racism in the Arab world

{{Further|Medieval Arab attitudes to Black people|History of slavery in the Muslim world}}

Medieval Arab attitudes to Black people varied over time and individual attitude, but tended to be negative. Though the Qur'an expresses no racial prejudice, ethnocentric prejudice towards black people is widely evident among medieval Arabs, for a variety of reasons:{{cite book| author = Bernard Lewis| title = Race and slavery in the Middle East: an historical enquiry| url = https://archive.org/details/raceslaveryinmid0000lewi| url-access = registration| year = 1992| publisher = Oxford University Press| isbn = 978-0-19-505326-5| page = [https://archive.org/details/raceslaveryinmid0000lewi/page/53 53] }} their extensive conquests and slave trade; the influence of Aristotelian ideas regarding slavery, which some Muslim philosophers directed towards Zanj{{cite book| author = Kevin Reilly| author2 = Stephen Kaufman| author3 = Angela Bodino| title = Racism: A Global Reader| date = 2002-09-30| publisher = M.E. Sharpe| isbn = 978-0-7656-1060-7| pages = [https://archive.org/details/racismglobalread0000unse/page/52 52–58]| url = https://archive.org/details/racismglobalread0000unse/page/52}} and the influence of Judeo-Christian ideas regarding divisions among humankind.{{cite journal|title='Race', slavery and Islam in Maghribi Mediterranean thought: the question of the Haratin in Morocco|first=Chouki|last=El Hamel|journal=The Journal of North African Studies|volume=7|issue=3|year=2002|pages=29–52 [39–40]|doi=10.1080/13629380208718472|s2cid=219625829}} On the other hand, the Afro-Arab author Al-Jahiz, himself having a Zanj grandfather, wrote a book entitled Superiority of the Blacks to the Whites,{{cite book| author = Yosef Ben-Jochannan| title = African origins of the major "Western religions"| date = 1991| publisher = Black Classic Press| isbn = 978-0-933121-29-4| page = 231 }} and explained why the Zanj were black in terms of environmental determinism in the "On the Zanj" chapter of The Essays.{{cite web|title=Medieval Sourcebook: Abû Ûthmân al-Jâhiz: From The Essays, c. 860 CE|date=July 1998|publisher=Medieval Sourcebook|url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/860jahiz.html|access-date=2008-12-07}} By the 14th century, a significant number of slaves came from either West or Central Africa; Lewis argues that this led to the likes of Egyptian historian Al-Abshibi (1388–1446) writing that "[i]t is said that when the [black] slave is sated, he fornicates, when he is hungry, he steals."{{cite book| last = Lewis| first = Bernard| author-link = Bernard Lewis| title = Race and Slavery in the Middle East| year = 2002| publisher = Oxford University Press| isbn = 978-0-19-505326-5| page = [https://archive.org/details/raceslaveryinmid0000lewi/page/93 93]| url = https://archive.org/details/raceslaveryinmid0000lewi/page/93}}

According to Dr. Michael Penn:{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EMvMCQAAQBAJ | title=Envisioning Islam: Syriac Christians and the Early Muslim World|page=59 | isbn=9780812291445 | last1=Penn | first1=Michael Philip | date=5 June 2015 }}{{blockquote|Contrary to many present-day stereotypes of early Islam, throughout much of the seventh and early eighth centuries, admission into the umma was reserved exclusively for Arabs. Religious conversion was predicated on ethnic conversion. For a non-Arab to become Muslim, that individual first had to gain membership in an Arab tribe by becoming the mawlā (client) of an Arab sponsor. From a seventh-century Islamic perspective, ethnicity and religion were not independent variables. All Muslims were Arabs, and ideally all Arabs were Muslims.}}

{{main|Racism in Iraq}}

{{see also|Ba'athism|Slavery in Iraq}}

According to a statement by Fred Halliday, the Ba'athists in Iraq were inspired by Sati' al-Husri and with rhetoric tinged with pan-Arabism and anti-Iranian sentiment. In the decade and a half after the Ba'ath party came to power, up to 200,000 Feyli Kurds were expelled from Iraq. In claiming to be "defenders of Arabism", Halliday asserts the Ba'ath promoted a myth of Persian migrants and communities in the Persian Gulf region to be comparable to "Zionists" settling Palestine.{{cite book |last=Halliday |first=Fred |title=Nation and Religion in the Middle East |date=2000 |location=Boulder, Colorado |publisher=Lynne Rienner |isbn=1-55587-910-1 |pages=117–118}}{{cite encyclopedia |last=M. GIELING |first=SASKIA | title= IRAQ vii. IRAN-IRAQ WAR | encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica | access-date=2011-06-15|url=http://iranica.com/articles/iraq-vii-iran-iraq-war|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101208214155/http://www.iranica.com/articles/iraq-vii-iran-iraq-war|url-status=usurped|archive-date=December 8, 2010}}

