=11 March 2024 \|archive-date=2 April 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402015510/https://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2022/3681-lion-cranial-variability \|url-status=live }} \|File:W. Gornig - P. spelaea fossilis.png
style="vertical-align: top;" \|Panthera gombaszoegensis \|Europe, possibly Asia and Africa, 2.0 to 0.35 MYA \|Ranged across Europe, as well as possibly Asia and Africa from around 2 million to 350,000 years ago.{{cite journal \|last1=Marciszak \|first1=A. \|year=2014 \|title=Presence of Panthera gombaszoegensis (Kretzoi, 1938) in the late Middle Pleistocene of Biśnik Cave, Poland, with an overview of Eurasian jaguar size variability \|journal=Quaternary International \|volume=326-327 \|pages=105–113 \|bibcode=2014QuInt.326..105M \|doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2013.12.029}} Often suggested to be the ancestor of the living jaguar (Panthera onca), and sometimes referred to as the "European jaguar". Panthera schreuderi and Panthera toscana are considered junior synonyms of P. gombaszoegensis. It is occasionally classified as a subspecies of P. onca.{{cite journal \|last1=Hemmer, H. \|last2=Kahlke, R. D. \|last3=Vekua, A. K. \|year=2010 \|title=Panthera onca georgica ssp. nov. from the Early Pleistocene of Dmanisi (Republic of Georgia) and the phylogeography of jaguars (Mammalia, Carnivora, Felidae) \|journal=Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen \|volume=257\|issue=1\|pages=115–127 \|doi=10.1127/0077-7749/2010/0067 }}{{cite journal \|author1=Mol, D. \|author2=van Logchem, W. \|author3=de Vos, J. \|year=2011 \|title=New record of the European jaguar, Panthera onca gombaszoegensis (Kretzoi, 1938), from the Plio-Pleistocene of Langenboom (The Netherlands) \|journal=Cainozoic Research \|volume=8 \|issue=1–2 \|pages=35–40 \|url=http://natuurtijdschriften.nl/download?type=document;docid=541752 \|access-date=28 September 2015 \|archive-date=4 April 2019 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404200141/http://natuurtijdschriften.nl/download?type=document;docid=541752 \|url-status=live }} \|File:De vroeg-pleistocene sabeltandkat, Homotherium crenatidens (2008) Panthera onca gombaszoegensis.png \|
Panthera palaeosinensis \|Northern China, ~3 MYA \|Initially thought to be an ancestral tiger species, but several scientists place it close to the base of the genus Panthera{{cite journal \|last1=Mazák \|first1=J. H. \|last2=Christiansen \|first2=P. \|last3=Kitchener \|first3=A. C. \|year=2011 \|title=Oldest Known Pantherine Skull and Evolution of the Tiger \|journal=PLOS ONE \|volume=6 \|issue=10 \|pages=e25483 \|bibcode=2011PLoSO...625483M \|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0025483 \|issn=1932-6203 \|pmc=3189913 \|pmid=22016768 \|doi-access=free}} At least three recent studies considered Panthera zdanskyi likely to be a synonym of P. palaeosinensis.{{cite journal \|last1=Hemmer \|first1=Helmut \|title= The identity of the "lion", Panthera principialis sp. nov., from the Pliocene Tanzanian site of Laetoli and its significance for molecular dating the pantherine phylogeny, with remarks on Panthera shawi (Broom, 1948), and a revision of Puma incurva (Ewer, 1956), the Early Pleistocene Swartkrans "leopard" (Carnivora, Felidae)\|url= \|journal= Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments\|year=2023 \|volume= 103\|issue= 2\|pages= 465–487\|doi=10.1007/s12549-022-00542-2 \|bibcode=2023PdPe..103..465H \|access-date=}}{{Cite journal\|doi=10.1080/08912963.2022.2034808 \|title=Discovery of jaguar from northeastern China middle Pleistocene reveals an intercontinental dispersal event \|date=2023 \|last1=Jiangzuo \|first1=Qigao \|last2=Wang \|first2=Yuan \|last3=Ge \|first3=Junyi \|last4=Liu \|first4=Sizhao \|last5=Song \|first5=Yayun \|last6=Jin \|first6=Changzhu \|last7=Jiang \|first7=Hao \|last8=Liu \|first8=Jinyi \|journal=Historical Biology \|volume=35 \|issue=3 \|pages=293–302 \|bibcode=2023HBio...35..293J \|s2cid=246693903 }}{{Cite journal\|last1=Jiangzuo \|first1=Q. \|last2=Madurell-Malapeira \|first2=J. \|last3=Li \|first3=X. \|last4=Estraviz-López \|first4=D. \|last5=Mateus \|first5=O. \|last6=Testu \|first6=A. \|last7=Li \|first7=S. \|last8=Wang \|first8=S. \|last9=Deng \|first9=T. \|title=Insights on the evolution and adaptation toward high-altitude and cold environments in the snow leopard lineage \|year=2025 \|journal=Science Advances \|volume=11 \|issue=3 \|pages=eadp5243 \|doi=10.1126/sciadv.adp5243 \|pmid=39813339 \|pmc=11734717 \|doi-access=free }} \|
Panthera principialis \|Tanzania, ~3.7 MYA \|Described in 2023.{{Cite journal\|last=Hemmer \|first=H. \|year=2023 \|title=The identity of the "lion", Panthera principialis sp. nov., from the Pliocene Tanzanian site of Laetoli and its significance for molecular dating the pantherine phylogeny, with remarks on Panthera shawi (Broom, 1948), and a revision of Puma incurva (Ewer, 1956), the Early Pleistocene Swartkrans "leopard" (Carnivora, Felidae) \|journal=Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments \|volume=103 \|issue=2 \|pages=465–487 \|doi=10.1007/s12549-022-00542-2 \|bibcode=2023PdPe..103..465H }} \|
style="vertical-align: top;" \|Panthera shawi \|Laetoli site in Tanzania, ~3 MYA \|A leopard-like cat{{cite journal\|last=Sabol, M.\|year=2011 \|title=Masters of the lost world: a hypothetical look at the temporal and spatial distribution of lion-like felids \|journal=Quaternaire \|volume=4 \|pages=229–236 \|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287422796}} \|
style="vertical-align: top;" \|Panthera spelaea \|Much of Eurasia, 0.6 to 0.013 MYA{{cite journal \|last=Stuart, A. J., Lister, A .M. \|year=2011\|title=Extinction chronology of the cave lion Panthera spelaea\|journal=Quaternary Science Reviews \|volume=30 \|issue=17 \|pages=2329–2340 \|doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.04.023\|bibcode=2011QSRv...30.2329S}} \|Commonly known as the cave lion or steppe lion. Originally spelaea was classified as a subspecies of the extant lion P. leo.{{cite journal \|last=Sala, B. \|year=1990 \|title=Panthera leo fossilis (v. Reichenau, 1906) (Felidae) de Iserna la Pineta (Pléistocene moyen inférieur d'Italie) \|journal=Géobios \|volume=23 \|issue=2 \|pages=189–194 \|doi=10.1016/S0016-6995(06)80051-3}} Results of recent genetic studies indicate that it belongs to a distinct species, namely P. spelaea that is most closely related to the modern lion among living Panthera species.