racial nationalism

{{Short description|Ideology that advocates a racial definition of national identity}}

Racial nationalism is an ideology that advocates a racial definition of national identity. Racial nationalism seeks to preserve "racial purity" of a nation through policies such as banning race mixing and the immigration of other races. To create a justification for such policies, racial nationalism often promotes eugenics, and advocates political and legislative solutions based on eugenic and other racial theories.{{sfn|Turda|Weindling|2007|p=}}

Nationalism in Northeast Asia (China, Korea and Japan) is partly related to 'racial nationalism' (民族主義),Gi-Wook Shin, Ethnic Nationalism in Korea: Genealogy, Politics, and Legacy (Stanford University Press, 2006), [https://books.google.com/books?id=nNc2AzJmwPoC&dq=Korean+%22racial+nationalism%22&pg=PA223 p. 223.]{{cite book |author1=Ko-wu Huang |first=Max |title=The Meaning of Freedom: Yan Fu and Origins of Chinese Liberalism |date=15 March 2008 |publisher=Chinese University of Hong Kong Press |pages=97 |doi=10.2307/j.ctv1x0kc5b |jstor=j.ctv1x0kc5b |isbn=978-962-996-278-4 |s2cid=261749245 |quote=... racial nationalism (minzu zhuyi 民族主義) was characteristic of any race, but he asked: “Will racial nationalism strengthen our race? In my opinion, it definitely will not.”...}} it was influenced by the German ethnonationalist tradition (Völkisch movement and Blood and soil) of the 19th century, which was imported from Japan during the Meiji period.{{Cite web|first=Robert E. |last=Kelly |url=https://robertedwinkelly.com/2010/05/24/more-on-asian-multiculturalism-5-masters-theses-to-be-written/ |title=More on Asian Multiculturalism: 5 Masters Theses to be Written |quote= Northeast Asians (NEA – Chinese, Koreans, Japanese) strike me as quite nationalistic, and nationalism up here is still tied up in right-Hegelian, 19th century notions of blood and soil. In China, the Han race is the focus of the government's newfound, post-communist nationalism. In Korea, it is only the racial unity of minjeok that has helped keep Korea independent all these centuries. In Japan, the Yamato race is so important that even ethnic Koreans living there for generations can't get citizenship and there's no immigration despite a contracting population. MC in NEA faces huge political opposition that the already existing multiculturalism of South and Southeast Asia (SEA) don't face. |date=24 May 2010 |access-date=10 February 2024}}{{cite book |author=Ryôta Nishino |title=Changing Histories: Japanese and South African Textbooks in Comparison (1945–1995) |quote=... minzoku nationalism rested on the twin pillars of 'blood and soil' and 'proper place'. |date=2011 |publisher=V&R Unipress |pages=26 }} This kind of nationalism is related to the term 民族 similar to the German word Volk.{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2UHs9u6UyLsC&dq=%22minzu%22+%22Volk%22&pg=PA207 |author1=Michael Rudolph |title=Taiwans multi-ethnische Gesellschaft und die Bewegung der Ureinwohner: Assimilation oder kulturelle Revitalisierung? |language=German |quote= Zwar hatte man sich bei der Referenz auf das 'Chinesische Volk' (zhonghua minzu) sowie auf ' ethnische Chinesen ' ( hanren minzu ) durchaus schon lange des japanisch / chinesischen Begriffs ' minzoku ' bzw. ' minzu ' ( = Volk , Nation , Volk ) bedient , allein hatte man es vermieden ... zwischen 'Volk (minzu) und 'Ethnie' (zuqun) im chinesischen Kontext darin bestehe, ... |date= 2003 |publisher=Lit |pages=207|isbn=978-3-8258-6828-4 }}{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=23PRnGPxSd0C&dq=%22minjok%22+%22Volk%22&pg=PT467 |author1=Charles K. Armstrong |title=Tyranny of the Weak: North Korea and the World, 1950–1992 |quote= ... (minjok, similar to the German Volk) ...|date= 18 June 2013 |publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0-8014-6893-3 }}{{Cite book |last=Gayle |first=Curtis Anderson |title=Marxist History and Postwar Japanese Nationalism |date=2003-08-29 |publisher=Routledge }}{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LfcUCwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Volk%22+%22Minzu%22&pg=PA39 |author1=Shiyuan Hao |title=How the Communist Party of China Manages the Issue of Nationality: An Evolving Topic |quote= ... minzu to translate the German word volk and the English words ethnos and nation. After the Japanese philosopher Enryou Inoue founded the magazine Nihonjin in 1888, the term minzu became widely used in Japan and influenced the whole news ... |date=30 November 2015 |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |pages=39 |isbn=978-3-662-48462-3 }}

