payola

{{short description|Undisclosed payment for promotional broadcasts, particularly of music}}

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Payola, in the music industry, is the name given to

the illegal practice of paying a commercial radio station to play a song without the station disclosing the payment. Under U.S. law, a radio station must disclose songs they were paid to play on the air as sponsored airtime.{{UnitedStatesCode|47|317}} The number of times the songs are played can influence the perceived popularity of a song, and payola may be used to influence these meters. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) treats payola as a violation of the Sponsorship Identification Rules, which requires any broadcast of paid material to include a disclosure.{{Cite web|url=https://www.fcc.gov/consumers/guides/fccs-payola-rules|title=Payola Rules|date=24 May 2011|website=Federal Communications Commission|language=en|access-date=20 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130115254/https://www.fcc.gov/consumers/guides/sponsorship-identification-rules|archive-date=30 January 2021}}

The term payola, coined by entertainment magazine Variety in 1938,{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2005/music/news/biz-left-to-sing-the-blues-1117926726/|title=Biz left to sing the blues|last1=Gallo|first1=Phil|last2=Learmonth|first2=Michael|work=Variety|date=July 31, 2005|access-date=November 21, 2024}} is a combination of "pay" and "-ola", the latter of which is a suffix of product names common in the early 20th century, such as Pianola, Victrola, Amberola, Mazola, Crayola, Rock-Ola, Shinola, or brands such as the radio equipment manufacturer Motorola.{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=payola&searchmode=none|title=Online Etymology Dictionary|website=Etymonline.com|access-date=30 November 2016}}

== History {{anchor|PScandal}} ==

Prior to the 1930s, there was little public scrutiny of the reasoning behind a song's popularity. The advertising agencies which sponsored NBC's radio/TV show Your Hit Parade refused to reveal the specific methods that were used to determine top hits. Only general and vague statements were offered; that determining top hits was based on "readings of radio requests, sheet music sales, dance hall favorites and jukebox tabulations".{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2e0RDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA738 |last=Dunning| first=John| title=On the Air: The Encyclopedia of Old-Time Radio| date=1998| publisher=Oxford University Press| location=New York, NY| isbn=978-0-19-507678-3| section=Your Hit Parade | pages=738–740 | edition=Revised| access-date=2019-09-10}}
Only a general statement that hit status was based on "readings of radio requests, sheet music sales, dance hall favorites and jukebox tabulations" Early attempts to stop payola were met with silence by publishers.{{Cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XQ4EAAAAMBAJ&q=%22War+on+Payola%22&pg=PT9|date=29 October 1949|title=Pluggers War on Payola|magazine=Billboard |volume=61|issue=44|pages=3, 13, 47|issn=0006-2510| access-date=2023-06-19}}

Prosecution for payola in the 1950s was in part a reaction of the traditional music establishment against newcomers.{{Cite book|last=Cowen|first=Tyler |title=In praise of commercial culture|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2000|pages=164, 166|isbn=0-674-00188-5}} The emergence of hit radio had become a threat to the wages of song pluggers and publishers' revenue streams. By the mid-1940s, three-quarters of the records produced in the United States went into jukeboxes.{{relevance inline|date=February 2021}} Attempts were made to link all payola to rock-and-roll music.{{Cite magazine|date=18 January 1960|title=Has payola cued a new inspirational wax kick?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4x4EAAAAMBAJ&q=%22Has+Payola+Cued+a+New+Inspirational+Wax+Kick%22&pg=PA6|magazine=Billboard|pages=6|issn=0006-2510|quote=Even now after the payola scandals and the attempt to link all payola with rock-and-roll recordings, the music with a beat still dominates over 60 percent of The Billboard's Hot 100 chart.}} In the 1950s, independent record companies or music publishers frequently used payola to promote rock and roll on American radio.

While the amount of money involved remains largely unpublished, Phil Lind of Chicago's WAIT disclosed in Congressional hearings{{when|date=February 2021}} that he had taken US$22,000 to play a record.Richard Campbell et al, Media and Culture: An Introduction to Mass Communication, 2004

=U.S. investigations and aftermath=

The first U.S. Congressional Payola Investigations occurred in 1959. The investigations were carried out by the House Subcommittee on Legislative Oversight into payola,{{Cite web |title=THE PAYOLA SCANDAL John Morthland provided a succinct description o |url=https://www.shsu.edu/~lis_fwh/book/brill_building/Payola%20Scandal2.htm |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=www.shsu.edu}} and prompted by a parallel investigation in the US Senate.