{{Cite journal \|last1=Marciszak \|first1=A. \|last2=Stefaniak \|first2=K. \|date=2010 \|title=Two forms of cave lion: Middle Pleistocene Panthera spelaea fossilis Reichenau, 1906 and Upper Pleistocene Panthera spelaea spelaea Goldfuss, 1810 from the Bísnik Cave, Poland \|journal=Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen \|volume=258 \|issue=3 \|pages=339–351 \|doi=10.1127/0077-7749/2010/0117 \|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233669138 \|access-date=7 March 2018 \|archive-date=25 September 2018 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925142142/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233669138 \|url-status=live}}{{Cite journal \|last1=Marciszak \|first1=A. \|last2=Schouwenburg \|first2=C. \|last3=Darga \|first3=R. \|date=2014 \|title=Decreasing size process in the cave (Pleistocene) lion Panthera spelaea (Goldfuss, 1810) evolution – A review \|journal=Quaternary International \|series=Fossil remains in karst and their role in reconstructing Quaternary paleoclimate and paleoenvironments \|volume=339–340 \|pages=245–257 \|doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2013.10.008 \|bibcode=2014QuInt.339..245M}} Other genetic results indicate that P. fossilis also warrants status as a species.{{cite journal \|author1=Sotnikova, M. V. \|author2=Foronova, I. V. \|title=First Asian record of Panthera (Leo) fossilis (Mammalia, Carnivora, Felidae) in the Early Pleistocene of Western Siberia, Russia. \|year=2014\|journal=Integrative Zoology \|volume=9 \|issue=4 \|pages=517–530 \|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259545849\|doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12082 \|pmid=24382145}}{{cite journal \|author1=Barnett, R. \|author2=Mendoza, M. L. Z. \|author3= Soares, A. E. R. \|author4=Ho, S. Y. W. \|author5=Zazula, G. \|author6=Yamaguchi, N. \|author7=Shapiro, B. \|author8=Kirillova, I. V. \|author9=Larson, G. \|author10=Gilbert, M. T. P. \|title=Mitogenomics of the Extinct Cave Lion, Panthera spelaea (Goldfuss, 1810), resolve its position within the Panthera cats \|year=2016 \|journal=Open Quaternary \|volume=2 \|page=4 \|doi=10.5334/oq.24\|doi-access=free \|hdl=10576/22920 \|hdl-access=free}} It became extinct around 14,500-14,000 years ago.{{Cite journal \|last1=Stuart \|first1=Anthony J. \|last2=Lister \|first2=Adrian M. \|date=August 2011 \|title=Extinction chronology of the cave lion Panthera spelaea \|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277379110001320 \|journal=Quaternary Science Reviews \|language=en \|volume=30 \|issue=17–18 \|pages=2329–2340 \|doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.04.023 \|bibcode=2011QSRv...30.2329S \|access-date=11 March 2024 \|archive-date=24 April 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424144240/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277379110001320 \|url-status=live}} \|File:W. Gornig - P. spelaea spelaea.png
Panthera youngi{{cite journal\|last=Pei, W. C.\|year=1934\|title=On the Carnivora from Locality 1 of Choukoutien \|journal=Palaeontologica Sinica Series C, Fascicle 1 \|pages=1−166}} \|China, Japan, ~0.35 MYA \| \|File:Panthera youngi.webp
style="vertical-align: top;" \|Panthera zdanskyi \|Gansu province of northwestern China, 2.55 to 2.16 MYA \|It was initially considered to be a close relative of the tiger. But it is possibly synonymous with P. palaeosinensis.{{Cite journal \|doi=10.1080/08912963.2022.2034808 \|title=Discovery of jaguar from northeastern China middle Pleistocene reveals an intercontinental dispersal event \|date=2023 \|last1=Jiangzuo \|first1=Q. \|last2=Wang \|first2=Y. \|last3=Ge \|first3=J. \|last4=Liu \|first4=S. \|last5=Song \|first5=Y. \|last6=Jin \|first6=C. \|last7=Jiang \|first7=H. \|last8=Liu \|first8=J. \|journal=Historical Biology \|volume=35 \|issue=3 \|pages=293–302 \|bibcode=2023HBio...35..293J \|s2cid=246693903}} \|File:Longdan tiger.png
style="vertical-align: top;" \|Panthera leo sinhaleyus \|Sri Lanka \|This lion subspecies was described on the basis of two teeth.{{cite journal \|author=Manamendra-Arachchi, K., Pethiyagoda, R., Dissanayake, R., Meegaskumbura, M. \|year=2005 \|title=A second extinct big cat from the late Quaternary of Sri Lanka \|journal=The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology \|issue=Supplement 12 \|pages=423–434 \|url=http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/rbz/biblio/s12/s12rbz423-434.pdf \|access-date=28 October 2013 \|archive-date=7 August 2007 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070807215533/http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/rbz/biblio/s12/s12rbz423-434.pdf}} \|
style="vertical-align: top;" \|Panthera onca augusta{{cite journal \|author1=Ruiz-Garcia, M. \|author2=Payan, E. \|author3=Murillo, A. \|author4=Alvarez, D. \|name-list-style=amp \|year=2006 \|title=DNA microsatellite characterization of the jaguar (Panthera onca) in Colombia \|journal=Genes & Genetic Systems \|volume=81 \|issue=2 \|pages=115–127 \|doi=10.1266/ggs.81.115 \|pmid=16755135 \|url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ggs/81/2/81_2_115/_pdf \|access-date=8 September 2015 \|doi-access=free \|archive-date=6 June 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606112430/https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ggs/81/2/81_2_115/_pdf \|url-status=live}} \|North America \|May have lived in temperate forests across North America{{Cite journal \|last1=Moreno, A. \|last2=Lima-Ribeiro, M. \|date=2015 \|title=Ecological niche models, fossil record and the multi-temporal calibration for Panthera onca (Linnaeus, 1758) (Mammalia: Felidae) \|url=http://revista.rebibio.net/v2n4/v02n04a14.pdf \|journal=Brazilian Journal of Biological Sciences \|volume=2 \|issue=4 \|pages=309–319 \|access-date=4 April 2019 \|archive-date=4 April 2019 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404195921/http://revista.rebibio.net/v2n4/v02n04a14.pdf \|url-status=live}} \|
Panthera onca mesembrina{{cite journal \|last1=Roth \|first1=S. \|year=1899 \|title=Descripción de los restos encontrados en la caverna de Última Esperanza \|journal=Revista del Museo la Plata \|volume=9 \|pages=381–388}} \|South America \|May have lived in grasslands in South America, unlike the modern jaguar \|File:Panthera onca mesembrina JF.png \|
style="vertical-align: top;" \|Panthera pardus spelaea \|Europe \|Closely related to Asiatic leopard subspecies,{{Cite journal \|last1=Paijmans, J. L. A. \|last2=Barlow, A. \|last3=Förster, D. W. \|last4=Henneberger, K. \|last5=Meyer, M. \|last6=Nickel, B. \|last7=Nagel, D. \|last8=Havmøller, R. W. \|last9=Baryshnikov, G. F. \|last10=Joger, U. \|last11=Rosendahl, W. \|last12=Hofreiter, M. \|year=2018 \|title=Historical biogeography of the leopard (Panthera pardus) and its extinct Eurasian populations \|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology \|volume=18 \|issue=1 \|page=156 \|doi=10.1186/s12862-018-1268-0 \|pmid=30348080 \|pmc=6198532 \|doi-access=free \|bibcode=2018BMCEE..18..156P}} \|File:Chauvet leopard rock art (white background).png \|
style="vertical-align: top;" \|Panthera tigris acutidens \|Much of Asia \|Not closely related to modern tiger subspecies{{Cite journal \|last1=Hasegawa \|first1=Y. \|last2=Tomida \|first2=Y. \|last3=Kohno \|first3=N. \|last4=Ono \|first4=K. \|last5=Nokariya \|first5=H. \|last6=Uyeno \|first6=T. \|year=1988 \|title=Quaternary vertebrates from Shiriya area, Shimokita Pininsula, northeastern Japan \|journal=Memoirs of the National Science Museum \|volume=21 \|pages=17–36}} \|
Panthera tigris soloensis \|Java, Indonesia \|Not closely related to modern tiger subspecies \|
Panthera tigris trinilensis \|Java, Indonesia \|Not closely related to modern tiger subspecies \|

