penjajap

{{short description|Fast rowing and sailing boat from Southeast Asia}}

File:Detroit de Malacca Amiral E Paris Pindjajap.jpgPenjajap, also pangajava and pangayaw, were native galley-like warships used by several Austronesian ethnic groups in maritime Southeast Asia. They were typically very long and narrow, and were very fast. They are mentioned as being used by native fleets in Indonesia, the southern Philippines, Malaysia, and Brunei.

Names and etymology

The original name for the ships among the natives of the Maluku Islands, eastern Sabah, western Mindanao, and the Sulu Archipelago is pangayaw or mangayaw (literally meaning "raider"). This was transcribed in European sources (chiefly Dutch and Portuguese) variously as pangaio, pangaia, panguaye, pangajao, pangajaua, pangajava, penjajab, penjajap, pindjajap, penjelajah, and pangara.{{cite book |author=Warren |first=James Francis |url=https://nuspress.nus.edu.sg/products/iranun-and-balangingi |title=Iranun and Balangingi: Globalization, Maritime Raiding and the Birth of Ethnicity |publisher=NUS Press |year=2002 |isbn=9789971692421 |pages=}} The British East India Company explorer Thomas Forrest also records that the Iranun called them mangaio.{{rp|239–240}}

The terms (particularly pangaio) were also later borrowed and used generically for any native wooden sailing ships made from planks without using nails by the Portuguese Empire in their colonies in Africa and India. This usage later spread to other European colonial powers, being applied chiefly to Arab and Swahili-built ships.{{cite book|author=Zimba, Benigna |author2=Alpers, Edward A. |author3=Isaacman, Allen F. |title =Slave routes and oral tradition in southeastern Africa|publisher =Filsom Entertainment|year =2005|page=214}}{{cite book|author=Yule, Henry |author2=Burnell, Arthur Coke|title =Hobson-Jobson: Being a Glossary of Anglo-Indian Colloquial Words and Phrases and of Kindred Terms Etymological, Historical, Geographical and Discursive|publisher =John Murray|year =1886|page=509|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=baFHAQAAMAAJ&q=pangaio+ship}}{{cite book|author=Pyrard, François |translator =Gray, Albert |editor=Gray, Albert |editor2=Bell, H.C.P.|title =The Voyage of François Pyrard of Laval to the East Indies, the Maldives, the Moluccas, and Brazil|publisher =The Hakluyt Society|year =1887|page=53|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=bVs_AQAAMAAJ&q=pangaio+boat}} The terms are similarly inaccurately applied to the garay, fast raiding vessels of the Banguingui and Iranun people in the Philippines. However, the garay were much broader and did not have outriggers.{{cite book|editor=Geoff Wade & Li Tana|author=Pierre-Yves Manguin|chapter = Lancaran, Ghurab and Ghali: Mediterranean Impact on War Vessels of Early Modern Southeast Asia|title =Anthony Reid and the Study of the Southeast Asian Past|publisher =Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|year =2012|pages=155, 158, 173|isbn = 9789814311960|chapter-url =https://books.google.com/books?id=XNsk7tLkMU4C&pg=PA158}}{{cite book|editor =Leonard Blussé |editor2=Femme S Gaastra|title =On the Eighteenth Century as a Category of Asian History: Van Leur in Retrospect|publisher =Routledge|year =2016|isbn = 9781351913720|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=bLCoDQAAQBAJ&q=penjajab&pg=PT68}}

File:Malay Penjajap goosewinged.png (running downwind/receiving wind from aft).]]

Penjajap may also be generically referred to as prao, prahu, proe, prauw, or prow in historical records.{{cite journal|author=Ricardo E. Galang|year=1941|title=Types of Watercraft in the Philippines|journal=The Philippine Journal of Science|volume=75|issue=3|pages=291–306|url=https://archive.org/details/act3868.0075.001.umich.edu}} The "List of Ships and Sea Vehicles from East Indies" which is periodically published by colonial government of Dutch East Indies, registered pangajaoa as pengajoehan (pengayuhan). The list records its name came from kajoeh (kayuh—means paddle) and pengajoeh (pengayuh—means paddler), and consider it as a kind of galley.Bruyn Kops, G.F. De 1921. 'Vaartuigen'. In: Stibbe, D.G. & Spat, C. (eds.) Encyclopaedie van Nederlandsch-Indië. 's-Gravenhage: Nijhoff. p. 485.

