political apathy

Political apathy is sometimes considered distinct from political alienation, "the sense that voters feel like the political system does not work for them and any attempt to influence it will be a fruitless exercise."{{Cite web |date=2017-08-29 |title=Voter Apathy |url=https://www.polyas.com/election-glossary/voter-apathy |access-date=2020-09-17 |website=polyas.com |language=en}} Political alienation is adversely related to political efficacy, the voter's trust in their ability to influence politics. The most common electoral consequences of political alienation are abstention and protest voting.

One cause of political apathy is due to lack of education. According to a study by CIRCLE director Kei Kawashima-Ginsberg, nearly 20% of American youth do not feel they know enough to vote. Notably, the study found that many young people have glaring misconceptions about the voting process; for instance, several individuals in the study believed having relatively minor offenses on their criminal record, such as driving under the influence, restricted their ability to vote. This 20% figure is especially significant when juxtaposed with the 20% total youth turnout in the 2018 United States elections.{{Cite web|title=On The Sidelines Of Democracy: Exploring Why So Many Americans Don't Vote|url=https://www.npr.org/2018/09/10/645223716/on-the-sidelines-of-democracy-exploring-why-so-many-americans-dont-vote|access-date=2020-09-17|website=NPR.org|language=en}}

Sometimes, alienated voters feel compelled to vote, but feel "estranged or disaffected from the system or somehow left out of the political process."{{Cite book|title=Political sociology: Oppression, resistance, and the state|last1=Glasberg|last2=Shannon|location=Thousand Oaks|publisher=Pine Forge Press|year=2011|pages=102}} They feel that they are underrepresented or not represented at all by those running for office; their best interest or concerns are not regarded.{{Cite book|title=Political Sociology: Oppression, Resistance, and the State|last1=Glasberg|first1=Davita Silfen|last2=Shannon|first2=Deric|date=November 16, 2010|publisher=SAGE Publications, Inc; 1 edition|isbn=978-1412980401|oclc=815880812}}

Political alienation falls into two broad categories: political incapability and political discontentment. In the first instance, alienation is forced upon the individual by their environment, whereas in the second case it is voluntarily chosen by them.{{Cite journal| author = Olsen, Marvin E. | title = Two Categories of Political Alienation | year = 1968 | url = http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/josf47&div=45&g_sent=1&collection=journals | journal = Social Forces |volume=47 | issue = 3 |pages=288–299 | access-date = 2011-06-21 | doi=10.2307/2575027| jstor = 2575027 }}

There are at least five expressions of political alienation:{{Cite journal| author = Finifter, Ada W. |author-link1=Ada Finifter | title = Dimensions of Political Alienation | date = June 1970 | jstor = 1953840 |journal=The American Political Science Review | volume=64 | issue = 2 | pages=389–410 | doi=10.2307/1953840|s2cid=146999668 }}

1. Political powerlessness. An individual's feeling that they cannot affect the actions of the government.
2. Political meaninglessness. An individual's perception that political decisions are unclear and unpredictable.
3. Political normlessness. An individual's perception that norms or rules intended to govern political relations are broken down, and that departures from prescribed behavior are common.
4. Political isolation. An individual's rejection of political norms and goals that are widely held and shared by other members of a society.
5. Political disappointment. An individual's disinterest to a political decision or participation because of the ruling class bad behaviors, such as, leaders having scandals by doing shameful things.

Political alienation overlaps with anti-politics, and there are likely causal relationships between the two concepts. Alienation differs from anti-political sentiment in that the latter tends to focus on negative assessments of politicians and political elites, whereas alienation may encompasses dissatisfaction with other elements of a political system, such as the electoral system, party system, or the idea of democratic society.{{cite journal |last1=Fox |first1=Stuart |title=Political alienation and referendums: how political alienation was related to support for Brexit |journal=British Politics |date=March 2021 |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=16–35 |doi=10.1057/s41293-020-00134-8 |doi-access=free}}

Another cause of political apathy is voter fatigue, when elections are held too frequently. In political science voter fatigue is defined as, "the apathy that the electorate can experience under certain circumstances, one of which could be that they are required to vote too often." One of the possible causes for voter fatigue is the barrage of political messages through social media.{{Cite web|title=Definition of voter fatigue in Political Science.|url=http://oer2go.org/mods/en-boundless/www.boundless.com/definition/voter-fatigue/index.html|access-date=2020-09-17|website=oer2go.org}} A large amount of exposure to political messages year-round can cause fatigue that turns potential voters away from the voting process.

