prison newspaper

The first prison newspaper is believed to have appeared in the 19th century in a debtors' prison.Amy E. Lerman & Vesla M. Weaver (2014). Arresting Citizenship: the democratic consequences of American crime control. University of Chicago Press. {{isbn|9780226137971}}{{rp|86}} Prison reformers in the US created a prison newspaper at the Elmira Reformatory in 1883.James McGrath Morris (2002). Jailhouse journalism: the fourth estate behind bars. Transaction Publishers. {{isbn|9780765808912}}.{{rp|36–38}} It was "carefully assembled not to include items that officials deemed to have a bad influence on the inmates" and was instead intended for rehabilitative purposes.{{rp|40}} The first inmate-driven paper was created at the Minnesota Correctional Facility in 1887.Kate McQueen. [https://prisonjournalismproject.org/prison-newspaper-project/ Prison Newspaper Project]. Retrieved 3 February 2024.

A 1935 study, the first on the topic, found that almost half of US prisons had a prison newspaper. The genre reached its height in the 1960s in the United States, at which point circulation was approximately 2 million readers across 250 publications.{{rp|86}}During this period "active and alert prison reporting" became more common, with inmates highlighting problems within the prison system.James Nelson Goodsell (March 1959). "The penal press: voice of the prisoner". Federal Probation, p. 54. The "Pulitzers of prison journalism", the Penal Press Awards, were awarded annually beginning in 1965.Wilbert Rideau & Linda Labranche (25 June 2014). [https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/can-free-press-flourish-behind-bars/ Can a free press flourish behind bars?]. The Nation.

However, they faced issues around freedom of the press, as critiques of prison practices were met with institutional censorship.{{rp|87}}In 1974, in the US Supreme Court case of Pell v. Procunier, the court ruled to uphold a California state restriction against prison inmates being interviewed face-to-face by the press. Journalists and inmates had contended that this restriction violated the First Amendment.John Vile (15 December 2023). [https://firstamendment.mtsu.edu/article/pell-v-procunier/ Pell v. Procunier (1974)]. Free Speech Center at Middle Tennessee State University. This ruling "largely replaced" earlier precedents supportive of prison reporting; subsequent court decisions also held that "the prison's security interests trumped the free speech rights of inmates" and that prisons could entirely forbid prison newspapers.{{rp|87}} Similar patterns and tensions emerged in other parts of the world, such as Canada.{{rp|98}}

These pressures resulted in a quick and significant decline in the number of prison newspapers in publication between the 1970s and 1990s, with just six operating in 1998.{{rp|87}} However, more recently, "alongside a surge in bipartisan interest in criminal justice reform, prison journalism has reemerged and garnered the attention and support of funders, politicians, and the public".Olivia Heffernan (29 April 2022). [https://jacobin.com/2022/04/prison-journalism-newspapers-mass-incarceration-criminal-justice Why prison journalism matters]. Jacobin. As of 2023 there are an estimated 24 prison newspapers in the US.Hanaa' Tameez (14 March 2023). [https://www.niemanlab.org/2023/03/the-prison-newspaper-directory-finds-that-the-number-of-prison-based-papers-is-growing/ The Prison Newspaper Directory finds that the number of prison-based papers is growing]. NiemanLab.

Early prison newspapers were typically "devoted to inmate activities: sports events, movies and other entertainment, personal items, blood banks, school and organizational activities, hobbies, and the like".Christ Clarkson & Melissa Munn (2021). Disruptive Prisoners: resistance, reform, and the New Deal. University of Toronto Press. {{isbn|9781487525910}}{{rp|90}} Humour was also often featured.{{rp|91}} Sports remain a popular topic of reporting. Depending on the level of censorship at a particular institution, such papers may carry stories critical of the prison administration. With the modern aging prison population in the US, obituaries have also become a feature.

Challenges within the prison system, including potential reprisals against prison journalists, complicate reporting.Yukari Kane (20 September 2021). [https://rjionline.org/news/lessons-learned-from-a-scoop-out-of-san-quentin/ Lessons learned from a scoop out of San Quentin]. Donald W. Reynolds Journalism Institute, University of Missouri. The US Federal Bureau of Prisons has an explicit ban on journalism by inmates, while most US states have restrictions that negatively impact journalism from within jails.Brian Nam-Sonenstein (15 June 2023). [https://www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2023/06/15/prison_journalism/ Breaking news from inside: how prisons suppress prison journalism]. Prison Policy Initiative.

• Forlorn Hope was the first prison newspaper in the US, created in 1800.Phoebe Judge (7 July 2023). [https://thisiscriminal.com/episode-226-the-prison-newspaper-7-7-2023/ The Prison Newspaper]. Criminal.
• The Prison Mirror, first published in 1887, is the oldest continuously operating prison newspaper.
• The Angolite, the prison newspaper of the Louisiana State Penitentiary, has won numerous journalism awards including the George Polk Award and a nomination for a National Magazine Award.Morgan Godvin (13 May 2022). [https://daily.jstor.org/the-angolite-comes-to-the-apn-collection/ The Angolite Comes to the Reveal Digital American Prison Newspapers Collection]. JSTOR Daily.
• The San Quentin News from San Quentin State Prison is the subject of a 2020 book by journalism professor William J. Drummond.Sewell Chan (11 February 2020). [https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/books/story/2020-02-11/prison-truth-william-drummond-san-quentin Review: 'Prison Truth' takes readers inside San Quentin's inmate-run newspaper]. Los Angeles Times.
• The Prison Journalism Project maintains a partial directory of active prison newspapers in the United States.{{Cite web |title=Prison Newspaper Project |url=https://prisonjournalismproject.org/prison-newspaper-project/ |access-date=2024-10-29 |website=Prison Journalism Project |language=en-US}}

{{reflist}}

• Lovey Cooper, Emily Nonko, & Danielle Purifoy (Eds.) The Press in Prison. Scalawag Media. {{isbn|9781642598957}}
• Elanor Novek (2011). The life inside: incarcerated women represent themselves through journalism. In Jodie Michelle Lawston & Ashley E. Lucas (Eds.). Razor Wire Women, ch. 21. State University of New York Press. {{isbn|9781438435336}}
• Adam Quinn (2021). [https://read.dukeupress.edu/radical-history-review/article-abstract/2021/141/151/264038/Aboveground-Underground-and-Locked-Down-Radical "Aboveground, underground, and locked down": radical prison newspapers in Washington, 1975–90]. Radical History Review, 2021(141):151–175.

• Phillip Vance Smith II (10 November 2022). [https://daily.jstor.org/whats-it-like-to-be-an-editor-of-a-prison-newspaper/ What's it like to be an editor of a prison newspaper?]. JSTOR
• Fredrik Stiernstedt & Anne Kaun (October 2021). [https://intellectdiscover.com/content/journals/10.1386/joacm_00100_1 Prison papers: between alternative and mainstream]. Journal of Alternative & Community Media, 6(2):197–216.

• [https://justiceineducation.columbia.edu/prison-journalism-project-launches-new-resource/ Quick Guide to Starting a Prison Newspaper] from the Prison Journalism Project
• [https://www.themarshallproject.org/records/1568-prison-journalists Prison Journalists] from The Marshall Project
• [https://prisonjournalismproject.org/prison-newspaper-directory/ Prison Newspaper Directory] from the Prison Journalism Project
• [https://daily.jstor.org/series/american-prison-newspapers/ American Prison Newspapers 1880–2020] from JSTOR

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Category:Alternative journalism organizations