In modern Malay military literature, penjajap refers to modern cruiser classes,{{Citation |title=Menyelami skandal LCS bernilai RM9 bilion|url=https://m.malaysiakini.com/news/631941/ |language=ms |date=13 August 2022|access-date=4 August 2024}} although English loanword "kruiser" might be used.{{Citation |title=Selepas 24 Tahun Diperbaiki, Kapal Perang "Terkuat" Russia Sedia Jalani Ujian Laut|url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/admiralnakhimov-russia-kapal-kruiser/ |language=en |date=5 June 2023|access-date=4 August 2024}}

History

The earliest record of penjajap is from 1509 by the Portuguese historian Fernão Lopes de Castanheda, he said that pangajava (penjajap) were vessels from Sumatra, long and swift, going very well under sail or oars.Castanheda, Fernão Lopes de. História do descobrimento e conquista da Índia pelos Portuguesa, 3a edição conforme a edição princeps, revista e anotada por Pedro de Azevedo (Scriptores Rerum Lusitanarum. Série A). 9 "livros" in 4 vols. Coimbra: Imprensa da Universidade, 1924–1933.{{rp|Livro III/cap. 51: 129}}

According to Afonso de Albuquerque, during the 1511 Portuguese attack on the Malacca Sultanate, the Malays used an unspecified number of lancaran (lanchara) and twenty penjajap (pangajaoa).{{Cite book|last=Albuquerque |first=Afonso de |url=https://archive.org/details/commentariosdog00unkngoog/page/n165/mode/2up?q |title=Commentários do Grande Afonso Dalbuquerque parte III|publisher=Na Regia Officina Typografica |year=1774 |location=Lisboa|pages=80–81}}{{Cite book|last=Birch|first=Walter de Gray|url=https://archive.org/details/commentariesgre02unkngoog/page/n7/mode/2up?q|title=The Commentaries of the Great Afonso Dalboquerque, Second Viceroy of India, translated from the Portuguese edition of 1774 Vol. III|publisher=The Hakluyt Society|year=1875|location=London|page =68}}

In 1775, the British explorer Thomas Forrest described a large penjajap in an Iranun harbor in Sulu as being only {{convert|4|ft|m|abbr=on}} wide and {{convert|3.5|ft|m|abbr=on}} deep, but was as long as {{convert|42|ft|m|abbr=on}}. It mounted six brass lantaka and carried a crew of thirty men, and was equipped with outriggers.{{Cite book |last=Forrest |first=Thomas |url=https://archive.org/details/voyagetonewguine00forr/page/n7/mode/2up?q |title=A voyage to New Guinea and the Moluccas, from Balambangan : including an account of Magindano, Sooloo, and other islands |publisher=Printed for Price, W. and H. Whitestone |year=1779 |location=Dublin|page =230}}{{rp|240–241}}

Admiral François-Edmond Pâris observed penjajaps during his voyage aboard the ship Favorite. The dimensions of the vessels encountered vary widely, the largest he saw were {{convert|17|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} long, {{convert|3.4|m|ft|1|abbr=on}} wide and {{convert|2.1|m|ft|1|abbr=on}} deep; the smallest was {{convert|11|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} long.{{Cite book|title=Essai sur la construction navale des peuples extra-européens : ou, Collection des navires et pirogues construits par les habitants de l'Asie, de la Malaisie, du Grand Océan et de l'Amérique volume I|last=Pâris|first=François-Edmond|publisher=A. Bertrand|year=1841|location=Paris|pages=73–74|url=https://archive.org/details/essaisurlaconstr01pris/page/n5/mode/2up?q=}}

Herbert Warington Smyth reported the description of penjajap from Malay peninsula at the end of the 19th century. The boats were using dipping lugsail, with small deckhouse or awning (called kajang in Malay) and overhanging stern gallery (called dandan).{{Cite journal|last=Smyth|first=H. Warington|date=May 16, 1902|title=Boats and Boat Building in the Malay Peninsula|journal=Journal of the Society of Arts|volume=50|pages=570–588 [573]}}

Description

File:Penjajap at fair wind off Patani.png.]]