{{see also|Slavery in Mauritania}}

According to Holly Burkhalter of Human Rights Watch, in a statement made in testimony before the Congress of the United States, "It is fair to say that the Mauritanian government practices undeclared apartheid and severely discriminates on the basis of race."Yambo Ouologuem: postcolonial writer, Islamic militant, Christopher Wise, Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1999, p. 4.

{{main|Racism in Sudan|Slavery in Sudan|Darfur genocide|1987 Dhein massacre}}

Beginning in 1991, elders of the Zaghawa people of Sudan complained that they were victims of an intensifying Arab apartheid campaign.Hilde F. Johnson, Waging Peace in Sudan: The Inside Story of the Negotiations That Ended, Trans Pacific Press, 2011, p. 38. Vukoni Lupa Lasaga has accused the Sudanese government of "deftly manipulat(ing) Arab solidarity" to carry out policies of apartheid and ethnic cleansing against non-Arabs in Darfur.Vukoni Lupa Lasaga [http://www.afrika.no/Detailed/12818.html] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901020033/http://www.afrika.no/Detailed/12818.html|date=2014-09-01}} "The slow, violent death of apartheid in Sudan," 19 September 2006, Norwegian Council for Africa. Alan Dershowitz has pointed to Sudan as an example of a government that deserves the appellation "apartheid",Alan Dershowitz, The Case Against Israel's Enemies:

Exposing Jimmy Carter and Others Who Stand in the Way of Peace, John Wiley and Sons, 2009, p. 24. and former Canadian Minister of Justice Irwin Cotler has also criticized Sudan in similar terms.Hubert Bauch [http://www.canada.com/news/minister+speaks+against+Sudan+Bashir/1362904/story.html] "Ex-minister speaks out against Sudan's al-Bashir" Montreal Gazette, march 6, 2009.

{{see also|Slavery in Egypt}}

Black Egyptian President Anwar Sadat faced insults of not looking "Egyptian enough" and "Nasser's black poodle".{{cite news | url = https://www.npr.org/2011/02/07/133562448/the-root-egypts-race-problem | title = The Root: Race And Racism Divide Egypt | first = Sunni M. | last = Khalid |date = February 7, 2011 | work = npr.org | access-date = March 3, 2011}} An Egyptian Nubian soccer player Shikabala stopped playing football for some time due to racist slurs by rival Egyptian fans during a game.{{cite news|title=Shikabala ends Egypt career over racist taunts|work=usatoday.com|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/soccer/2010-12-31-1686152582_x.htm|date=Dec 31, 2010|access-date=May 31, 2015}} A group was shouting out "Shikabala" while pointing a black dog wearing the number 10, which was Zamalek football shirt.{{cite news|title=Egypt arrests 14 for racism against top Zamalek footballer, Shikabala|work=The New Arab|url=https://www.newarab.com/news/egypt-arrests-14-racism-against-top-zamalek-footballer|date=November 30, 2020|access-date=December 1, 2022}} Mona Eltahawy, the Egyptian journalist, found a deep-seated anti-black racism in her country, mainly against Sudanese, Nubian or other darker-skinned people. {{Cite news |last=Eltahawy |first=Mona |date=2021-10-28 |title=‘Black Panther’ and the anti-black racism of Egyptians |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/global-opinions/wp/2018/03/16/black-panther-and-the-anti-black-racism-of-egyptians/ |access-date=2024-03-20 |work=Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}