DJ Alan Freed, who was uncooperative in committee hearings, was fired as a result.{{Cite web|date=11 May 2018|title=FREED, ALAN|url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/f/freed-alan|access-date=2 February 2021|website=Encyclopedia of Cleveland History {{!}} Case Western Reserve University|language=en}}{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1959/11/22/archives/alan-freed-is-out-in-payola-study-disk-jockey-refuses-to-sign-wabc.html |title=ALAN FREED IS OUT IN 'PAYOLA' STUDY; Disk Jockey Refuses to Sign WABC Denial on Principle – Says He Took No Bribes |date=22 November 1959 |work=New York Times |access-date=4 February 2021 |quote=}}{{cite web |url=https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Alan_Freed |title=Alan Freed |date=17 March 1964 |work=Ohio Central History |access-date=4 February 2021 |quote=}}{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/f/freed-alan |title=Freed, Alan |date=2 December 2017 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |access-date=4 February 2021 |quote=}}{{cite web |url=https://www.dailynews.com/2019/12/23/radio-how-a-disgraced-dj-made-his-way-to-southern-california-airwaves/ |title=Radio: How a disgraced DJ made his way to KDAY |date=23 December 2019 |work=LA Daily News |access-date=4 February 2021 |quote=}}Curtis, p. 37. Dick Clark also testified before the committee, but avoided repercussions,{{Cite web|title=Dick Clark survives the Payola scandal|url=https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/dick-clark-survives-the-payola-scandal|access-date=2 February 2021|website=HISTORY|language=en}} partly because he had divested his ownership interest in music-industry holdings."The Jordan brothers: A Musical Biography of Rock's Fortunate Sons", by Maxim W. Furek. Kimberley Press, 1986.

Following the investigation, radio DJs were stripped of the authority to make programming decisions and payola became a misdemeanor offense. Programming decisions became the responsibility of station program directors. However, this had the result of simplifying the process of payola: instead of reaching numerous DJs, record labels only had to persuade the station's program director.{{Cite web |date=2023-02-24 |title=Payola: exploring the dark practice of bribing radio stations |url=https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/payola-dark-practice-bribing-radio/ |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=faroutmagazine.co.uk |language=en-US}} Labels could circumvent payola allegations by utilizing independent third parties (see below).{{Cite news|last=Howe|first=Desson|title=Payola Probe Deepens|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1986/03/04/payola-probe-deepens/6aae7514-7d38-472c-9ee3-8c6e944b5658/|access-date=12 February 2021|newspaper=Washington Post|language=en}}

In 1976, inner-city urban soul DJ Frankie Crocker was indicted in a payola scandal, causing him to leave New York radio, where his influence was greatest. The charges were later dropped and he returned to New York, hosting MTV's video jukebox.{{cite web|url=https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/568/1049/288359/|title=United States of America v. Frankie Crocker, Appellant, 568 F.2d 1049 (3d Cir. 1977)|website=Law.justia.com}}{{relevance inline|date=February 2021}}

Following the creation of music sharing websites in the late 1990s, the power of independent promoters declined and labels returned to dealing with stations directly.{{Cite web |last=Wikström |first=Patrik |title=The Music Industry in an Age of Digital Distribution |url=https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/articles/the-music-industry-in-an-age-of-digital-distribution/ |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=OpenMind |language=en-US}}

= Modern day =

In recent years, 'payola' has taken on a new form, in reference to the alleged practice of paying streaming services, like Spotify, to recommend an artist more.{{Cite news |last=Pelly |first=Liz |date=2025-02-19 |title=Pay to get playlisted? The accusations against Spotify’s Discovery Mode |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2025/feb/19/spotify-discovery-mode-payola-playlist |access-date=2025-04-08 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}{{Cite web |last=Davidson |first=Amy |date=2024-05-21 |title=Why is Sabrina Carpenter's 'Espresso' taking over Spotify algorithms? |url=https://www.nme.com/features/music-features/espresso-sabrina-carpenter-spotify-streaming-3757741 |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=NME |language=en-GB}} Payola is also widely used as an insult on Stan Twitter.

