paucituberculata
{{Short description|Order of marsupials}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = Late Paleocene (Itaboraian)-Recent
~{{Fossil range|58.7|0}}
| image = Caenolestes sangay. Foto Jorge Brito.jpg
| image_caption = Caenolestes sangay
| display_parents = 2
| taxon = Paucituberculata
| authority = Ameghino, 1894
| subdivision_ranks = Suborders
| subdivision =
- See text
| diversity =
7 extant species
| synonyms =
- Paucituberculiformes Kinman 1994
- Asyndactylia Thomas 1895
}}
Paucituberculata {{IPAc-en|,|p|ɔː|s|ᵻ|tj|uː|,|b|3r|k|j|uː|'|l|ei|t|@}} is an order of South American marsupials. Although currently represented only by the seven living species of shrew opossums, this order was formerly much more diverse, with more than 60 extinct species named from the fossil record, particularly from the late Oligocene to early Miocene epochs.{{cite journal |last1=Abello |first1=María A. |title=Analysis of dental homologies and phylogeny of Paucituberculata (Mammalia: Marsupialia) |journal=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=109 |issue=2 |pages=441–465 |doi=10.1111/bij.12048 |year=2013 |doi-access=free |hdl=11336/13571 |hdl-access=free }} The earliest paucituberculatans date to the late Paleocene (Itaboraian South American land mammal age).{{cite journal |last1=Goin |first1=Francisco J. |last2=Candela |first2=Adriana M. |last3=Abello |first3=M. Alejandra |last4=Oliveira |first4=Edison V. |title=Earliest South American paucituberculatans and their significance in the understanding of 'pseudodiprotodont' marsupial radiations |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |date=2009 |volume=155 |issue=4 |pages=867–884 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00471.x |doi-access=free }} The group went through a pronounced decline in the middle Miocene epoch, which resulted in the extinction of all families of this order except for the living shrew opossums (Caenolestidae). Extinct families of Paucituberculatans include Pichipilidae, Palaeothentidae, and Abderitidae.
Classification
It is one of two clades of Ameridelphia, a paraphyletic group; genetic studies have shown these animals to be a sister group to Australidelphia (i.e., Didelphimorphia branched off first).{{Cite web | last = Schiewe | first = Jessie | title = Australia's marsupials originated in what is now South America, study says | work = Los Angeles Times | date = 2010-07-28 | url = http://www.latimes.com/news/science/la-sci-marsupial-20100728,0,5549873.story | access-date = 2010-08-01| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100801001045/http://www.latimes.com/news/science/la-sci-marsupial-20100728,0,5549873.story| archive-date= 1 August 2010 | url-status= live}}{{Cite journal | last = Nilsson | first = M. A. |author2=Churakov, G.|author3=Sommer, M.|author4=Van Tran, N.|author5=Zemann, A.|author6=Brosius, J.|author7= Schmitz, J. | title = Tracking Marsupial Evolution Using Archaic Genomic Retroposon Insertions | journal = PLOS Biology | volume = 8 | issue = 7 | pages = e1000436 | date = 2010-07-27 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000436 | pmid=20668664 | pmc=2910653 | doi-access = free }} However, other studies have shown that shrew opossums branched off first, and thus Didelphimorphia is the sister group of Australidelphia.{{Cite journal |last1=Upham |first1=Nathan S. |last2=Esselstyn |first2=Jacob A. |last3=Jetz |first3=Walter |date=2019 |title=Inferring the mammal tree: Species-level sets of phylogenies for questions in ecology, evolution and conservation |journal=PLOS Biol |volume=17 |issue=12 |pages=e3000494 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.3000494 |pmid=31800571 |pmc=6892540 |doi-access=free }}{{cite journal |last1=Upham |first1=Nathan S. |last2=Esselstyn |first2=Jacob A. |last3=Jetz |first3=Walter |year=2019 |title=DR_on4phylosCompared_linear_richCol_justScale_ownColors_withTips_80in |url=https://github.com/n8upham/MamPhy_v1/blob/master/Fig6_compare_tipDRs/DR_on4phylosCompared_linear_richCol_justScale_ownColors_withTips_80in.pdf |journal=PLOS Biology |volume=17 |issue=12 |pages= e3000494|doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.3000494 |doi-access=free |pmid=31800571 |pmc=6892540 }}{{cite journal |last1=Álvarez-Carretero |first1=Sandra |last2=Tamuri |first2=Asif U. |last3=Battini |first3=Matteo |last4=Nascimento |first4=Fabrícia F. |last5=Carlisle |first5=Emily |last6=Asher |first6=Robert J. |last7=Yang |first7=Ziheng |last8=Donoghue |first8=Philip C.J. |last9=dos Reis |first9=Mario |year=2022 |title=A species-level timeline of mammal evolution integrating phylogenomic data |journal=Nature |volume= 602|issue=7896 |pages=263–267 |doi=10.1038/s41586-021-04341-1 |pmid=34937052 |bibcode=2022Natur.602..263A |s2cid=245438816 |url=https://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/75979|hdl=1983/de841853-d57b-40d9-876f-9bfcf7253f12 |hdl-access=free }}{{cite journal |last1=Álvarez-Carretero |first1=Sandra |last2=Tamuri |first2=Asif U. |last3=Battini |first3=Matteo |last4=Nascimento |first4=Fabrícia F. |last5=Carlisle |first5=Emily |last6=Asher |first6=Robert J. |last7=Yang |first7=Ziheng |last8=Donoghue |first8=Philip C.J. |last9=dos Reis |first9=Mario |year=2022 |title=4705sp_colours_mammal-time.tree |journal=Nature |volume= 602|issue=7896 |pages=263–267 |doi=10.1038/s41586-021-04341-1 |pmid=34937052 |bibcode=2022Natur.602..263A |s2cid=245438816 |url=https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/Data_for_A_Species-Level_Timeline_of_Mammal_Evolution_Integrating_Phylogenomic_Data_/14885691|hdl=1983/de841853-d57b-40d9-876f-9bfcf7253f12 |hdl-access=free }}
The Paucituberculata were once considered to be closely related to South American polydolopimorph metatherians, however phylogenetic analyses have found this is not true.
= Subdivision =
The order is subdivided into:Abello, 2007, p.410[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=147534 Paucituberculata] at Fossilworks.org
{{cladogram|title=Phylogeny of Paucituberculata{{cite journal|author1=Alejandra Abello, María|author2=Martin, Gabriel M.|author3=Cardoso, Yamila|title=Review of the extinct 'shrew-opossums' (Marsupialia: Caenolestidae), with descriptions of two new genera and three new species from the Early Miocene of southern South America|year=2021|journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=193|issue=2|pages=464–498|url=https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/193/2/464/6088263|doi=10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa165|url-access=subscription}}{{cite journal|author1=Abello, María Alejandra |author2= Toledo, Nestor |author3=Ortiz-Jaureguizar, Edgardo |title=Evolution of South American Paucituberculata (Metatheria: Marsupialia): adaptive radiation and climate changes at the Eocene- Oligocene boundary |year=2018 |journal=Historical Biology |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=476–493 |url=http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar/bitstream/handle/10915/127161/Documento_completo.pdf-PDFA.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |doi=10.1080/08912963.2018.1502286}}|
{{clade|style=font-size:90%;line-height:90%;width:400px
|1={{Clade
|1=†Bardalestes
|2={{Clade
|1=†Fieratherium
|2={{Clade
|1=†Evolestes
|2={{Clade
|label1=Caenolestidae
|1={{Clade
|1=†Stilotherium
|2={{Clade
|1=†Gaimanlestes
|2={{Clade
|1=†Pliolestes
|2={{Clade
|1=†Caenolestoides
|2={{Clade
|1={{Clade
|1=Lestoros
}}
|2=Caenolestes
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
|label2=†Palaeothentoidea
|2={{Clade
|1={{Clade
|label1=†Pichipilidae
|1={{Clade
|1=†Phonocdromus
|2=†Pichipilus
}}
}}
|2={{Clade
|1=†Perulestes
|2={{Clade
|1=†Sasawatsu
|2={{Clade
|1={{Clade
|2=†Pilchenia
}}
|2={{Clade
|label1=†Abderitidae
|1={{Clade
|1=†Parabderites
|2={{Clade
|1=†Pitheculites
|2=†Abderites
}}
}}
|label2=†Palaeothentidae
|2={{Clade
|1={{Clade
|1=†Trelewthentes
|2={{Clade
|1=†Titanothentes
|2=†Acdestis
}}
}}
|2={{Clade
|1={{Clade
|1=†Carlothentes
|2=†Antawallathentes
}}
|2={{Clade
|1=†Palaepanorthus
|2=†Palaeothentes
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
- †Bardalestes {{small|Goin et al. 2009}}
- †Evolestes {{small|Goin et al. 2007}}