According to the Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights (EIPR), Sub-Saharan immigrants to Egypt often face physical violence and verbal abuse at the hands of the general public and law enforcement officials. Refugees from Sudan are especially targeted, with racial slurs like "oonga boonga" and "samara" (meaning "black") constituting the most typical insults. The EIPR attributes the violence and abuse to both a lack of government efforts at disseminating information, raising awareness and dispelling myths with regard to the economic contributions made by the newcomers, and stereotyping on the part of the Egyptian media.{{cite web|url=http://eipr.org/en/report/2010/03/06/635/639|title=III. Racist attitudes and Racially-Motivated Identity Checks and Detentions|access-date=17 June 2015}} Black women are also targets of sexual harassment. As a remedy, the EIPR recommends that the Egyptian government "should intensify and accelerate efforts to combat racist xenophobic views towards migrant workers, especially those of Sub-Saharan origin, and to promote awareness of their positive contribution to society. The government should train all personnel working in the field of criminal justice and law enforcement officials in the spirit of respect for human rights and non-discrimination on ethnic or racial grounds."

{{see also|Slavery in Morocco|Slavery in Tunisia|Slavery in Algeria|Slavery in Libya}}

In March 2011, officials from the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees confirmed allegations of discrimination by Tunisia against black Africans.{{Cite news | url = https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/africa-mideast/at-a-tense-border-crossing-a-systematic-effort-to-keep-black-africans-out/article1925955/ | title = At a Tense Border Crossing, a Systematic Effort To Keep Black Africans Out | first = Doug | last = Saunders |date = 1 March 2011 |work=The Globe and Mail |location=Canada | access-date = 3 March 2011}} Sub-Saharan Africans were reportedly targeted by rebel forces during the Libyan civil war in 2011.{{cite news|url=http://www.unhcr.org/4e57d1cb9.html| title=UNHCR concerned as sub-Saharan Africans targeted in Libya|date=25 August 2011|access-date=14 February 2012|work=UNHCR|location=Geneva}}{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/rebels-settle-scores-in-libyan-capital-2344671.html| title=Rebels settle scores in Libyan capital|location=Tripoli|work=The Independent| first=Kim | last=Sengupta|date=27 August 2011|access-date=14 February 2012}}{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/video/#/video/world/2011/08/31/robertson.libya.african.jails.cnn|title=Gadhafi Loyalists?|access-date=14 February 2012|date=31 August 2011|work=CNN}}

Author draws parallel between Arab nationalism and Turkish nationalism, both were "likewise evolving into the "racial" stage, the ideal being a great "Pan-Arab" empire, embracing not merely the ethnically Arab peninsula-homeland, but also the regions of Mesopotamia, The Levant, Egypt, Tripoli, North Africa and the Sudan."The New World of Islam by Lothrop Stoddard, 2009, History, p. 201 [https://books.google.com/books?id=IDAnAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA201], The Middle East, abstracts and index, Part 4 about "Jihadi Movements Worldwide: Abstracts & Documents", p. 1111, from Library Information and Research Service Published by Northumberland Press, 2004

A writer on the Durban conference regarding racism suggests: That stressing out that "Arabism is racism" would have been an interesting debating topic. Yet, he adds that "the OIC

countries were very clever in how they deflected the slavery issue that could so easily have been turned on them with a vengeance."Out of step: life-story of a politician : politics and religion in a world at war by Jack Brian Bloom, Indiana University, p. 112

Some Muslim activists have also expressed that "Arabism is racism, pure and simple."Africa events, Volume 7, published by Dar es Salaam Ltd., 1991, p. 21 There was Sheikh Mustafa al-Maraghi, who in a famous 1938 essay dismissed the goal of [pan] Arab unity as racist.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9casPE-sbXIC&pg=PA29 |title=Radical Islam: medieval theology and ... - Google Books |date= 26 September 1990|isbn=0300049153 |access-date=2011-04-22|last1=Sivan |first1=Emmanuel }}

Arab Muslim authors in "Arab-Iranian relations":

Much ink has flowed on the issue of Arab nationalism. Some people believe it to be a racist movement, advocating the superiority of the Arabs.Arab-Iranian relations By Khair el-Din Haseeb, K. Haseeb, Markaz Dirāsāt al-Waḥdah al-Arabīyah, Beirut, Lebanon, published by Centre for Arab Unity Studies, 1998, p. 368 [https://books.google.com/books?id=UaptAAAAMAAJ&q=superiority]

Ali A. Allawi, the former Iraqi Minister of Defense and Finance, envisioning a peaceful Iraq: "Arabism, racism and sectarianism – would be dethroned. Iraq would be at peace with itself and with its region."Ali A. Allawi, The occupation of Iraq: winning the war, losing the peace p. 438 [https://books.google.com/books?id=Cwc3_TTqYhsC&pg=PA438]