class="wikitable"

Species and subspecies

Fossil records

Notes

!Images

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|Panthera atrox

|North America, 0.13 to 0.013 MYA, with dubious remains in South America.{{Cite journal|last1= Chimento |first1= N. R.|last2= Agnolin|first2=F. L.|year= 2017 |title=The fossil American lion (Panthera atrox) in South America: Palaeobiogeographical implications |journal= Comptes Rendus Palevol |volume= 16|issue= 8|pages= 850–864 |doi= 10.1016/j.crpv.2017.06.009|bibcode= 2017CRPal..16..850C|doi-access= |hdl= 11336/65990|hdl-access= free}}

|Commonly known as the American lion, P. atrox is thought to have descended from a basal P. spelaea cave lion population isolated south of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet, and then established a mitochondrial sister clade circa 200,000 BP.{{Cite journal |last1=Barnett |first1=R. |last2=Shapiro |first2=B. |last3=Barnes |first3=I. |last4=Ho |first4=S. Y. W. |last5=Burger |first5=J. |last6=Yamaguchi |first6=N. |last7=Higham |first7=T. F. G. |last8=Wheeler |first8=H. T. |last9=Rosendahl |first9=W. |date=2009 |title=Phylogeography of lions (Panthera leo ssp.) reveals three distinct taxa and a late Pleistocene reduction in genetic diversity |journal=Molecular Ecology |volume=18 |issue=8 |pages=1668–77 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04134.x |pmid=19302360 |bibcode=2009MolEc..18.1668B |s2cid=46716748 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/24216045 |access-date=7 March 2018 |archive-date=20 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920011400/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/24216045 |url-status=live }} It was sometimes considered a subspecies either under the nomenclature of P. leo or P. spelaea.{{Cite journal |author1=Sotnikova, M. |author2=Nikolskiy, P. |date=2006 |title=Systematic position of the cave lion Panthera spelaea (Goldfuss) based on cranial and dental characters |journal=Quaternary International |language=en |volume=142–143 |pages=218–228 |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2005.03.019 |bibcode=2006QuInt.142..218S |url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13484/files/PAL_E260.pdf |access-date=24 January 2023 |archive-date=5 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205061457/https://doc.rero.ch/record/13484/files/PAL_E260.pdf |url-status=live }} One of the largest Panthera species.{{cite journal |last1=Christiansen |first1=P. |last2=Harris |first2=J. M. |year=2009 |title=Craniomandibular morphology and phylogenetic affinities of Panthera atrox: implications for the evolution and paleobiology of the lion lineage |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=934–945 |bibcode=2009JVPal..29..934C |doi=10.1671/039.029.0314 |s2cid=85975640}} Became extinct around 13,000-12,000 years ago.{{Cite journal |last1=O’Keefe |first1=F. Robin |last2=Dunn |first2=Regan E. |last3=Weitzel |first3=Elic M. |last4=Waters |first4=Michael R. |last5=Martinez |first5=Lisa N. |last6=Binder |first6=Wendy J. |last7=Southon |first7=John R. |last8=Cohen |first8=Joshua E. |last9=Meachen |first9=Julie A. |last10=DeSantis |first10=Larisa R. G. |last11=Kirby |first11=Matthew E. |last12=Ghezzo |first12=Elena |last13=Coltrain |first13=Joan B. |last14=Fuller |first14=Benjamin T. |last15=Farrell |first15=Aisling B. |date=18 August 2023 |title=Pre–Younger Dryas megafaunal extirpation at Rancho La Brea linked to fire-driven state shift |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abo3594 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=381 |issue=6659 |pages=eabo3594 |doi=10.1126/science.abo3594 |pmid=37590347 |s2cid=260956289 |issn=0036-8075 |access-date=11 March 2024 |archive-date=27 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127153230/https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abo3594 |url-status=live }}