Additional causes of political apathy include:

• being uncomfortable with the possible choices and the lesser of two evils principle in two-party systems
• wasted votes, where a voter does not receive representation in the final election outcome.
• strategic voting, where the electoral system incentivizes voting for a less preferred option to prevent an undesirable outcome.
• political corruption, where government officials or their network use politics for illegitimate private gain.
• Political misinformation or disinformation in part contributed by political spin{{Cite journal|last=Gaber|first=Ivor|date=1999|title=Government by spin: an analysis of the process|journal=Contemporary Politics|volume=5|issue=3|pages=263–275|doi=10.1080/13569779908450008}} and social media platforms.
• being unable to vote due to legal or logistical barriers
• being overwhelmed by personal issues
• encountering registration problems.{{Cite web|last=Staff|first=Stella Ho {{!}}|date=2019-11-27|title=Weekender {{!}} The United States of Apathy: To vote or not to vote?|url=https://www.dailycal.org/2019/11/26/the-united-states-of-apathy-to-vote-or-not-to-vote/|access-date=2020-09-17|website=The Daily Californian|language=en-US|archive-date=March 2, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302175657/https://www.dailycal.org/2019/11/26/the-united-states-of-apathy-to-vote-or-not-to-vote/|url-status=dead}}

The psychological factors that influence voter behavior are a voter's perceptions of politics, that is, how the voter sees the parties, the candidates, and the issues in an election.{{cite news |last=Amies |first=Nick |date=25 May 2009 |title=Voter apathy reflects lack of interest in EU affairs |url=http://www.dw.de/voter-apathy-reflects-lack-of-interest-in-eu-affairs/a-4277822 |work=Deutsche Welle}}

The farther down the ballot an office is, the fewer the number of votes that will be cast for it. This is called ballot fatigue. The expression suggests that many voters exhaust their patience or knowledge as they work their way down the ballot.

Prominent Founding Fathers writing in The Federalist Papers believed it was "essential to liberty that the government in general should have a common interest with the people," and felt that a bond between the people and the representatives was "particularly essential."{{cite news

| author = Alexander Hamilton or James Madison

| title = US Constitutional Documents: The Federalist Paper No. 52

| date = February 8, 1788

| url = http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers/No._52

| access-date = 2009-10-01

}} They wrote "frequent elections are unquestionably the only policy by which this dependence and sympathy can be effectually secured." In 2009, however, few Americans were familiar with leaders of Congress.{{cite news

|title = Congress' Approval Rating at Lowest Point for Year

|work = Reuters

|date = September 2, 2009

|url = https://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS95973+02-Sep-2009+BW20090902

|access-date = 2009-10-01

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090905170136/http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS95973+02-Sep-2009+BW20090902

|archive-date = September 5, 2009

|url-status = dead

|df = mdy-all

}}

In the 19th century there was a substantially large amount of voter turnout with numerous years with over 80% participation. This was due to several factors. One, political machines gave voters an incredible incentive to vote with favors of work, wealth, and political power (which were especially attractive to poor immigrants); however, political machines lost much of their power with the increased ability to vote and with more exposure on corrupt policies.{{Cite web|title=Voter turnout|url=https://www.historycentral.com/elections/Voterturnout.html|access-date=2020-09-16|website=www.historycentral.com}}

Numerous reports suggest voter apathy is widespread and growing.{{cite news

| title = THE CONGRESS: Makings of the 72nd (Cont.)

| work = Time Magazine

| date = September 22, 1930

| url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,740313,00.html

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110130042120/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,740313,00.html

| url-status = dead

| archive-date = January 30, 2011

| access-date = 2009-10-01

}}{{cite news

| first = Jonathan

| last = Peterson

| title = Confident Clinton Lends Hand to Congress Candidates

| work = Los Angeles Times

| date = October 21, 1996

| url = https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1996-10-21-mn-56229-story.html

| access-date = 2009-10-01

}} The percentage of Americans eligible to vote who did, in fact, vote was 63% in 1960, but has been falling since.{{cite news | title = References about declining turnout}}