In 1960's, the French Comite d' Action de Defense De- mocratique published a pamphlet titled Racism and Pan-Arabism, its introduction followed by an article by the well known French sociologist, anthropologist & political leader: Jackes Soustelle to fight against all kinds of racism, this was followed by a paper by Shlomo Friedrich on "Pan-Arabism: A New Racist Menace?" who offered a sharp critique of Nasser's book The Philosophy of the Revolution, and it terms it a mere pale imitation of Hitler's Mein Kampf.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xt7f6WBEP0EC&pg=PA187 |title=The myth of the Jewish race - Google Books |isbn=0814319483 |access-date=2011-04-22|last1=Patai |first1=Raphael |last2=Patai |first2=Jennifer |year=1989 }}

Some charge that "ultra-Arabism and Jihadism have been responsible for widespread persecution and genocide." such Saddam's using chemical weapons and gas against the Kurds during the bombings of Halabja in northern Iraq. "The Kurds, a non-Arab people whose language belongs to the Iranian group, have suffered from persecution under the Baath of Iraq and Syria, especially since the departure of British and French forces in the late 1940s." (Kurds are also claiming rights in Iran and Turkey.) The Berbers, the pre-Arab native peoples of North Africa, have been victimized by the Arabs in North Africa.The Confrontation: Winning the War Against Future Jihad, p. 109, by W. Phares, Macmillan, 2009. {{ISBN|0-230-61130-3}}, 978-0-230-61130-6 https://books.google.com/books?id=DTc2ACWFt18C&pg=PA109

There are historic racial divisions,{{cite news |date=November 18, 1991 |title=NEWS SUMMARY |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/18/Fus/news-summary-273291.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114163953/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/18/Fus/news-summary-273291.html |archive-date=November 14, 2013 |work=The New York Times}} racial and religious prejudices in Iraq, including on Kurds, on Shia and the Marsh Arabs.John Burns Q and A: Ending the War in Iraq – NYTimes.com

Sep 29, 2009 [http://atwar.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/09/29/john-burns-q-and-a-ending-the-war-in-iraq/]

In Sudan, including the Nuba Mountains and the Blue Nile region, from 1955 to 2005, it is estimated that nearly 4 million black people were killed or ethnically cleansed. During the Second Sudanese Civil War, about 2.5 million people were killed in attacks widely regarded as racially motivated against black indigenous Africans.{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishpost.com/news/Simon-Dengs-Speech.html|title=JewishPost.com - Remarkable Speech by Simon Deng, Once a Sudanese Slave, Addressing the Durban Conference in New York|access-date=17 June 2015}}

Racism has been documented in Libya,{{cite news| url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DEED81139F936A35755C0A96E948260 | work=The New York Times | first=James | last=Brooke | title=African Disputes Pit Arab Vs. Black | date=June 5, 1988}} including the 2000 anti-African racist violence.{{cite web|url=http://www.theperspective.org/oneafrica.html |title=Libya: Dreamland of "One Africa" Betrayed |publisher=Theperspective.org |date=2000-10-23 |access-date=2011-04-22}} They have reported facing racism in the country, with one witness reporting being called a "slave" and "animal."{{cite news|last=Slackman |first=Michael |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/23/world/africa/23libya.html |title=New Status in Africa Empowers an Ever-Eccentric Qaddafi |location=Libya;Africa |work=The New York Times |date=2009-03-22 |access-date=2011-04-22}}{{cite web|url=http://www.unwatch.org/cms.asp?id=741148&campaign_id=63111 |title=UN Watch Turns Tables on Libyan Chair, Exposes Durban 2 Hypocrisy |publisher=Unwatch.org |access-date=2011-04-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111122093840/http://www.unwatch.org/cms.asp?id=741148&campaign_id=63111 |archive-date=2011-11-22 }} From the start of Libyan Civil War in 2011, blacks were massacred for their skin color according to an Amnesty International report.{{cite web|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2011/0829/In-Tripoli-African-mercenaries-at-risk |title=In Tripoli, African 'mercenaries' at risk |publisher=Csmonitor}}{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/16/amnesty-widespread-torture-libyan-militias | work=The Guardian| title=Amnesty finds widespread use of torture by Libyan militias}}