|File:American lion National Park Service illustration.png

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|Panthera balamoides{{Cite journal|last1=Stinnesbeck, S. R. |last2=Stinnesbeck, W. |last3=Frey, E. |last4=Olguín, J. A. |last5=Sandoval, C. R. |last6=Morlet, A. V. |author7=González, A. H. |year=2018 |title=Panthera balamoides and other Pleistocene felids from the submerged caves of Tulum, Quintana Roo, Mexico |journal=Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology |volume=32 |issue= 7|pages=1–10 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2018.1556649|s2cid=92328512 }}

|Mexico, ~0.13 MYA

|Dubious, other authors suggest that the remains are actually of the extinct bear Arctotherium instead.{{Cite journal |author1=Blaine W. Schubert |author2=James C. Chatters |author3=Joaquin Arroyo-Cabrales |author4=Joshua X. Samuels |author5=Leopoldo H. Soibelzon |author6=Francisco J. Prevosti |author7=Christopher Widga |author8=Alberto Nava |author9=Dominique Rissolo |author10=Pilar Luna Erreguerena |year=2019 |title=Yucatán carnivorans shed light on the Great American Biotic Interchange |journal=Biology Letters |volume=15 |issue=5 |pages=Article ID 20190148 |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2019.0148 |pmc=6548739 |pmid=31039726}}

Panthera dhokpathanensis

|Siwaliks, ~2.7 MYA

|Described in 1986.{{Cite journal|last=Bakr |first=A. |year=1986 |title=On a collection of Siwalik Carnivora |journal=Biological Society of Pakistan|volume=11|pages=1–64 }}

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|Panthera fossilis{{cite thesis |last1=Harington |first1=C. R. |year=1996 |title=Pleistocene mammals of the Yukon Territory |type=PhD |publisher=University of Alberta |location=Edmonton}}

|Europe and Asia, 0.68 to 0.25 MYA

|Extinct species of lion known from the Middle Pleistocene of Europe and Asia. One of the largest known species of Panthera. Considered to be the ancestor of P. spelaea.{{Cite journal |last1=Sabo |first1=Martin |last2=Tomašových |first2=Adam |last3=Gullár |first3=Juraj |date=August 2022 |title=Geographic and temporal variability in Pleistocene lion-like felids: Implications for their evolution and taxonomy |url=https://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2022/3681-lion-cranial-variability |journal=Palaeontologia Electronica |language=English |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=1–27 |doi=10.26879/1175 |issn=1094-8074 |s2cid=251855356 |doi-access=free |access-date=11 March 2024 |archive-date=2 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402015510/https://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2022/3681-lion-cranial-variability |url-status=live }}

|File:W. Gornig - P. spelaea fossilis.png

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|Panthera gombaszoegensis

|Europe, possibly Asia and Africa, 2.0 to 0.35 MYA

|Ranged across Europe, as well as possibly Asia and Africa from around 2 million to 350,000 years ago.{{cite journal |last1=Marciszak |first1=A. |year=2014 |title=Presence of Panthera gombaszoegensis (Kretzoi, 1938) in the late Middle Pleistocene of Biśnik Cave, Poland, with an overview of Eurasian jaguar size variability |journal=Quaternary International |volume=326-327 |pages=105–113 |bibcode=2014QuInt.326..105M |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2013.12.029}} Often suggested to be the ancestor of the living jaguar (Panthera onca), and sometimes referred to as the "European jaguar". Panthera schreuderi and Panthera toscana are considered junior synonyms of P. gombaszoegensis. It is occasionally classified as a subspecies of P. onca.{{cite journal |last1=Hemmer, H. |last2=Kahlke, R. D. |last3=Vekua, A. K. |year=2010 |title=Panthera onca georgica ssp. nov. from the Early Pleistocene of Dmanisi (Republic of Georgia) and the phylogeography of jaguars (Mammalia, Carnivora, Felidae) |journal=Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen |volume=257|issue=1|pages=115–127 |doi=10.1127/0077-7749/2010/0067 }}{{cite journal |author1=Mol, D. |author2=van Logchem, W. |author3=de Vos, J. |year=2011 |title=New record of the European jaguar, Panthera onca gombaszoegensis (Kretzoi, 1938), from the Plio-Pleistocene of Langenboom (The Netherlands) |journal=Cainozoic Research |volume=8 |issue=1–2 |pages=35–40 |url=http://natuurtijdschriften.nl/download?type=document;docid=541752 |access-date=28 September 2015 |archive-date=4 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404200141/http://natuurtijdschriften.nl/download?type=document;docid=541752 |url-status=live }}

|File:De vroeg-pleistocene sabeltandkat, Homotherium crenatidens (2008) Panthera onca gombaszoegensis.png

Panthera palaeosinensis

|Northern China, ~3 MYA

|Initially thought to be an ancestral tiger species, but several scientists place it close to the base of the genus Panthera{{cite journal |last1=Mazák |first1=J. H. |last2=Christiansen |first2=P. |last3=Kitchener |first3=A. C. |year=2011 |title=Oldest Known Pantherine Skull and Evolution of the Tiger |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=6 |issue=10 |pages=e25483 |bibcode=2011PLoSO...625483M |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0025483 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=3189913 |pmid=22016768 |doi-access=free}} At least three recent studies considered Panthera zdanskyi likely to be a synonym of P. palaeosinensis.{{cite journal |last1=Hemmer |first1=Helmut |title= The identity of the "lion", Panthera principialis sp. nov., from the Pliocene Tanzanian site of Laetoli and its significance for molecular dating the pantherine phylogeny, with remarks on Panthera shawi (Broom, 1948), and a revision of Puma incurva (Ewer, 1956), the Early Pleistocene Swartkrans "leopard" (Carnivora, Felidae)|url= |journal= Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments|year=2023 |volume= 103|issue= 2|pages= 465–487|doi=10.1007/s12549-022-00542-2 |bibcode=2023PdPe..103..465H |access-date=}}{{Cite journal|doi=10.1080/08912963.2022.2034808 |title=Discovery of jaguar from northeastern China middle Pleistocene reveals an intercontinental dispersal event |date=2023 |last1=Jiangzuo |first1=Qigao |last2=Wang |first2=Yuan |last3=Ge |first3=Junyi |last4=Liu |first4=Sizhao |last5=Song |first5=Yayun |last6=Jin |first6=Changzhu |last7=Jiang |first7=Hao |last8=Liu |first8=Jinyi |journal=Historical Biology |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=293–302 |bibcode=2023HBio...35..293J |s2cid=246693903 }}{{Cite journal|last1=Jiangzuo |first1=Q. |last2=Madurell-Malapeira |first2=J. |last3=Li |first3=X. |last4=Estraviz-López |first4=D. |last5=Mateus |first5=O. |last6=Testu |first6=A. |last7=Li |first7=S. |last8=Wang |first8=S. |last9=Deng |first9=T. |title=Insights on the evolution and adaptation toward high-altitude and cold environments in the snow leopard lineage |year=2025 |journal=Science Advances |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=eadp5243 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.adp5243 |pmid=39813339 |pmc=11734717 |doi-access=free }}