Penjajap were made from light materials. They were typically very long and narrow and had a shallow draft. This allowed them to sail over dangerous reefs as well as upriver. Large penjajap had outriggers, without which, they would capsize.{{rp|240}} Penjajap has sharp stern but with an overhanging gallery. Deckhouse amidships is made of palm leaves with thatched roof. In the 19th century they are steered using centerline rudder of western design, but early penjajap may have used double quarter rudder. They have 1, 2, or 3 masts depending on the size, the quadrilateral sail has yard and boom. Long narrow oars are also used for propulsion. The name "Pagar Tenggalong" refers to a type of penjajap with ornamental bulwark/rail.{{Cite book |last=United States Office of Strategic Services |url=https://archive.org/details/native-craft-in-southeast-asia-waters/page/n291/mode/2up?q |title=Native Craft in Southeast Asia Waters, Part II: Sumatra, Malaya, and Adjacent Islands |publisher=Office of Strategic Services, Research and Analysis Branch |year=1944|pages=47–48}} {{PD-notice}}

Penjajap carried 1 or 2 guns of larger caliber in the wooden gunshield (apilan). Small penjajap only carried 1–2 lantaka supported on posts at the bow, while larger ones had additional swivel guns mounted at the sides. They were propelled by oars and usually by two tanja sails (called saguran among Sulu pirates). They could be rowed both forwards and backwards. They had a relatively open deck covered by a platform. A small cabin is located at the back, which served as the quarters of the nakodah and as a magazine for arms.{{rp|239}}

Like the larger and broader garay, they also served as motherships to smaller kakap war-boats. Penjajap were very fast. Large penjajap could reach speeds of {{Convert|9|knot|km/h}} under sail, and {{Convert|5|knot|km/h}} when rowed. In Iranun raiding fleets, they usually outpaced the slower lanong warships.Great Britain Parliament (1851). Paper relating to the Piracies committed in the Indian Archipelago and to the Measures adopted by the Netherland Government, in the Years 1816 to 1845 for their Repression. In [https://books.google.com/books?id=xRdcAAAAQAAJ Accounts and Paper Volume 15]. House of Lords. pp. 67–188 [86–89].}{{rp|241}}

Role

File:Transom-sterned Penjajap running into Singora.png. The Malay projecting aft-gallery (dandan) can be seen.]]

Penjajap were chiefly used as inter-insular warships and as pirate ships. Iranun penjajap were usually lightly armed compared to the lanong. Usually they only mount a single lela (native cannon). While lanong was specially designed for ship-to-ship combat, penjajap is more suited to raid coastal villages and attack lightly armed or unarmed merchant ships. In such raids, penjajap were usually accompanied by smaller boats called kakap, which are used as scouts for the penjajap or lanong.{{Cite book |last=John |first=Horace Stebbing Roscoe St. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m6FFAAAAIAAJ |title=The Indian Archipelago: Its History and Present State, Volume 2 |publisher=Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans |year=1853 |location=London}}{{rp|183–184}}{{Cite book |last=Balfour |first=Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XCE_AQAAMAAJ&dq=javanese+vessel&pg=PA399 |title=The Cyclopædia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia: Commercial, Industrial and Scientific, Products of the Mineral, Vegetable, and Animal Kingdoms, Useful Arts and Manufactures, Vol. 1 |date=1885 |publisher=B. Quaritch |isbn= |location= |page=399 }}{{Cite book|title=Antropologi Dan Sejarah Dalam Kearifan Tempatan|last=Zainun|first=Nazarudin|publisher=Penerbit USM|year=2015|isbn=9789838619325|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4hOWCwAAQBAJ&q=penjajap}}

The Portuguese diplomat Tomé Pires, on his visit to Nusantara, referred the penjajap as cargo vessels. Many cargo penjajap were collected by Pati Unus from various port cities in Java to attack the Portuguese in Malacca. Penjajap were converted to serve as armed troop transports for landing, as the Javanese junks were too large to approach shore. Penjajap was the other type of vessels counted by Pires after junks and lancaran upon arriving at a port. However Pires said that after the boats were donated to Pati Unus, trading activity in the ports became more lethargic.{{Cite book|last=Cortesão|first=Armando|year=1944|url=https://archive.org/details/McGillLibrary-136385-182|title=The Suma oriental of Tomé Pires : an account of the East, from the Red Sea to Japan, written in Malacca and India in 1512–1515 ; and, the book of Francisco Rodrigues, rutter of a voyage in the Red Sea, nautical rules, almanack and maps, written and drawn in the East before 1515 volume 1|location=London|publisher=The Hakluyt Society|pages=185, 195|isbn=9784000085052}}

Admiral François-Edmond Pâris noted several cargo penjajap in Malacca strait during 1830s. The penjajap brought spices, dried areca nuts, and coconut almonds from Sumatra, and seem to frequent only the southern part of the strait.