• {{cite news

| title = THE CONGRESS: Makings of the 72nd (Cont.)

| work = Time Magazine

| date = September 22, 1930

| url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,740313,00.html

| access-date = 2009-10-01

| archive-date = January 30, 2011

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110130042120/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,740313,00.html

| url-status = dead

}}

• {{cite news

| first = Maki

| last = becker

| title = Informed Opinions on Today's Topics - Looking for Answers to Voter Apathy

| work = Los Angeles Times

| date = June 17, 1994

| url = https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-06-17-me-5121-story.html

| access-date = 2009-10-01

}}

• {{cite news

| first = Daniel

| last = Brumberg

| title = America's Re-emerging Democracy

| newspaper = Washington Post

| date = October 30, 2008

| url = http://newsweek.washingtonpost.com/postglobal/needtoknow/2008/10/america_our_re-emerging_democr.html

| access-date = 2009-10-01

}}

• {{cite news

| first = Karen

| last = Tumulty

| author-link = Karen Tumulty

| title = Congress Must Now Make Own Painful Choices

| work = Los Angeles Times

| date = July 8, 1986

| url = https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-07-08-mn-22496-story.html

| access-date = 2009-10-01

}}

• {{cite news

| first = Janet

| last = hook

| title = As U.S. Economy Flows, Voter Vitriol Ebbs

| work = Los Angeles Times

| date = December 22, 1997

| url = https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-dec-22-mn-1214-story.html

| access-date = 2009-10-01

}}

Vanderbilt professor Dana D. Nelson in Bad for Democracy argues that all citizens seem to do, politically, is vote for president every four years, and not much else; they've abandoned politics.{{cite news

| author = interview by David Schimke

| title = Presidential Power to the People -- Author Dana D. Nelson on why democracy demands that the next president be taken down a notch

| work = Utne Reader

| date = September–October 2008

| url = http://www.utne.com/2008-09-01/Politics/Presidential-Power-to-the-People.aspx

| access-date = 2009-09-20

}} Apathy was lower in the 2008 election, which featured a competitive election for president.{{cite news

| first = Guy

| last = Gugliotta

| title = Politics In, Voter Apathy Out Amid Heavy Turnout

| newspaper = Washington Post

| date = November 3, 2004

| url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A20054-2004Nov2.html

| access-date = 2009-10-01

}} Voter turnout in 2008 (62%) was the highest since 1968.{{cite news

| agency = Associated Press

| title = Voter Turnout Rate Said to Be Highest Since 1968

| newspaper = Washington Post

| date = December 15, 2008

| url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/12/14/AR2008121402295.html

| access-date = 2009-10-01

}}

On the other hand, Hunter College professor Jamie Chandler claims that political apathy, or a lack of interest in the political system, is overstated in regards to socioeconomic factors. Wealth and educational attainment correlate most strongly with voter participation.{{Cite news|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/why-there-so-much-voter-apathy-us-elections-315494|title=Why is There so Much Voter Apathy in U.S. Elections?|date=2011-09-19|newspaper=International Business Times|access-date=2016-11-05}}

Political apathy is often found among younger voters, the poor, and minority groups.{{Cite web|url=http://www.demos.org/publication/why-voting-gap-matters|title=Why the Voting Gap Matters {{!}} Demos|website=www.demos.org|access-date=2016-12-16}} The Centre for Innovation, Research and Competence in the Learning Economy (CIRCLE) breaks down youths into different groups, Broadly Engaged (19%), Political Specialists (19%) and Only Voted (18%), with the rest clustered into Civically Alienated (16%), Politically Marginalized (14%) and Engaged Non-Voters (14%).{{Cite journal|title=Understanding a Diverse Generation :Youth Civic Engagement in the United States|journal=Tufts University College of Citizenship and Public Service}} In 2010, only 21% of youths eligible to vote in the United States between ages 18–21 voted or were politically active.{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2014/10/economist-explains-24|title=Why young people don't vote|date=2014-10-29|newspaper=The Economist|issn=0013-0613|access-date=2016-11-07}}