Panthera principialis

|Tanzania, ~3.7 MYA

|Described in 2023.{{Cite journal|last=Hemmer |first=H. |year=2023 |title=The identity of the "lion", Panthera principialis sp. nov., from the Pliocene Tanzanian site of Laetoli and its significance for molecular dating the pantherine phylogeny, with remarks on Panthera shawi (Broom, 1948), and a revision of Puma incurva (Ewer, 1956), the Early Pleistocene Swartkrans "leopard" (Carnivora, Felidae) |journal=Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments |volume=103 |issue=2 |pages=465–487 |doi=10.1007/s12549-022-00542-2 |bibcode=2023PdPe..103..465H }}

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|Panthera shawi

|Laetoli site in Tanzania, ~3 MYA

|A leopard-like cat{{cite journal|last=Sabol, M.|year=2011 |title=Masters of the lost world: a hypothetical look at the temporal and spatial distribution of lion-like felids |journal=Quaternaire |volume=4 |pages=229–236 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287422796}}

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|Panthera spelaea

|Much of Eurasia, 0.6 to 0.013 MYA{{cite journal |last=Stuart, A. J., Lister, A .M. |year=2011|title=Extinction chronology of the cave lion Panthera spelaea|journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=30 |issue=17 |pages=2329–2340 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.04.023|bibcode=2011QSRv...30.2329S}}

|Commonly known as the cave lion or steppe lion. Originally spelaea was classified as a subspecies of the extant lion P. leo.{{cite journal |last=Sala, B. |year=1990 |title=Panthera leo fossilis (v. Reichenau, 1906) (Felidae) de Iserna la Pineta (Pléistocene moyen inférieur d'Italie) |journal=Géobios |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=189–194 |doi=10.1016/S0016-6995(06)80051-3}} Results of recent genetic studies indicate that it belongs to a distinct species, namely P. spelaea that is most closely related to the modern lion among living Panthera species.{{Cite journal |last1=Marciszak |first1=A. |last2=Stefaniak |first2=K. |date=2010 |title=Two forms of cave lion: Middle Pleistocene Panthera spelaea fossilis Reichenau, 1906 and Upper Pleistocene Panthera spelaea spelaea Goldfuss, 1810 from the Bísnik Cave, Poland |journal=Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen |volume=258 |issue=3 |pages=339–351 |doi=10.1127/0077-7749/2010/0117 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233669138 |access-date=7 March 2018 |archive-date=25 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925142142/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233669138 |url-status=live}}{{Cite journal |last1=Marciszak |first1=A. |last2=Schouwenburg |first2=C. |last3=Darga |first3=R. |date=2014 |title=Decreasing size process in the cave (Pleistocene) lion Panthera spelaea (Goldfuss, 1810) evolution – A review |journal=Quaternary International |series=Fossil remains in karst and their role in reconstructing Quaternary paleoclimate and paleoenvironments |volume=339–340 |pages=245–257 |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2013.10.008 |bibcode=2014QuInt.339..245M}} Other genetic results indicate that P. fossilis also warrants status as a species.{{cite journal |author1=Sotnikova, M. V. |author2=Foronova, I. V. |title=First Asian record of Panthera (Leo) fossilis (Mammalia, Carnivora, Felidae) in the Early Pleistocene of Western Siberia, Russia. |year=2014|journal=Integrative Zoology |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=517–530 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259545849|doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12082 |pmid=24382145}}{{cite journal |author1=Barnett, R. |author2=Mendoza, M. L. Z. |author3= Soares, A. E. R. |author4=Ho, S. Y. W. |author5=Zazula, G. |author6=Yamaguchi, N. |author7=Shapiro, B. |author8=Kirillova, I. V. |author9=Larson, G. |author10=Gilbert, M. T. P. |title=Mitogenomics of the Extinct Cave Lion, Panthera spelaea (Goldfuss, 1810), resolve its position within the Panthera cats |year=2016 |journal=Open Quaternary |volume=2 |page=4 |doi=10.5334/oq.24|doi-access=free |hdl=10576/22920 |hdl-access=free}} It became extinct around 14,500-14,000 years ago.{{Cite journal |last1=Stuart |first1=Anthony J. |last2=Lister |first2=Adrian M. |date=August 2011 |title=Extinction chronology of the cave lion Panthera spelaea |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277379110001320 |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |language=en |volume=30 |issue=17–18 |pages=2329–2340 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.04.023 |bibcode=2011QSRv...30.2329S |access-date=11 March 2024 |archive-date=24 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424144240/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277379110001320 |url-status=live}}

|File:W. Gornig - P. spelaea spelaea.png

Panthera youngi{{cite journal|last=Pei, W. C.|year=1934|title=On the Carnivora from Locality 1 of Choukoutien |journal=Palaeontologica Sinica Series C, Fascicle 1 |pages=1−166}}

|China, Japan, ~0.35 MYA

|File:Panthera youngi.webp

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|Panthera zdanskyi

|Gansu province of northwestern China, 2.55 to 2.16 MYA

|It was initially considered to be a close relative of the tiger. But it is possibly synonymous with P. palaeosinensis.{{Cite journal |doi=10.1080/08912963.2022.2034808 |title=Discovery of jaguar from northeastern China middle Pleistocene reveals an intercontinental dispersal event |date=2023 |last1=Jiangzuo |first1=Q. |last2=Wang |first2=Y. |last3=Ge |first3=J. |last4=Liu |first4=S. |last5=Song |first5=Y. |last6=Jin |first6=C. |last7=Jiang |first7=H. |last8=Liu |first8=J. |journal=Historical Biology |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=293–302 |bibcode=2023HBio...35..293J |s2cid=246693903}}

|File:Longdan tiger.png

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|Panthera leo sinhaleyus

|Sri Lanka

|This lion subspecies was described on the basis of two teeth.{{cite journal |author=Manamendra-Arachchi, K., Pethiyagoda, R., Dissanayake, R., Meegaskumbura, M. |year=2005 |title=A second extinct big cat from the late Quaternary of Sri Lanka |journal=The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology |issue=Supplement 12 |pages=423–434 |url=http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/rbz/biblio/s12/s12rbz423-434.pdf |access-date=28 October 2013 |archive-date=7 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070807215533/http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/rbz/biblio/s12/s12rbz423-434.pdf}}

