polar stratospheric cloud

File:Perlemorskyer over Tysnes 22. desember 2023.jpg]]

The stratosphere is very dry; unlike the troposphere, it rarely allows clouds to form. In the extreme cold of the polar winter, however, stratospheric clouds of different types may form, which are classified according to their physical state (super-cooled liquid or ice) and chemical composition.{{cite journal| doi = 10.1016/j.jastp.2007.09.011| url = https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/71369.pdf| title = Polar stratospheric cloud microphysics and chemistry| journal = Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics| volume = 70| pages = 13–40| year = 2008| last1 = Lowe| first1 = Douglas| last2 = MacKenzie| first2 = A. Robert| issue = 1| bibcode = 2008JASTP..70...13L| access-date = 2018-03-14| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180314180922/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/71369.pdf| archive-date = 2018-03-14| url-status = dead}}

Due to their high altitude and the curvature of the surface of the Earth, these clouds will receive sunlight from below the horizon and reflect it to the ground, shining brightly well before dawn or after dusk.

PSCs form at very low temperatures, below {{convert|-78|C|F}}. These temperatures can occur in the lower stratosphere in polar winter. In the Antarctic, temperatures below {{convert|-88|C|F}} frequently cause type II PSCs. Such low temperatures are rarer in the Arctic. In the Northern hemisphere, the generation of lee waves by mountains may locally cool the lower stratosphere and lead to the formation of lenticular (lens-shaped) PSCs.

File:Perlemorskyer.jpg

Forward scattering of sunlight within the clouds produces a pearly-white appearance. Particles within the optically thin clouds cause colored interference fringes by diffraction. The visibility of the colors may be enhanced with a polarising filter.

File:Polar stratospheric cloud type 2.jpg

PSCs are classified into two main types, each of which consists of several subtypes.

• Type I clouds have a generally stratiform appearance resembling cirrostratus or haze.{{cite web |editor=World Meteorological Organization |title=Nitric acid and water PSC, International Cloud Atlas |year=2017 |url=https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/nitric-acid-and-water-polar-stratospheric-clouds.html|access-date=3 April 2019}} They are sometimes sub-classified according to their chemical composition which can be measured using LIDAR. The technique also determines the height and ambient temperature of the cloud. They contain water, nitric acid and/or sulfuric acid and are a source of polar ozone depletion.{{cite web |url=http://www.atoptics.co.uk/highsky/psc1.htm|title=Nacreous and Polar Stratospheric Clouds |website=atoptics.co.uk |date=16 September 2023 |access-date=24 December 2023}} The effects on ozone depletion arise because they support chemical reactions that produce active chlorine which catalyzes ozone destruction, and also because they remove gaseous nitric acid, perturbing nitrogen and chlorine cycles in a way which increases ozone depletion.{{cite web |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |url=http://www.wmo.int/disasters/DRR_related_Publications/Ozone/WMO_Scientific_Assessment_of_Ozone_Depletion_(2002)_e.pdf |title=Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion |year=2002 |access-date=2006-10-28 |archive-date=2020-03-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200313150114/https://public.wmo.int/en/search?search_api_views_fulltext=disasters&sort_by=search_api_relevance%2FDRR_related_Publications%2FOzone%2FWMO_Scientific_Assessment_of_Ozone_Depletion_%282002%29_e.pdf |url-status=dead }}particularly section 3.2.2 (pages 3.21, i.e. 195 of the PDF file, and following).
• Type Ia clouds consist of large, aspherical particles, consisting of nitric acid trihydrate (NAT).
• Type Ib clouds contain small, spherical particles (non-depolarising), of a liquid supercooled ternary solution (STS) of sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and water.
• Type Ic clouds consist of metastable water-rich nitric acid in a solid phase.{{cite web|publisher=Journal of Geophysical Research|url=http://www.agu.org/journals/jd/v101/iD04/96JD00062/96JD00062.pdf|title=The presence of metastable HNO₃/H₂O solid phases in the stratosphere inferred from ER 2 data|access-date=2012-08-17|archive-date=2020-01-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126223114/http://www.agu.org/journals/jd/v101/iD04/96JD00062/96JD00062.pdf|url-status=dead}}

• Type II clouds, which are very rarely observed in the Arctic, have cirriform and lenticular sub-types {{cite web |editor=World Meteorological Organization |title=Nacreous PSC, International Cloud Atlas |year=2017 |url=https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/nacreous-clouds.html|access-date=3 April 2019}} and consist of water ice only.{{cite web|last=Maturilli|first=Maturilli|title=Polar Stratospheric Clouds Above Spitsbergen|url=http://www.awi.de/en/research/research_divisions/climate_science/atmospheric_circulations/research_themes/aerosol/polar_stratospheric_clouds/|publisher=Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070824200937/http://www.awi.de/en/research/research_divisions/climate_science/atmospheric_circulations/research_themes/aerosol/polar_stratospheric_clouds/|archive-date=2007-08-24}}

File:Polar Stratospheric Cloud type I above Cirrus.jpg

Only Type II clouds are necessarily nacreous{{cite web|publisher=Australian Antarctic Division|url=http://www.antarctica.gov.au/about-antarctica/fact-files/atmosphere/polar-stratospheric-clouds/observations|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110602123302/http://www.antarctica.gov.au/about-antarctica/fact-files/atmosphere/polar-stratospheric-clouds/observations|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 2, 2011|title=Polar stratospheric clouds / Observations}} whereas Type I clouds can be iridescent under certain conditions, just as any other cloud. The World Meteorological Organization no longer uses the alpha-numeric nomenclature seen in this article, and distinguishes only between super-cooled stratiform acid-water PSCs and cirriform-lenticular water ice nacreous PSCs.{{cite web |editor=World Meteorological Organization |title=Upper atmospheric clouds, International Cloud Atlas |year=2017 |url=https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/upper-atmospheric-clouds.html|access-date=31 July 2017}}

• Aurora
• Circumhorizontal arc
• Cloud iridescence
• Noctilucent clouds

{{reflist}}

{{refbegin}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20060523205844/http://www.iac.ethz.ch/research/chemistry/polar_stratospheric_clouds/ ETH PSC page]
• [http://www.meteoros.de/psc/psce.htm meteoros.de]

{{refend}}

{{commons and category|Polar stratospheric cloud}}

• [http://www.atoptics.co.uk/highsky/nacr1.htm Nacreous Clouds] at atoptics.co.uk
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20070824200937/http://www.awi.de/en/research/research_divisions/climate_science/atmospheric_circulations/research_themes/aerosol/polar_stratospheric_clouds/ Polar Stratospheric Clouds Above Spitsbergen] at Alfred Wegener Institute

• {{cite news |title=Rare cloud spotted |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/science/extreme-weather-makes-rare-cloud/2006/08/01/1154198117951.html |agency=AAP |publisher=Sydney Morning Herald |date=August 1, 2006}}
• https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20060801/ap_on_sc/antarctica_clouds_4{{dead link|date=September 2018}}
• http://www.cnn.com/2006/TECH/science/08/01/antarctica.clouds.ap/index.html{{dead link|date=September 2018}}

{{Cloud types}}

Category:Cloud types

Category:Ozone depletion