Canada's voter turnout has remained relatively high compared to other developed democracies. In 2019, the share of the voting-age population registered to vote is around 93 percent.{{Cite web|title=In past elections, U.S. trailed most developed countries in voter turnout|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/11/03/in-past-elections-u-s-trailed-most-developed-countries-in-voter-turnout/|access-date=2020-12-02|website=www.pewresearch.org|language=en}} In the 2019 federal election, 77 percent of eligible voters reported that they had cast a ballot. However, one study highlights that the primary reason individuals abstained from voting in 2019 is due to a lack of interest in politics, at 35 percent, followed by 22 percent of non-voters who indicated that they were busy. The majority of non-voters were younger voters aged 18 to 24.{{Cite web|title=Explaining the Turnout Decline in Canadian Federal Elections: A New Survey of Non-voters|url=https://www.elections.ca/content.aspx?section=res&dir=rec/part/tud&document=trends&lang=e|access-date=2020-12-02|website=Elections Canada| date=May 12, 2020 |language=en-US}} Furthermore, Canadians who were citizens by birth reported lower voter turnout than naturalized citizens or immigrants in Canada; this may be due to the fact that individuals from foreign countries are more appreciative of the democratic process.{{Cite web|last=Aiella|first=Rachel|title='Not interested in politics' top reason Canadians didn't vote in 2019, StatCan says

|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/not-interested-in-politics-top-reason-canadians-didn-t-vote-in-2019-statcan-says-1.4828540|access-date=2020-12-02|website=www.ctvnews.ca|date=February 26, 2020 |language=en}} Overall, voter turnout has remained steady within the past decade.

{{See also|Electoral abstention in France}}

Member-states in the European Union are able to vote in two ways. Voters are allowed to vote in elections within their own countries as well as in elections concerning the European Union through the European Parliament. Political apathy is seen in the European Union through elections within each country and within the European Parliament.

European Parliament elections are when individuals in EU member-states vote for matters concerning the entirety of the European Union through electing a representative from their country into the European Parliament. It is noted that turnout is frequently lower in such elections compared to national elections.{{cite journal |last1=Hobolt |first1=Sara B. |last2=Spoon |first2=Jae-Jae |title=Motivating the European voter: Parties, issues and campaigns in European Parliament elections: motivating the european voter |journal=European Journal of Political Research |date=October 2012 |volume=51 |issue=6 |pages=701–727 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-6765.2012.02057.x |s2cid=55880993 }} Political apathy is speculated because individuals within the European Parliament often perceive such elections to hold low salience context. In such cases, individuals believe that there are less personal stakes attached to elections in the European Parliament. As such, such attitudes further imply that voters perceive such elections to be less important than national elections.{{Cite web|title=2019 European election results|url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/election-results-2019/en/turnout/|access-date=2020-12-02|website= European Parliament|language=en}}

Another line of reasoning suggests that individuals may be dissatisfied with party positions within the European Parliament, especially regarding the subject of European integration. Research shows that the larger the distance between voters and their national party choices in the European Union, the more likely that they will abstain from voting in the European Parliament election. Hence, political apathy is a phenomenon that heavily impacts the turnout of European Parliament elections. However, in recent years, it is observed that increased politicization within the European Union has led to increased voter turnout. In 2019, 50.66 percent of EU members voted in the European Parliament election, increasing from 42.61 in 2014. Speculated reasons for this increase are pertaining to Brexit, the Migrant Crisis, climate change policy, and rising concern over anti-EU sentiment.{{Cite web|last=Timsit|first=Annabelle|title=The extreme choices before Europe drew the biggest voter turnout in 20 years|url=https://qz.com/1626267/european-elections-2019-see-highest-voter-turnout-in-two-decades/|access-date=2020-12-02|website=Quartz|date=May 27, 2019 |language=en}}