In Algeria, victims of racism include Sub-Saharan immigrants who suffer daily from verbal attacks and other forms of discrimination. Many Sub-Saharan immigrants find themselves on the street due to lack of public resources. The homeless immigrants often quote the Quran in an effort to appeal to the country's Muslim unity and divert attention from their race.{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/03/opinion/kamel-daoud-black-in-algeria-then-youd-better-be-muslim.html|title=Opinion {{!}} Black in Algeria? Then You'd Better Be Muslim|last=Daoud|first=Kamel|date=2016-05-02|work=The New York Times|access-date=2018-12-08|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}} On the world stage the country has declared that members of its national football team must undergo a stricter selection process if they possess dual citizenship to ensure their loyalty to the country.{{Cite web|url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/racism-algeria-targets-dual-nationality-football-players-2080075315|title=Video campaign tackles dual-national 'racism' in Algerian football|website=Middle East Eye|language=en|access-date=2018-12-08}}

Some of the persecuted victims of racism and discrimination in the Arab world include: Sub-Saharan Africans in Egypt,Racism The Arab world's dirty secret, Mona Eltahawy, New York Times, December 10, 2008 [https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/10/opinion/10iht-edeltahawy.1.18556273.html] including on Eritreans,{{cite news| url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article27664 |title=Egypt crackdown on African migrants hits Eritreans|work=Sudan Tribune}} and oppressing Darfurian refugees,{{cite web|url=http://www.israeltoday.co.il/default.aspx?tabid=178&nid=16830 |title=Egyptian troops execute another Darfur refugee |publisher=israel today |date=2008-08-06 |access-date=2011-04-22}} Algeria, Mauritania – fighting off racist policies in these countries,The Journal of international studies, Volumes 30-31 By Sophia University. Institute of International Relations p. 31Africa insight, Volumes 23-24, 1993, p. 45{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/03/opinion/kamel-daoud-black-in-algeria-then-youd-better-be-muslim.html|title=Opinion | Black in Algeria? Then You’d Better Be Muslim|first=Kamel|last=Daoud|date=May 2, 2016|via=NYTimes.com}} in Iraq where blacks face racism,{{cite news| url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/babylonbeyond/2008/08/baghdad-black-i.html | work=Los Angeles Times | title=IRAQ: Black Iraqis hoping for a Barack Obama win | date=2008-08-14}}{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=96977550 |title=Black Iraqis In Basra Face Racism |publisher=NPR |access-date=2011-04-22}} Kurds in Syria and in Iraq,Autonomy, sovereignty, and self-determination: the accommodation of conflicting rights, Hurst Hannum – 1996, p. 198 [https://books.google.com/books?id=gOq52_guRUoC&pg=PA198]Geographical abstracts: Human geography, Volume 14, Issues 5-8, published by Elsevier/Geo Abstracts 2002, p. 852{{cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/a-13-2005-09-02-voa15-66937607/264610.html|date=28 October 2009|title=Syria's Kurds Struggle for Rights}}{{cite web|url=http://www.ekurd.net/mismas/articles/misc2008/6/syriakurdistan142.htm |title=Kurdistan issues in press interviews: Dr Fuad Omar |publisher=Ekurd.net |date=2008-06-20 |access-date=2011-04-22}} Copts,Minorities in the Middle East: a history of struggle and self-expression by Mordechai Nisan, pp 143–144 [https://books.google.com/books?id=keD9z1XWuNwC&pg=PA144]