Modus operandi

Payola is used by record labels to promote their artists, and can be in the form of monetary rewards or other types of reimbursement. This can include purchasing advertising, requiring bands to play station-sponsored concerts, or paying stations to hold "meet the band" contests. In exchange, the band gains a place on a station's playlist or a lesser-known band of the label may gain air time.

=Third-party loophole=

A perceived loophole in U.S. payola laws is for labels to utilize a third-party or independent promoter (not to be confused with independent record label). The promoter would offer "promotion payments" to station directors for putting their client's artists on the station's playlist, sidestepping Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulations.{{Cite journal |url=http://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1511&context=elr |first=Rachel M. |last=Stilwell |title=Which Public – Whose Interest – How the FCC's Deregulation of Radio Station Ownership Has Harmed the Public Interest, and How We Can Escape from the |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=419–428 |date=1 March 2006|journal=Loyola of Los Angeles Entertainment Law Review |access-date=23 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319185143/http://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1511&context=elr |archive-date=19 March 2015 |url-status=dead }} As it was seen as falling outside the payola rules, stations did not deem it necessary to report to authorities.{{Cite web |title=Tax Notes Research |url=https://www.taxnotes.com/research/federal/irs-private-rulings/general-counsel-memorandums/service-policy-with-respect-to-%27payola%27/1fytw |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=www.taxnotes.com}} This practice became widespread until a 1986 NBC News investigation called "The New Payola" instigated another round of Congressional investigations.

In 2002, investigations by the office of then-New York District Attorney Eliot Spitzer uncovered evidence that executives at Sony BMG music labels had made deals with several large commercial radio chains.{{Cite news|last=Leeds|first=Jeff|date=12 May 2006|title=Universal Music Settles Big Payola Case |language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/12/business/12payola.html|access-date=2 February 2021|issn=0362-4331}} Spitzer's office settled out of court with Sony BMG Music Entertainment in July 2005, Warner Music Group in November 2005 and Universal Music Group in May 2006. The three conglomerates agreed to pay $10 million, $5 million, and $12 million respectively to New York State non-profit organizations that will fund music education and appreciation programs. EMI settled in 2006 for $3.75 million.{{cite news|title=Radio Payoffs Are Described as Sony Settles |first1=Jeff |last1=Leeds |last2=Story |first2=Louise |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/26/business/26music.html |date=26 July 2005 }}{{Cite news |title=New Settlement in Payola Probe |first1=Brian |last1=Ross |last2=Walter |first2=Vic |last3=Esposito |first3=Richard |publisher=ABC News |date=11 May 2006 |url=http://blogs.abcnews.com/theblotter/2006/05/new_settlement_.html |access-date=14 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522014958/http://blogs.abcnews.com/theblotter/2006/05/new_settlement_.html |archive-date=22 May 2011 |url-status=dead }}{{cite web |title=EMI settles 'payola' probe for $3.75 million |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna13343742 |website=NBC News |date=15 June 2006 |access-date=30 June 2023}}

Concerns about contemporary forms of payola in the US prompted an investigation during which the FCC established firmly that the "loophole" was still a violation of the law. In 2007, four companies (CBS Radio, Citadel, Clear Channel, and Entercom) settled on paying $12.5 million in fines and accepting tougher restrictions for three years, although no company admitted any wrongdoing.{{cite news|title=FCC unveils settlement with radio firms |url=https://www.usatoday.com/money/economy/2007-04-13-2144814802_x.htm |first=John |last=Dunbar |newspaper=USA Today |date=13 April 2007 }} Due to increased legal scrutiny, some larger radio companies (including industry giant Clear Channel) now refuse to have any contact with independent promoters.{{Cite web |last=Galston |first=Clara Hendrickson and William A. |date=2019-05-28 |title=Big tech threats: Making sense of the backlash against online platforms |url=https://www.brookings.edu/research/big-tech-threats-making-sense-of-the-backlash-against-online-platforms/ |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=Brookings |language=en-US}}