In the United Kingdom, like many other western liberal democracies, there has been a steady decline in turnout in general elections over recent decades. After a peak in the 1950 General election with 83.9% turnout in the UK steadily declining to ultimately an all-time low turnout of 59.4% in the 2001 General election.{{Cite journal|last=Uberoi|first=Elise|date=16 October 2019|title=Political disengagement in the UK: who is disengaged?|url=https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-7501/|journal=House of Commons Briefing Paper|volume=|pages=6|via=}} Low turnout and disengagement in elections and the political process is more prevalent in younger voters.{{Cite journal|last=Birch|first=Sarah|date=November 2013|title=DIVIDED DEMOCRACY POLITICAL INEQUALITY IN THE UK AND WHY IT MATTERS|url=https://www.ippr.org/files/images/media/files/publication/2013/11/divided-democracy_Nov2013_11420.pdf|journal=Institute for Public Policy Research Report|volume=|pages=7|via=}} In addition to declining turnout over recent decades trust in the government has fallen also leading to disengagement.

According to the Pew Research Center, only 55.7 percent of the U.S. voting age population cast ballots in the 2016 presidential election. This percentage is a slight increase from the 2012 election, but lower than the 2008 election, which had record numbers. Voter turnout numbers in the United States are quite low compared to other developed nations. The United States was ranked 31 out of the 35 countries in this study. The Census Bureau recorded that there were roughly 245.5 million Americans who were eligible to vote, but only 157.6 million of eligible voters were registered to vote. The United States Election Project had similar findings, estimating apathy slightly higher: 46.9 percent of eligible voters did not vote in 2016.{{cite news|last1=Mei|first1=Gina|title=Almost Half of Eligible Voters Didn't Vote in This Election|url=http://www.cosmopolitan.com/politics/a8265143/almost-half-eligible-voters-did-not-vote-election-2016/|access-date=21 January 2018|work=Cosmopolitan|date=10 November 2016}} Many Americans do not take the effort to learn the voting process, as some see it as a burden.

There is an overemphasis on the number of Americans who have claimed they voted. The Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives only recorded 136.8 million people, compared to the 137.5 million who claimed to have voted. This number also includes 170,000 ballots which were blank, spoiled, or null.

Voter registration in the United States is an independent responsibility, so citizens are able to choose whether they want to register or not. This led to only 64% of the voting age population being registered to vote in 2016. The United States is one of the sole countries that requires its citizens to register separately from voting. The lack of automatic registration contributes to the issue that there are over a third of eligible citizen in the United States that are not registered to vote.

Since 1976, voter turnout has stayed between an 8.5 percent range of fluctuation and has been on a historical downward trend, although there are differences among certain racial, ethnic, and age groups.{{Cite news|url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/05/15/u-s-voter-turnout-trails-most-developed-countries/|title=U.S. trails most developed countries in voter turnout|date=2017-05-15|work=Pew Research Center|access-date=2017-05-18|language=en-US}} Turnout has been lingering between 48% and 57% since 1980.

Voters between 45 and 65 year old and voters over 65 years old have the highest rate of voter turnout. In the time span from 1964 to 2004, 18-24 year olds usually had a voter turnout of 41.8%, compared to 25-44 year olds who had a turnout of 57.9%. Voters between 45 and 65 year old and voters over 65 years old have turnout rates of 69.3% and 66.6% respectively. Younger age groups are typically underrepresented in proportion; the greatest percentage of unregistered voters is in the 18-30 year old age group. People in younger age demographics are speculated to be more focused on other aspects in their life, such as college, marriage, and careers. In turn, younger demographics are less likely to learn about politics or understand the implications behind voting. Voters tend to be older, wealthier, and more educated than non-voters.

In a USA Today poll taken in 2012, 59 percent of citizens who chose not to vote because they believed that "'nothing ever gets done' in government". Another 54% of non-voters believed there is government corruption. Thirty seven percent explicitly stated that politics did not make any difference in their lives.{{Cite news|url=http://america.aljazeera.com/opinions/2015/7/most-americans-dont-vote-in-elections-heres-why.html|title=OPINION: Most Americans don't vote in elections. Here's why|access-date=2017-05-18}}