it worsened under pan-Arabism by Nasser and with the empowerment of the Muslim Brotherhood.{{cite web|url=http://www.freecopts.net/forum/showthread.php?t=1687 |title=القردة الزانية - الأقباط الأحرار The Free Copts |publisher=Freecopts.net |access-date=2011-04-22}}{{cite web|url=http://www.orderofmaltacolombia.org/news_files/en_News_faith_01.htm |title=A Test of Faith |publisher=Orderofmaltacolombia.org |date=1997-02-12 |access-date=2011-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523152826/http://www.orderofmaltacolombia.org/news_files/en_News_faith_01.htm|archive-date=23 May 2012}}{{cite web|url=http://www.netanyahu.org/strugaginemc.html |title=A Struggle Against Intolerance Embattled Coptic |publisher=Netanyahu.org |access-date=2011-04-22 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010128070600/http://www.netanyahu.org/strugaginemc.html |archive-date=2001-01-28 }} Al-Akhdam in Yemen,Social exclusion: rhetoric, reality, responses, Gerry Rodgers, Charles G. Gore, José B. Figueiredo, International Institute for Labour Studies, United Nations Development Programme – Business & Economics, p. 181 as well as slaves who fight the stigma of their status as 'slaves' in impoverished Yemen,{{cite web |author= |url=http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2010/07/21/114451.html |title=Slaves in impoverished Yemen dream of freedom |publisher=Alarabiya.net |date=2010-07-21 |access-date=2011-04-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112103701/http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2010/07/21/114451.html |archive-date=2012-01-12 }} Persians' historic struggle against the 'Arab supremacy,'Race and slavery in the Middle East: an historical enquiry by Bernard Lewis p. 32 https://books.google.com/books?id=WdjvedBeMHYC&pg=PA32 Berbers in North Africa (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya ),{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/WCAR/e-kit/backgrounder4.htm |title=Press kit: Issues - Racism against Indigenous peoples - World Conference Against Racism |publisher=Un.org |date=1999-04-01 |access-date=2011-04-22}}{{cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2009/10/22/the-maghreb-in-black-and-white/ |title=The Maghreb in Black and White - By Brian T. Edwards |publisher=Foreign Policy |date=2005-01-05 |access-date=2015-05-31}}{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/people/highlights/010423_berbers.shtml |title=Berbers: The Proud Raiders | BBC World Service |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |access-date=2011-04-22}}{{cite web|url=http://oreneta.com/kalebeul/2004/06/13/berbers-attack-moroccan-state-racism/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061028104319/http://oreneta.com/kalebeul/2004/06/13/berbers-attack-moroccan-state-racism/|title=kalebeul » Berbers attack Moroccan state racism|archive-date=28 October 2006|access-date=17 June 2015}}{{cite web|url=http://databank.isranet.org/article.asp?article=23721|title=Berber Leader Belkacem Lounes_ 'There Is No Worse Colonialism Than That of the Pan-Arabist Clan that Wants to Dominate Our People' - CIJR Databank|access-date=31 May 2015}} South Asians and Southeast Asians (migrant workers and maids in the Gulf Arab nations),{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3NZonSikZPcC |title=Race, Culture and Difference by James Donald, Ali Rattansi p 27 |date= 21 April 1992|isbn=9780803985803 |access-date=2011-04-22|last1=Donald |first1=James |last2=Rattansi |first2=Ali }}{{cite web|url=http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=11601|title=Asian maids in Gulf face maltreatment|publisher=Middle East Online|date=10 October 2004|access-date=31 May 2015}}{{cite web|author=Rabiya Parekh |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/worldhaveyoursay/2006/04/south_asian_workers_in_saudi.html |title=World Service - World Have Your Say: South Asian workers in Saudi |publisher=BBC |date=2006-04-04 |access-date=2011-04-22}}{{cite web|url=http://www.adnkronos.com/AKI/English/Religion/?id=3.0.2720941512 |title=Saudi Arabia: Asian immigrant forced to clean mosques for 'skipping prayers' - Adnkronos Religion |publisher=Adnkronos.com |date=2003-04-07 |access-date=2011-04-22}} Jews (see: Antisemitism in the Arab world, in a 2009 PEW poll, 90% of the Middle East were found to view Jews unfavorably).{{cite web|last=Prusher |first=Ilene |url=http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=168176 |title=Poll: 90% of ME views [ews unfavorably |publisher=Jpost.com |date=2009-06-16 |access-date=2011-04-22}} Although slavery was officially abolished in 1981, a 2012 CNN report suggested that 10% to 20% of the Mauritanian population was enslaved with a correlation with skin color – darker-skinned Mauritanians were often enslaved by lighter-skinned.{{cite news | url = http://edition.cnn.com/interactive/2012/03/world/mauritania.slaverys.last.stronghold/index.html | title = Slavery's last stronghold | first = John D. | last = Sutter | date = March 2012 | work = CNN }}

{{Wikiquote}}

• Antisemitism by country
• Antisemitism in the Arab world
• Antisemitism in Islam
• History of antisemitism
• Racism by country
• Racism in Africa
• Racism in Asia
• Racism in Mauritania
• Racism in Muslim communities
• Xenophobia and racism in the Middle East

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{{Racism topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Racism and discrimination in the Arab world}}

Arab

Arab world