Clear Channel Radio, through iHeartRadio, launched a program called On the Verge that required the stations to play a given song at least 150 times in order to give a new artist exposure. Brand managers at the top of the Clear Channel chain, after listening to hundreds of songs and filtering them down to about five or six favorites from various formats, send those selections to program directors across the country. These program directors vote on which ones they think radio listeners will like the most. Songs that benefited with the exposure were Iggy Azalea's "Fancy", Tinashe's "2 On", Anthony Lewis' "Candy Rain", and Jhené Aiko's "The Worst". Tom Poleman, president of national programming platforms for the company, stated that the acts selected are based solely on the quality of their music and not on label pressure.{{cite web|url=http://rollingout.com/entertainment/radio-stations-forced-play-iggy-azaleas-fancy-least-150-times/|title=Why radio stations were forced to play Iggy Azalea's 'Fancy' at least 150 times|author=TJ Armour|date=20 July 2014|website=Rolling Out|access-date=30 November 2016}}{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2014/07/15/clear-channels-on-the-verge-program-helped-make-iggy-azalea-a-star-heres-how-it-works/ |title=Clear Channel's 'On the Verge' program helped make Iggy Azalea a star. Here's how it works |newspaper=The Washington Post}}{{relevance inline|date=February 2021|What does this have to do with payola, let alone the third-party loophole?}}

On Spotify, labels can pay for tracks to appear in user play-lists as "Sponsored Songs". It is possible for users to opt out of this in their account settings.{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2017/06/19/spotify-sponsored-content/|title=Spotify 'Sponsored Songs' lets labels pay for plays|first=Josh|last=Constine|website=Techcrunch.com|date=19 June 2017 }}{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/6/19/15833880/spotify-sponsored-songs-playlists-test|title=Spotify is testing 'Sponsored Songs' in playlists|website=The Verge|date=19 June 2017}}

=As money laundering scheme=

In Mexico, South America, and some regions along the U.S. southern border, payola is used to launder money from illegal operations. In this practice, unknown "new artists" will suddenly appear on multiple formats and be aggressively promoted by producers of dubious origin, then disappear from the music scene or change their stage name.{{Cite web |url=http://www.zetatijuana.com/html/Edicion1888/Espectaculoz_Principal.html |title=La tarifa de la popularidad |author=Roberto A. Partida Sandoval |work=Zeta |location=Tijuana |access-date=4 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407090431/http://www.zetatijuana.com/html/Edicion1888/Espectaculoz_Principal.html |archive-date=7 April 2014 |url-status=dead }}{{cite web|url=http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2003/01/18/06an1esp.php|title=Perdurarán los narcocorridos, pues la gente los busca: Teodoro Bello |author=Arturo Cruz Barcenas|website=La Jornada |access-date=30 November 2016}}

Criticism

On 25 September 2007, the U.S. Congress held a hearing on hip hop music entitled From Imus to Industry: The Business of Stereotypes and Degrading Images.[http://democrats.energycommerce.house.gov/index.php?q=archive/110th-congress/from-imus-to-industry-the-business-of-stereotypes-and-degrading-images "From Imus to Industry: The Business of Stereotypes and Degrading Images"], Committee on Energy & Commerce, accessed on 20 September 2011. In her testimony, Lisa Fager Bediako, co-founder and President of media watchdog group Industry Ears,{{cite web|title=LisaBio|url=http://www.industryears.com/blog/lisabio/|publisher=IndustryEars.Com|accessdate=25 July 2014}} argued that misogynistic and racist stereotypes permeate hip hop music because record labels, radio stations, and music video channels profit from allowing such material to air while censoring other material. In that context, Fager stated:

{{Blockquote|Payola is no longer the local DJ receiving a couple dollars for airplay; it is now an organized corporate crime that supports the lack of balanced content and demeaning imagery with no consequences.[http://www.c3.ucla.edu/newsstand/media/from-imus-to-industry-the-business-of-degradation-in-rap-music/ "From Imus-to-Industry: The Business of Degradation in Rap Music"], UCLA Center for Communications & Community, October 3, 2007.}}

=Satire of payola practices=

In 1960, Stan Freberg did a parody on the Payola Scandal, by calling it "Old Payola Roll Blues", a two-sided single, where the promoter gets an ordinary teenager, named Clyde Ankle, to record a song, for Obscurity Records, entitled "High School OO OO", and then tries to offer the song to a jazz radio station with phony deals that the disc jockey just won't buy it. It ends with an anti-rock song, saying hello to jazz and swing, and goodbye to amateur nights, including rock and roll.

The Vancouver new wave band the Payola$ chose their moniker during the punk explosion of the late 1970s.

The practice is criticized in the chorus of the Dead Kennedys song "Pull My Strings", a parody of the song "My Sharona" ("My Payola") sung to a crowd of music industry leaders during a music award ceremony.