Certain voters are likely to refrain from elections due to their lack of interest in the available political stances. When the wishes of citizens are not properly addressed in government, voters are more likely to become uninterested in the democratic process. One reason for low turnout rates during primaries is due to the apathy regarding who will make it to the general election. Many individuals further believe only the general election in the United States is important. Congressional elections are also prone to political apathy. This leads candidates chosen out of increasingly polarized voter pools, which heighten rigidness and gridlock in the government.{{Cite news|title=The Effect of Voter Turnout on Political Polarization - United States Common Sense|language=en-US|work=United States Common Sense|url=http://uscommonsense.org/research/effect-voter-turnout-political-polarization/|access-date=2017-05-18|archive-date=May 2, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170502183117/http://uscommonsense.org/research/effect-voter-turnout-political-polarization/|url-status=dead}} There is generally an inverse relationship between level of government and turnout rates.

In the 2016 presidential election in the U.S., turnout was 54.8%{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Voter Turnout in Presidential Elections|url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/data/turnout.php|access-date=2021-01-25|website=www.presidency.ucsb.edu}} while in the midterm elections of 2018 the turnout rate of 50.0% and in the midterm elections of 2014 there was a historic low of 36.7% turnout to the elections.{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=2014G - United States Elections Project|url=http://www.electproject.org/2014g|access-date=2021-01-25|website=www.electproject.org}} Based on government data, in the last 60 years eligible voters that have cast a ballot has ranged from 49 to 63%.{{Cite news|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/why-there-so-much-voter-apathy-us-elections-315494|title=Why is There so Much Voter Apathy in U.S. Elections?|date=2011-09-19|newspaper=International Business Times|access-date=2016-12-16}} The highest turnout occurred in the 1960 election in which President John F. Kennedy was elected, while the lowest turnout occurred in 1996 with the election for President Bill Clinton.

The 2016 United States presidential election saw political alienation as one of the central issues of the campaign. Both Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton made appeals to the working class in Midwestern states by pointing out that they feel as if their votes carried little weight and said communities had been abandoned by past candidates. Trump and Clinton did the same with Black and Latino voters in urban areas, voicing concerns with political alienation in the past.{{Citation|url=http://www.electproject.org/2016g|title=2016g - United States Elections Project |work=Electproject.org|access-date=2018-10-26}} That election also saw an increase in voters in swing states and a decrease in voters living in "safe" states.{{Cite web|url=http://www.electproject.org/2016g|title=2016g - United States Elections Project|website=www.electproject.org|access-date=2018-10-26}}

In a Google study on "Interested Bystanders," experts discovered that 48.9% of people in America are paying attention to the political world but not voicing any opinion on the matter (non-voting, non-volunteering for campaigns etc.),{{Cite journal|last1=Krontiris|first1=Kate|last2=Webb|first2=John|last3=Chapman|first3=Chris|date=2015-01-01|title=Understanding America's Interested Bystander: A Complicated Relationship with Civic Duty|url=http://research.google.com/pubs/pub44180.html}} thus increasing political apathy in America.

Electoral reforms reducing wasted vote,{{cite journal | doi=10.1177/2057047319829580 | title=The mediating role of political talk and political efficacy in the effects of news use on expressive and collective participation | year=2019 | last1=Park | first1=Chang Sup | journal=Communication and the Public | volume=4 | pages=35–52 | s2cid=150474892 | doi-access=free }} reducing barriers to entry for new political parties,{{cite journal | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/1816288 | jstor=1816288 | last1=Tullock | first1=Gordon | title=Entry Barriers in Politics | journal=The American Economic Review | year=1965 | volume=55 | issue=1/2 | pages=458–466 }} increasing proportionality{{cite journal | url=https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123408000161 | doi=10.1017/S0007123408000161 | title=Political Efficacy and Participation in Twenty-Seven Democracies: How Electoral Systems Shape Political Behaviour | year=2008 | last1=Karp | first1=Jeffrey A. | last2=Banducci | first2=Susan A. | journal=British Journal of Political Science | volume=38 | issue=2 | pages=311–334 | hdl=10036/64393 | s2cid=55486399 | hdl-access=free }} and reducing presidentialism{{Cite book|editor-last1=Hawkins|editor-first1=Kirk Andrew|editor-last2=Carlin|editor-first2=Ryan E.|editor-last3=Littvay|editor-first3=Levente|editor-last4=Rovira Kaltwasser|editor-first4=Cristóbal|editor-link4=Cristóbal Rovira|title=The ideational approach to populism: concept, theory, and analysis|isbn=978-1-315-19692-3|pages=281|oclc=1053623603}} can reduce political apathy.