- †Fieratherium {{small|Forasiepi et al. 2013}}
- †Riolestes {{small|Goin et al. 2009}}
- Superfamily Caenolestoidea {{small|Trouessart 1898}}
- Family Caenolestidae {{small|Trouessart 1898}}
- Caenolestes {{small|Thomas 1895}}
- †Caenolestoides {{small|Arbello, Martin & Cardoso 2021}}
- †Gaimanlestes {{small|Arbello, Martin & Cardoso 2021}}
- Lestoros {{small|Oehser 1934}}
- †Pliolestes {{small|Reig 1955}}
- †Pseudhalmarhiphus {{small|Ameghino 1903}}
- Rhyncholestes {{small|Osgood 1924}}
- †Stilotherium {{small|Ameghino 1887}}
- Superfamily †Palaeothentoidea {{small|Goin et al. 2009}}[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=246326 Palaeothentoidea] at Fossilworks.org
- †Perulestes {{small|Goin & Candela 2004}}
- †Pilchenia {{small|Ameghino 1903}}
- †Sasawatsu {{small|Goin & Candela 2004}}
- Family †Pichipilidae {{small|Marshall 1980}}
- †Phonocdromus {{small|Ameghino 1894}}
- †Pichipilus {{small|Ameghino 1890}}
- †Quirogalestes {{small|Goin & Candela 1998}}
- Family †Abderitidae {{small|Ameghino 1889}}
- †Abderites {{small|Ameghino 1887}}
- †Parabderites {{small|Ameghino 1902}}
- †Pitheculites {{small|Ameghino 1902}}
- Family †Palaeothentidae {{small|Sinclair 1906}}
- †Chimeralestes {{small|Engelman et al. 2017}}{{cite journal |last1=Engelman |first1=Russell K. |last2=Anaya |first2=Federico |last3=Croft |first3=Darin A. |title=New palaeothentid marsupials (Paucituberculata) from the middle Miocene of Quebrada Honda, Bolivia and their implications for the palaeoecology, decline, and extinction of the Palaeothentoidea |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |volume=15 |issue=10 |pages=787–820 |doi=10.1080/14772019.2016.1240112 |year=2017 |s2cid=88758358 |url=https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/New_palaeothentid_marsupials_Paucituberculata_from_the_middle_Miocene_of_Quebrada_Honda_Bolivia_and_their_implications_for_the_palaeoecology_decline_and_extinction_of_the_Palaeothentoidea/4216506 |url-access=subscription }}
- †Hondathentes {{small|Dumont & Brown 1997}}[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=268562 Hondathenthes] at Fossilworks.org
- Subfamily †Palaeothentinae {{small|Sinclair 1906}}[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=268563 Paleothentidae] at Fossilworks.org
- †Antawallathentes {{small|Rincón et al. 2015}}{{cite journal |last1=Rincón |first1=Ascanio D. |last2=Shockey |first2=Bruce J. |last3=Anaya |first3=Federico |last4=Solórzano |first4=André |title=Palaeothentid Marsupials of the Salla Beds of Bolivia (Late Oligocene): Two New Species and Insights into the Post-Eocene Radiation of Palaeothentoids |journal=Journal of Mammalian Evolution |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=455–471 |doi=10.1007/s10914-015-9295-8 |year=2015 |s2cid=2940122 }}
- †Carlothentes {{small|Bown & Fleagle 1993}}
- †Palaeothentes {{small|Ameghino 1887}}
- †Palaepanorthus {{small|Ameghino 1902}}
- †Propalaeothentes {{small|Bown & Fleagle 1993}}
- Subfamily †Acdestinae {{small|Bown & Fleagle 1993}}
- †Acdestis {{small|Ameghino 1887}}
- †Acdestoides {{small|Bown & Fleagle 1993}}
- †Acdestodon {{small|Bown & Fleagle 1993}}
- †Titanothentes {{small|Rae, Bown & Fleagle 1996}}
- †Trelewthentes {{small|Bown & Fleagle 1993}}
See also
References
{{Portal|Mammals|Paleontology|Prehistoric mammals}}
{{Reflist|20em}}
= Bibliography =
- {{cite thesis |last=Abello |first=María Alejandra |year=2007 |title=Sistemática y bioestratigrafía de los Paucituberculata (Mammalia, Marsupialia) del Cenozoico de América del Sur |type=PhD thesis |url=http://naturalis.fcnym.unlp.edu.ar/repositorio/_documentos/tesis/tesis_0942.pdf |publisher=Universidad Nacional de La Plata |pages=1–438 |accessdate=2017-10-20}}
{{Metatheria|M.|state=autocollapse}}
{{Mammals}}
{{Paucituberculata}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q13411128}}
Category:Neogene mammals of South America
Category:Quaternary mammals of South America
Category:Extant Oligocene first appearances
Category:Taxa named by Florentino Ameghino
Category:Long stubs with short prose
{{marsupial-stub}}