The They Might Be Giants song "Hey, Mr. DJ, I Thought You Said We Had a Deal" is about the practice. It is narrated from the point of view of a naive and inexperienced musician who has been coerced by a disc jockey into paying for airplay{{spaced ndash}}the disc jockey then disappears and does not deliver on his promise.

The practice is satirized in song "Payola Blues" by Neil Young, from his 1983 album Everybody's Rockin'. It opens by saying "This one's for you, Alan Freed" and then states {{"'}}Cause the things they're doing today would make a saint out of you", implying that Payola corruption is bigger now (or was bigger in the 1980s) than it was in the 1950s.

Payola is referenced in Billy Joel's song "We Didn't Start the Fire", during the verse dealing with the events of 1960.

On a Washington, D.C. radio station in 1999, the disc jockeys announced that they were debuting the Lou Bega song "Mambo Number 5", by saying that they had accepted a large amount of payola to play the song. Ironically, if they had actually been paid to play the song on the air, it would not have been payola, because payola is the unannounced acceptance of a payment to run a song. If the song is identified before being played as being done because the talent or station is being paid to do so, the playing of the song and acceptance of money to do so is perfectly legal, and does not constitute payola. {{Citation needed|date=April 2024|reason=No citations for the DJs, station, or the statement given.}}

Payola was depicted in the film The Harder They Come, released in 1972, where a record producer, not the recording artist, controls the airwaves. The portrayal of its protagonist (Jimmy Cliff) as an aspiring musician who is forced to sign away his rights to make a hit record depicts the role of record producers and radio DJs as a dominance – the musician ends up with no aspirations or living the same lifestyle, as in the case of the film Rockers.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

In an installment of Mathnet from PBS's Square One Television, the detectives George Frankly and Pat Tuesday investigated a case of suspected payola by forming a fictitious group called "The Googols" and creating their own song titled "Without Math". Payola was eventually ruled out as a cause of increased sales of particular songs at a company.

Criticism of U.S. laws

The FCC and the Communications Act of 1934{{Cite web|url=https://www.fcc.gov/consumers/guides/fccs-payola-rules|title=Sponsorship Identification Rules|date=24 May 2011|website=Federal Communications Commission}} both have strict requirements and rules regarding payola. These demand that:{{blockquote|employees of broadcast stations, program producers, program suppliers and others who, in exchange for airing material, have accepted or agreed to receive payments, services or other valuable consideration must disclose this fact. Disclosure of compensation provides broadcasters the information they need to let their audiences know if the material was paid for, and by whom.}}

Even with these requirements in place, however, record companies have found loopholes within the phrasing of the regulations to continue the practice.{{cn|date=November 2024}} These loopholes have created a situation which isolates independent artists from mainstream media.{{cn|date=November 2024}} A current example of this is the lengths that artists Macklemore and Ryan Lewis went to get their music heard. Because Lewis and Macklemore belonged to an independent label, they feared payola laws would interfere with their airtime.{{clarify-inline|date=November 2024}} So they hired an independent arm of Warner Music Group, the Alternative Distribution Alliance, which assists independent acts to get their music on radio. Zach Quillen, manager of Macklemore and Ryan Lewis, discussed how "they paid the alliance a flat monthly fee to help promote the album."{{Cite news|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2014/01/28/how-macklemore-tapped-major-label-muscle-to-market-an-indie-album/|title=How Macklemore Tapped Major Label Muscle to Market an Indie Album|first=Megan|last=Buerger|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|date=28 January 2014}}

One side effect of the vagueness of the law{{cn|date=November 2024}} and the creation of the loophole{{cn|date=November 2024}} is the expansion of the concept at the hands of online music sharing websites. In 2009, the website Jango created a plan to accept promotion fees legally by disclosing that they are paid to play the songs. "For as little as $30, a band can buy 1,000 plays on the music-streaming service, slotted in between established artists. The artists themselves choose what other music they'd like to be played next to."{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2009/apr/16/payola-internet-radio|title=Payola: Once a dirty word, now the basis of internet radio|work=The Guardian|date=16 April 2009}}

References

{{Reflist|refs=

{{Cite web |url=https://tv.yahoo.com/dick-clark/contributor/30291/bio |title=Dick Clark – Yahoo! TV |access-date=18 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008184628/http://tv.yahoo.com/dick-clark/contributor/30291/bio |archive-date=8 October 2012 |url-status=dead }}

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