By country

= China =

Chinese nationalism (中国民族主义 or 中华民族主义), as claimed by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in the People's Republic of China (PRC), is based on the concept of Zhonghua minzu (中华民族, lit: "Chinese folk"). Zhonghua minzu is translated as "Chinese nation", "Chinese people", "Chinese ethnicity" and "Chinese race".{{Cite web |title=Racial Thinking in Modern China: A Bridge to Ethnonationalism? |last=Olsson |first=Jojje |publisher=Taiwan Sentinel |date=10 January 2018 |access-date=9 March 2021 |url= https://sentinel.tw/racial-thinking-modern-china/}}{{Cite news |last=Anderlini |first=Jamil |date=21 June 2017 |title=The dark side of China's national renewal |url=https://www.ft.com/content/360afba4-55d1-11e7-9fed-c19e2700005f |url-access=subscription |access-date=9 March 2021 |newspaper=Financial Times}}{{cite book |author1=Tobin |first=David |title=Securing China's Northwest Frontier: Identity and Insecurity in Xinjiang |date=October 2022 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=235 |doi=10.1017/9781108770408 |isbn=978-1-108-77040-8 |s2cid=240707164 |quote=Repeated use of what should now be translated as 'Chinese race, (Zhonghua Minzu 中华民族), alongside omission of ethnic minorities in official narratives ...}} Some academics have referred to Chinese nationalism as "racial nationalism".{{Cite journal |last=Sautman |first=Barry |author-link=Barry Sautman |date=1997 |title=Racial Nationalism and China's External Behavior |journal=World Affairs |volume=160 |issue=2 |pages=78–95 |issn=0043-8200 |jstor=20672513}}

Some academics state that the term Zhonghua minzu is intended to justify the Han-based assimilationist policy. Jamil Anderlini, an editor for the Financial Times, said that the concept of "Chinese race" nominally includes 56 officially recognized ethnicities (including Tibetans and Uyghurs) in the PRC, but is "almost universally understood to mean the majority Han ethnic group, who make up more than 90 per cent of the population." Since the mid-1990s, the CCP has utilized Peking Man as an instrument of its racial nationalist discourse.{{cite journal |last=Sautman |first=Barry |author-link=Barry Sautman |year=2001 |title=Peking Man and the Politics of Paleoanthropological Nationalism in China |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=95–124 |doi=10.2307/2659506 |jstor=2659506 |pmid=19086346}}{{Citation |last=Cheng |first=Yinghong |title=Is Peking Man Still Our Ancestor?—Race and National Lineage |journal=Discourses of Race and Rising China |pages=99–159 |year=2019 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-05357-4_3 |isbn=978-3-030-05356-7 |pmc=7123927 |doi-access=free}}

= Germany =

= Japan =

{{Main|Ethnic nationalism in Japan#Dominant ethnic-centered nationalism}}

{{nihongo|Japanese ethnic nationalism|日本民族主義|nihon minzoku shugi|lead=yes}} is related to minzoku (民族), the Japanese word that translates to "people", "ethnic group", and "nation". Minzoku does not originally mean "race" in the general sense, and jinshu (人種) means "race", but some Japanese nationalists also use minzoku in a closer sense to "race"; Taro Aso has called Japan a "one race" or "one minzoku".{{cite web|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2005/10/18/national/aso-says-japan-is-nation-of-one-race/|title=Aso says Japan is nation of 'one race'|date=18 October 2005|via=Japan Times Online}}{{cite web|url=https://www.asahi.com/articles/ASN1F67HDN1FTIPE00X.html|title=麻生太郎氏「日本は2千年、一つの民族」政府方針と矛盾|date=13 January 2020|via=The Asahi Shimbun}} Prominent Japanese politicians have often kindled controversies by invoking the images of Japanese racial superiority.{{Cite book |author1=Gerard Delanty |author2=Krishan Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1HUNASe5MUC&dq=%22racial+nationalism%22+Japanese+war+crimes&pg=PA477 |title=The SAGE Handbook of Nations and Nationalism |date=2006 |publisher=SAGE Publications |pages=477|isbn=978-1-4462-0644-7 }}

= Korea =

Korean racial nationalism is related to the concept of minjok, which often translates as "race" in the English-speaking world. In the 20th century, racial nationalist sentiment was shared on all political spectrums in South Korea, including not just right-wing dictatorships, but liberals and leftists who resisted it.{{Cite book |author1=Sang-hoon Jang |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PzDLDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Korean+ethnic+nationalism+which+tended+to+be+against+authoritarian+regimes+and+foreign+powers%22&pg=PT77 |title=A Representation of Nationhood in the Museum |date=20 January 2020 |publisher=Taylor & Francis| isbn=978-0-429-75396-1 }}{{Cite book |author1=Gi-wook Shin |title=Ethnic Nationalism in Korea: Genealogy, Politics, and Legacy |date=2006|publisher=Stanford University Press |page=175}} When the racialist expressions were removed from South Korea's Pledge of Allegiance in 2007, it is opposed by some left-wing nationalists who wished for Korean reunification.{{cite web|url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/North+Korea's+state-loyalty+advantage.-a0274114570|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20180520092751/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/North+Korea's+state-loyalty+advantage.-a0274114570|url-status=dead|last=Myers|first=Brian Reynolds|authorlink=Brian Reynolds Myers|title=North Korea's state-loyalty advantage.|work=Free Online Library|date=20 May 2018|archivedate=20 May 2018|quote=Although the change was inspired by the increase in multiethnic households, not by the drive to bolster state-patriotism per se, the left-wing media objected ...}} According to Brian Reynolds Myers, racial nationalism in North Korea is the main ideology of maintaining the system.{{Cite book |author1=B. R. Myers |title=The Cleanest Race |date=2010 }}