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|Panthera onca augusta{{cite journal |author1=Ruiz-Garcia, M. |author2=Payan, E. |author3=Murillo, A. |author4=Alvarez, D. |name-list-style=amp |year=2006 |title=DNA microsatellite characterization of the jaguar (Panthera onca) in Colombia |journal=Genes & Genetic Systems |volume=81 |issue=2 |pages=115–127 |doi=10.1266/ggs.81.115 |pmid=16755135 |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ggs/81/2/81_2_115/_pdf |access-date=8 September 2015 |doi-access=free |archive-date=6 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606112430/https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ggs/81/2/81_2_115/_pdf |url-status=live}}

|North America

|May have lived in temperate forests across North America{{Cite journal |last1=Moreno, A. |last2=Lima-Ribeiro, M. |date=2015 |title=Ecological niche models, fossil record and the multi-temporal calibration for Panthera onca (Linnaeus, 1758) (Mammalia: Felidae) |url=http://revista.rebibio.net/v2n4/v02n04a14.pdf |journal=Brazilian Journal of Biological Sciences |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=309–319 |access-date=4 April 2019 |archive-date=4 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404195921/http://revista.rebibio.net/v2n4/v02n04a14.pdf |url-status=live}}

Panthera onca mesembrina{{cite journal |last1=Roth |first1=S. |year=1899 |title=Descripción de los restos encontrados en la caverna de Última Esperanza |journal=Revista del Museo la Plata |volume=9 |pages=381–388}}

|South America

|May have lived in grasslands in South America, unlike the modern jaguar

|File:Panthera onca mesembrina JF.png

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|Panthera pardus spelaea

|Europe

|Closely related to Asiatic leopard subspecies,{{Cite journal |last1=Paijmans, J. L. A. |last2=Barlow, A. |last3=Förster, D. W. |last4=Henneberger, K. |last5=Meyer, M. |last6=Nickel, B. |last7=Nagel, D. |last8=Havmøller, R. W. |last9=Baryshnikov, G. F. |last10=Joger, U. |last11=Rosendahl, W. |last12=Hofreiter, M. |year=2018 |title=Historical biogeography of the leopard (Panthera pardus) and its extinct Eurasian populations |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=18 |issue=1 |page=156 |doi=10.1186/s12862-018-1268-0 |pmid=30348080 |pmc=6198532 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2018BMCEE..18..156P}}

|File:Chauvet leopard rock art (white background).png

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|Panthera tigris acutidens

|Much of Asia

|Not closely related to modern tiger subspecies{{Cite journal |last1=Hasegawa |first1=Y. |last2=Tomida |first2=Y. |last3=Kohno |first3=N. |last4=Ono |first4=K. |last5=Nokariya |first5=H. |last6=Uyeno |first6=T. |year=1988 |title=Quaternary vertebrates from Shiriya area, Shimokita Pininsula, northeastern Japan |journal=Memoirs of the National Science Museum |volume=21 |pages=17–36}}

Panthera tigris soloensis

|Java, Indonesia

|Not closely related to modern tiger subspecies

Panthera tigris trinilensis

|Java, Indonesia

|Not closely related to modern tiger subspecies

Other, now invalid, species have also been described, such as Panthera crassidens from South Africa, which was later found to be based on a mixture of leopard and cheetah fossils.{{cite journal|author=Turner, A.|year=1984|title=Panthera crassidens Broom, 1948. The cat that never was?|journal=South African Journal of Science|volume=80|issue=5|pages=227–233 |url=https://journals.co.za/docserver/fulltext/sajsci/80/5/7798.pdf?expires=1544536360&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=1BB15474E5A55CD94EC66579004AE19D}}

=Phylogeny=

File:Two cladograms for Panthera.svg |location=Oxford |editor-first1=D. W. |editor-last1=Macdonald |editor-first2=A. J. |editor-last2=Loveridge |pages=59–82 |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266755142 |isbn=978-0-19-923445-5 |access-date=3 February 2019 |archive-date=25 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925141956/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266755142 |url-status=live }} The lower cladogram is based on a study by Davis et al. (2010) and by Mazák et al. (2011).]]In 2018, results of a phylogenetic study on living and fossil cats were published. This study was based on the morphological diversity of the mandibles of saber-toothed cats, their speciation and extinction rates.{{cite journal |author1=Piras, P. |author2=Silvestro, D. |author3=Carotenuto, F. |author4=Castiglione, S.|author5=Kotsakis, A. |author6=Maiorino, L. |author7=Melchionna, M. |author8=Mondanaro, A. |author9=Sansalone, G. |author10=Serio, C. |author11=Vero, V.A. |author12=Raia, P. |year=2018 |title=Evolution of the sabertooth mandible: A deadly ecomorphological specialization |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |volume=496 |pages=166−174 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.01.034|bibcode=2018PPP...496..166P |hdl=2158/1268434 |hdl-access=free}}

{{clade| style=font-size:85%;line-height:85%

|label1=Panthera

|1={{Clade

|1=†Panthera palaeosinensis

|2={{Clade

|1={{Clade

|label1=

|1={{Clade

|1=†Panthera blytheae

|2=Snow leopard 70 px}} }}

|2={{Clade

|label1=

|1={{Clade

|1=†Panthera zdanskyi

|2=Tiger 70 px}} }} }}

|3={{Clade

|1={{Clade

|label1=

|1={{Clade

|1=†Panthera gombaszoegensis (sometimes called the European jaguar) 70 px

|2=Jaguar 70 px}} }}

|2={{Clade

|label1=

|1={{Clade

|1=Leopard 70 px

|2={{Clade

|1=Lion 70 px

|2={{Clade

|1=†Panthera spelaea (cave lion or steppe lion) 70 px

|2=†Panthera atrox (American lion) 70 px}} }} }} }} }} }} }}

Notes

References

External links

{{Commons category-inline|Panthera|Panthera}}
{{cite AV media |title=The Ghostly Origins of the Big Cats |series=PBS Eons |date=16 May 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oPJnqWke5n8 |type=video |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/oPJnqWke5n8| archive-date=11 December 2021 |url-status=live|via=YouTube |language=en |ref=Eons2021}}{{cbignore}}