Another possible solution to political apathy in the younger generation is reducing voting age to increase youth suffrage and increased education. Multiple studies have shown that decreased civic instruction starting in the 1960s has led to decreased young voter turnout. In 2014, there was a record-low turnout of adults 18–29 with 20% casting a ballot. In 2018, only nine U.S. states required at least one year of government or civic education. A 2018 survey by the Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation found only one third of Americans could pass a general citizenship test, just 13% of young Americans knew when the Constitution of the United States was ratified, and less than 50% of respondents could accurately identify the member countries of the Axis powers of World War II. According to the Tuft study, this has led 20% of young adults to avoid voting due to not knowing enough information to cast a ballot.{{Cite web|last=Wong|first=Alia|date=2018-10-05|title=Civics Education Helps Create Young Voters and Activists|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2018/10/civics-education-helps-form-young-voters-and-activists/572299/|access-date=2020-09-17|website=The Atlantic|language=en-US}}

Other possible solutions for the alienation of voters from politics are voting advice applications{{cite journal | url=https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2018.1526237 | doi=10.1080/10584609.2018.1526237 | title=Getting Out the Vote with Voting Advice Applications | year=2019 | last1=Germann | first1=Micha | last2=Gemenis | first2=Kostas | journal=Political Communication | volume=36 | pages=149–170 | s2cid=149640396 }} and participatory democracy.{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/lsereviewofbooks/2016/10/20/book-review-against-elections-the-case-for-democracy-by-david-van-reybrouck/|title=Book Review: Against Elections: The Case for Democracy by David Van Reybrouck|work=LSE Review of Books |date=20 October 2016 |access-date=2019-03-10}} Belgian historian David van Reybrouck describes in his book Against Elections the current problems in Western democracy as the democratic fatigue syndrome and advocates a deliberative democracy based on sortition.{{Cite web |last=Reybrouck |first=David Van |author-link=David Van Reybrouck |title=Against Elections: The Case for Democracy |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/lsereviewofbooks/2016/10/20/book-review-against-elections-the-case-for-democracy-by-david-van-reybrouck/ |access-date=2019-03-10 |website=LSE Review of Books|date=20 October 2016 }}

Civic technology seeks to counteract the effects of political apathy through more modern means, such as social media, applications, and websites. Many startups within the field of civic technology attempt to connect voters to politicians and government, in an attempt to boost voter participation and turnout. Examples include MySociety in the United Kingdom.{{Cite web|url=https://www.mysociety.org/about/|title=About / mySociety|website=mySociety|access-date=2016-11-05}}{{Secondary source needed|date=October 2023}} A John S. and James L. Knight Foundation report found that $431 million had been invested in civic technology from January 2011 through May 2013, with $4 million specifically invested in voting technologies.{{Cite web |date=February 2014 |title=Knight Foundation: Trends in Civic Tech |url=http://www.knightfoundation.org/features/civictech/ |access-date=2016-11-05 |website=www.knightfoundation.org}}{{Additional citation needed|date=October 2023}}

For the 2016 US presidential election, Facebook implemented reminders to register to vote in its social network. Several election officials have claimed that these efforts significantly increased voter registration.{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/13/us/politics/facebook-helped-drive-a-voter-registration-surge-election-officials-say.html|title=Facebook Helped Drive a Voter Registration Surge, Election Officials Say|last=Chokshi|first=Niraj|date=2016-10-12|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=2016-12-17}}

{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|

• Abstention
• Anomie
• Anti-democracy
• Anti-politics
• Apoliticism
• Democratic deficit
• First they came ...
• Joke candidate
• Joke political party
• Non-politics
• Political Disappointment
• Political quietism
• Populism
• Protest vote
• Religious rejection of politics
• Social alienation
• Wasted vote

}}

{{Reflist}}

Category:Political terminology

Category:Youth politics

Category:Voting theory