Many modern Korean nationalists deny the connection to "race" by limiting the meaning of minjok to the meanings of "nation", "people" and "ethnic group",{{Cite web |title=민족 (民族) |quote= people; ethnic group |url=https://krdict.korean.go.kr/eng/dicSearch/SearchView?wordMatchFlag=N&mainSearchWord=%EB%AF%BC%EC%A1%B1¤tPage=1&sort=W&searchType=W&proverbType=&exaType=&ParaWordNo=64742&viewType=A&blockCount=10&viewTypes=on&myViewWord=25130&myViewWord=64742&_csrf=a675282b-680f-4a85-bd98-538689cd05a3 |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=National Institute of Korean Language's: Korean-English Learners' Dictionary |language=ko}} because minjok (민족, lit: "folk") and injong (인종, lit: race) are distinct concepts in Korean language.{{Cite web |title=인종 (人種) |quote= race |url=https://krdict.korean.go.kr/eng/dicSearch/SearchView?wordMatchFlag=N&mainSearchWord=%EC%9D%B8%EC%A2%85¤tPage=1&sort=W&searchType=W&proverbType=&exaType=&ParaWordNo=25130&viewType=A&blockCount=10&viewTypes=on&myViewWord=64742&_csrf=a675282b-680f-4a85-bd98-538689cd05a3 |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=National Institute of Korean Language's: Korean-English Learners' Dictionary |language=ko}}{{cite book |author1=Clark W. Sorensen |author2=Donald Baker |title=The Journal of Korean Studies, Volume 18, Number 1 (Spring 2013) |quote=... injong (race) or minjok (ethnos) in the historical context. |date= 2013 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |pages=47}} However, many non-Korean observers actually recognize minjok as meaning of "race" because "Korean minjok" (한민족 or 조선민족) is defined by 'pure Korean blood'.{{cite web|url=http://conversationswithbillkristol.org/transcript/nicholas-eberstadt-transcript/|title=Nicholas Eberstadt Transcript|quote=The hum in their ideology is the Korean word minjok, which they would translate for us as “nationality,” but is much closer in the way they use it to race. |work=Conversations with Bill Kristol|last1=Kristol|first1=Bill|authorlink1=Bill Kristol|authorlink2=Nicholas Eberstadt|first2=Nicholas|last2=Eberstadt }}{{Cite web|first=Robert E. |last=Kelly |url=http://www.realcleardefense.com/articles/2015/06/04/why_south_korea_is_so_obsessed_with_japan_108014.html |title=Why South Korea is So Obsessed with Japan |date=June 4, 2015 |work=Real Clear Defense |accessdate=March 24, 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324194031/http://www.realcleardefense.com/articles/2015/06/04/why_south_korea_is_so_obsessed_with_japan_108014.html |archivedate=March 24, 2016 }}{{Cite web|url=http://asiasociety.org/korea/south-korea-unloved-republic |first=Brian Reynolds |last=Myers |authorlink=Brian Reynolds Myers |title=South Korea: The Unloved Republic? |date=September 14, 2010 |accessdate=May 19, 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130519065927/http://asiasociety.org/korea/south-korea-unloved-republic |archivedate=May 19, 2013 }}{{cite web|url=http://conversationswithbillkristol.org/video/nicholas-eberstadt/|title=Nicholas Eberstadt on Understanding North Korea|work=Conversations with Bill Kristol|last1=Kristol|first1=Bill|authorlink1=Bill Kristol|authorlink2=Nicholas Eberstadt|first2=Nicholas|last2=Eberstadt}}{{cite web |url=http://www.asiasociety.org/south-korea-unloved-republic |title=South Korea: The Unloved Republic? | Asia Society |website=www.asiasociety.org |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150609101401/http://www.asiasociety.org/south-korea-unloved-republic |archive-date=9 June 2015 |url-status=dead}}

= Peru =

References

Sources

{{Cite book|editor-last1=Turda|editor-first1=Marius|editor-last2=Weindling|editor-first2=Paul J.|title=Blood and Homeland: Eugenics and Racial Nationalism in Central and Southeast Europe, 1900–1940|year=2007|location=Budapest|publisher=Central European University Press|isbn=9789637326813|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XUNI11mfSdoC}}

Category:Racism

Category:Ethnic nationalism

Category:German nationalism

Category:Nationalism in Asia

Category:Politics and race