Category:Carnivoran genera

Category:Extant Miocene first appearances

Category:Taxa named by Lorenz Oken

Category:Taxa described in 1816

Species	Subspecies	IUCN Red List status and distribution
class="wikitable"
style="vertical-align: top;" \|Lion P. leo {{small\|(Linnaeus, 1758)}} File:Ngorongoro Crater (26) (cropped).jpg \|P. l. leo {{small\|(Linnaeus, 1758)}} including: †Barbary lion P. l. leo sensu stricto Asiatic lion {{small\|syn. P. l. persica (Johann Nepomuk Meyer, 1826){{cite thesis \|last1=Meyer \|first1=J. N. \|year=1826 \|title=Dissertatio inauguralis anatomico-medica de genere felium \|location=Vienna \|type=Doctoral thesis \|publisher=University of Vienna}}}} P. l. melanochaita {{small\|(Smith, 1842){{cite book \|author=Smith, C. H. \|year=1842 \|chapter=Black maned lion Leo melanochaitus \|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/naturalistslibra15jardrich#page/176/mode/2up \|page=Plate X, 177 \|title=The Naturalist's Library. Vol. 15 Mammalia \|editor1-last=Jardine \|editor1-first=W. \|location=London \|publisher=Chatto and Windus}}}} including: †Cape lion P. l. melanochaita sensu stricto{{cite journal \|author=Mazak, V. \|year=1975 \|title=Notes on the Black-maned Lion of the Cape, Panthera leo melanochaita (Ch. H. Smith, 1842) and a Revised List of the Preserved Specimens \|journal=Verhandelingen Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen \|issue=64 \|pages=1–44}}	Vulnerable species{{cite iucn \|title=Panthera leo \|author=Bauer, H. \|author2=Packer, C. \|author3=Funston, P. F. \|author4=Henschel, P. \|author5=Nowell, K. \|name-list-style=amp \|page=e.T15951A115130419 \|year=2016}} frameless
style="vertical-align: top;" \|Jaguar P. onca {{small\|(Linnaeus, 1758)}} frameless \|Monotypic{{Cite journal\|last=Larson\|first=S. E.\|date=1997 \|title=Taxonomic re-evaluation of the jaguar \|journal=Zoo Biology \|language=en \|volume=16 \|issue=2 \|pages=107–120 \|doi=10.1002/(SICI)1098-2361(1997)16:2<107::AID-ZOO2>3.0.CO;2-E}} \|Near-threatened species{{cite iucn\|title=Panthera onca \|author1=Quigley, H.\|author2=Foster, R.\|author3=Petracca, L.\|author4=Payan, E.\|author5=Salom, R. \|author6=Harmsen, B. \|name-list-style=amp \|page=e.T15953A123791436 \|year=2017}} frameless
style="vertical-align: top;" \|Leopard P. pardus {{small\|(Linnaeus, 1758)}} frameless \|African leopard P. p. pardus {{small\|(Linnaeus, 1758)}} Indian leopard P. p. fusca {{small\|(Meyer, 1794)}}{{cite book \|author=Meyer, F. A. A. \|year=1794 \|title=Zoologische Annalen. Erster Band \|location=Weimar \|publisher=Im Verlage des Industrie-Comptoirs \|pages=394–396 \|chapter=Über de la Metheries schwarzen Panther \|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v4s-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA394}} Javan leopard P. p. melas {{small\|(G. Cuvier, 1809)}}{{cite journal \|last=Cuvier, G. \|year=1809 \|title=Recherches sur les espėces vivantes de grands chats, pour servir de preuves et d'éclaircissement au chapitre sur les carnassiers fossils \|journal=Annales du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle \|volume=Tome XIV \|pages=136–164}} Arabian leopard P. p. nimr {{small\|(Hemprich and Ehrenberg), 1833}}{{cite book \|last1=Hemprich \|first1=W. \|last2=Ehrenberg \|first2=C. G. \|year=1830 \|chapter=Felis, pardus?, nimr \|pages=Plate 17 \|title=Symbolae Physicae, seu Icones et Descriptiones Mammalium quae ex Itinere per Africam Borealem et Asiam Occidentalem Friderici Guilelmi Hemprich et Christiani Godofredi Ehrenberg. Decas Secunda. Zoologica I. Mammalia II \|location=Berolini \|publisher=Officina Academica \|editor=Dr. C. G. Ehrenberg \|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/SymbolaephysicaMammEhreA/page/n60}} P. p. tulliana {{small\|(Valenciennes, 1856),{{cite journal \|last=Valenciennes, A. \|date=1856 \|title=Sur une nouvelles espèce de Panthère tué par M. Tchihatcheff à Ninfi, village situé à huit lieues est de Smyrne \|journal=Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences \|volume=42 \|pages=1035–1039}} syn. P. p. ciscaucasica (Satunin, 1914),{{cite book \|last=Satunin, K. A. \|year=1914 \|title=Opredelitel' mlekopitayushchikh Rossiiskoi Imperii \|trans-title=Guide to the mammals of the Russian Empire \|location=Tiflis \|publisher=Tipographia Kantzelyarii Namestnichestva }} P. p. saxicolor Pocock, 1927{{cite journal \|last=Pocock \|first=R. I. \|year=1927 \|title=Description of two subspecies of leopards \|journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History \|volume=20 \|series=Series 9 \|issue=116 \|pages=213–214\|doi=10.1080/00222932708655586 }}}} Amur leopard P. p. orientalis {{small\|(Schlegel, 1857),{{cite book \|author=Schlegel, H. \|year=1857 \|chapter=Felis orientalis \|page=23 \|title=Handleiding Tot de Beoefening der Dierkunde, I^e Deel \|publisher=Boekdrukkerij van Nys \|location=Breda}} syn. P. p. japonensis (Gray, 1862){{cite journal \|author=Gray, J. E. \|year=1862 \|title=Description of some new species of Mammalia \|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Zoological Society of London \|volume=30 \|pages=261−263, plate XXXIII \|url=https://archive.org/details/proceedingsofgen62zool/page/262\|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1862.tb06524.x }}}} Indochinese leopard P. p. delacouri {{small\|Pocock, 1930}}{{cite journal \|author=Pocock, R. I. \|year=1930 \|title=The Panthers and Ounces of Asia \|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society \|volume=34 \|issue=2 \|pages=307–336}} Sri Lankan leopard P. p. kotiya {{small\|Deraniyagala, 1956}}{{cite journal \|last=Deraniyagala \|first=P. E. P. \|year=1956 \|title=The Ceylon leopard, a distinct subspecies \|journal=Spolia Zeylanica \|volume=28 \|pages=115–116}} \|{{IUCN status\|VU\|15954}}{{cite iucn \|title=Panthera pardus \|author=Stein, A. B. \|author2=Athreya, V. \|author3=Gerngross, P. \|author4=Balme, G. \|author5=Henschel, P. \|author6=Karanth, U. \|author7=Miquelle, D. \|author8=Rostro, S. \|author9=Kamler, J. F. \|author10=Laguardia, A. \|name-list-style=amp \|page=e.T15954A102421779\|date=2016}} frameless
style="vertical-align: top;" \|Tiger P. tigris {{small\|(Linnaeus, 1758)}}{{cite book \|author=Linnaeus, C. \|year=1758 \|title=Caroli Linnæi Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis \|volume=Tomus I \|edition=decima, reformata \|location=Holmiae \|publisher=Laurentius Salvius \|pages=41−42 \|chapter=Felis \|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/mobot31753000798865#page/41/mode/2up}} frameless \|style="white-space: nowrap;"\|P. t. tigris {{small\|(Linnaeus, 1758)}} including: Bengal tiger P. t. tigris sensu stricto †Caspian tiger {{small\|syn. P. t. virgata (Illiger, 1815){{cite journal \|last1=Illiger \|first1=C. \|year=1815 \|title=Überblick der Säugethiere nach ihrer Verteilung über die Welttheile \|journal=Abhandlungen der Königlichen Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin \|volume=1804−1811 \|pages=39−159 \|url=http://bibliothek.bbaw.de/bbaw/bibliothek-digital/digitalequellen/schriften/anzeige/index_html?band=07-abh/18041811&seite:int=195 \|access-date=2 January 2021 \|archive-date=8 June 2019 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608070026/http://bibliothek.bbaw.de/bbaw/bibliothek-digital/digitalequellen/schriften/anzeige/index_html?band=07-abh%2F18041811&seite%3Aint=195 }}}} Siberian tiger {{small\|syn. P. t. altaica (Temminck, 1844){{cite book \|last=Temminck, C. J. \|year=1844 \|chapter=Aperçu général et spécifique sur les Mammifères qui habitent le Japon et les Iles qui en dépendent \|title=Fauna Japonica sive Descriptio animalium, quae in itinere per Japoniam, jussu et auspiciis superiorum, qui summum in India Batava imperium tenent, suscepto, annis 1825–1830 collegit, notis, observationibus et adumbrationibus illustravit Ph. Fr. de Siebold \|location=Leiden \|publisher=Lugduni Batavorum \|editor1=Siebold, P. F. v. \|editor2=Temminck, C. J. \|editor3=Schlegel, H. \|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/faunajaponicasi00sieb/page/43}}}} South China tiger {{small\|syn. P. t. amoyensis (Hilzheimer, 1905){{cite journal \|last1=Hilzheimer \|first1=M. \|year=1905 \|title=Über einige Tigerschädel aus der Straßburger zoologischen Sammlung \|journal=Zoologischer Anzeiger \|volume=28 \|pages=594–599 \|url=https://archive.org/stream/zoologischeranze28deut#page/594/mode/2up}}}} Indochinese tiger {{small\|syn. P. t. corbetti Mazák, 1968{{cite journal \|last1=Mazák \|first1=V. \|year=1968 \|title=Nouvelle sous-espèce de tigre provenant de l'Asie du sud-est \|journal=Mammalia \|volume=32 \|issue=1 \|pages=104−112 \|doi=10.1515/mamm.1968.32.1.104\|s2cid=84054536 }}}} Malayan tiger {{small\|syn. P. t. jacksoni Luo et al., 2004{{cite journal \|last1=Luo, S. J. \|last2=Kim, J. H. \|last3=Johnson, W. E. \|last4=Walt, J. v. d. \|last5=Martenson, J. \|last6=Yuhki, N. \|last7=Miquelle, D. G. \|year=2004 \|title=Phylogeography and Genetic Ancestry of Tigers (Panthera tigris) \|journal=PLOS Biology \|volume=2 \|issue=12 \|pages=e442 \|doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0020442 \|pmid=15583716 \|pmc=534810 \|doi-access=free }}}} Sunda Island tiger P. t. sondaica {{small\|Temminck, 1844)}} including †Javan tiger P. t. sondaica sensu stricto Sumatran tiger {{small\|syn. P t. sumatrae (Temminck, 1844)}} †Bali tiger {{small\|syn. P. t. balica Schwarz, 1912){{cite journal \|last=Schwarz \|first=E. \|year=1912 \|title=Notes on Malay tigers, with description of a new form from Bali \|journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History \|pages=324–326 \|volume=Series 8 Volume 10 \|issue=57 \|url=https://archive.org/stream/annalsmagazineof8101912lond#page/324/mode/2up \|doi=10.1080/00222931208693243}}}}	Endangered species{{Cite iucn \|title=Panthera tigris \|author1=Goodrich, J. \|author2=Lynam, A. \|author3=Miquelle, D. \|author4=Wibisono, H. \|author5=Kawanishi, K. \|author6=Pattanavibool, A. \|author7=Htun, S. \|author8=Tempa, T. \|author9=Karki, J. \|author10=Jhala, Y. \|author11=Karanth, U. \|name-list-style=amp \| page=e.T15955A50659951 \|date=2015}} frameless
style="vertical-align: top;" \|Snow leopard P. uncia {{small\|(Schreber, 1775)}}{{cite book \|last1=Schreber \|first1=J. C. D. \|chapter=Die Unze \|title=Die Säugethiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Beschreibungen \|date=1777 \|pages=386–387 \|location=Erlangen \|publisher=Wolfgang Walther \|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/SaYugthiereAbbiIIISchr#page/386/mode/2up}} frameless \|Monotypic	{{IUCN status\|VU\|22732}}{{cite iucn \|title=Panthera uncia \|author1=McCarthy, T. \|author2=Mallon, D. \|author3=Jackson, R. \|author4=Zahler, P. \|author5=McCarthy, K. \|name-list-style=amp \|year= 2017 \|page= e.T22732A50664030 \|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T22732A50664030.en \|access-date=6 February 2023}} frameless

panthera

Etymology

Characteristics

Evolution

Classification

=Contemporary species=

=Extinct species and subspecies=

=Phylogeny=

See also

Notes

References

Further reading

External links