radio clock

Radio clocks synchronized to a terrestrial time signal can usually achieve an accuracy within a hundredth of a second relative to the time standard,{{cite journal |title=How Accurate is a Radio Controlled Clock? |first=Michael A. |last=Lombardi |date=March 2010 |journal=Horological Journal |volume=152 |issue=3 |pages=108–111 |url=http://tf.nist.gov/general/pdf/2429.pdf |via= National Institute of Standards and Technology website |access-date=2023-12-01 |archive-date=2021-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107194406/https://tf.nist.gov/general/pdf/2429.pdf |url-status=live }} generally limited by uncertainties and variability in radio propagation. Some timekeepers, particularly watches such as some Casio Wave Ceptors which are more likely than desk clocks to be used when travelling, can synchronise to any one of several different time signals transmitted in different regions.

Radio clocks depend on coded time signals from radio stations. The stations vary in broadcast frequency, in geographic location, and in how the signal is modulated to identify the current time. In general, each station has its own format for the time code.

{{anchor|timecode radio stations}}

Descriptions

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Many other countries can receive these signals (JJY can sometimes be received in New Zealand, Western Australia, Tasmania, Southeast Asia, parts of Western Europe and the Pacific Northwest of North America at night), but success depends on the time of day, atmospheric conditions, and interference from intervening buildings. Reception is generally better if the clock is placed near a window facing the transmitter. There is also a propagation delay of approximately {{nowrap|1 ms}} for every {{cvt|300|km|mi}} the receiver is from the transmitter.

A number of manufacturers and retailers sell radio clocks that receive coded time signals from a radio station, which, in turn, derives the time from a true atomic clock.

One of the first radio clocks was offered by Heathkit in late 1983. Their model GC-1000 "Most Accurate Clock" received shortwave time signals from radio station WWV in Fort Collins, Colorado. It automatically switched between WWV's 5, 10, and 15 MHz frequencies to find the strongest signal as conditions changed through the day and year. It kept time during periods of poor reception with a quartz-crystal oscillator. This oscillator was disciplined, meaning that the microprocessor-based clock used the highly accurate time signal received from WWV to trim the crystal oscillator. The timekeeping between updates was thus considerably more accurate than the crystal alone could have achieved. Time down to the tenth of a second was shown on an LED display. The GC-1000 originally sold for US$250 in kit form and US$400 preassembled, and was considered impressive at the time. Heath Company was granted a [http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=4582434.PN.&OS=PN/4582434&RS=PN/4582434 patent] for its design.{{cite web |title=Heathkit GC-1000-H Most Accurate Clock |url=https://www.pestingers.net/pages-images/heathkit/radio-equipment/gc1000/gc1000.htm |website=Pestingers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214054036/https://www.pestingers.net/pages-images/heathkit/radio-equipment/gc1000/gc1000.htm |archive-date=February 14, 2020 |url-status=live}}{{US patent reference |number = 4582434 |issue-date = April 15, 1986 |inventor = David Plangger and Wayne K. Wilson, Heath Company |title = Time corrected, continuously updated clock}}

By 1990, engineers from German watchmaker Junghans had miniaturized this technology to fit into the case of a digital wristwatch. The following year the analog version Junghans MEGA with hands was launched.

In the 2000s (decade) radio-based "atomic clocks" became common in retail stores; as of 2010 prices start at around US$15 in many countries.[http://www.kleenezeshop.com/products/2988-radio-controlled-clock.aspx/?affiliateid=779" Radio controlled clock £19.95] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130216084404/http://www.kleenezeshop.com/products/2988-radio-controlled-clock.aspx/?affiliateid=779 |date=2013-02-16}} Clocks may have other features such as indoor thermometers and weather station functionality. These use signals transmitted by the appropriate transmitter for the country in which they are to be used. Depending upon signal strength they may require placement in a location with a relatively unobstructed path to the transmitter and need fair to good atmospheric conditions to successfully update the time. Inexpensive clocks keep track of the time between updates, or in their absence, with a non-disciplined quartz-crystal clock, with the accuracy typical of non-radio-controlled quartz timepieces. Some clocks include indicators to alert users to possible inaccuracy when synchronization has not been recently successful.

The United States National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has published guidelines recommending that radio clock movements keep time between synchronizations to within ±0.5 seconds to keep time correct when rounded to the nearest second.[https://tf.nist.gov/general/pdf/2429.pdf "How Accurate is a Radio Controlled Clock?"] by Michael Lombardi (2010). Some of these movements can keep time between synchronizations to within ±0.2 seconds by synchronizing more than once spread over a day.[https://cdn.nedis.com/datasheets/MAN_HE-CLOCK-89_EN.PDF RADIO-CONTROLLED WALLCLOCK INSTRUCTION MANUAL]

Timepieces with Bluetooth radio support, ranging from watches with basic control of functionality via a mobile app to full smartwatches{{cite web | title=Bluetooth| publisher=Casio| url=https://www.casio.com/europe/watches/technology/bluetooth/ | access-date=16 July 2024}} obtain time information from a connected phone, with no need to receive time signal broadcasts.

{{Main|Time signal}}

; Attached to other broadcast stations: Broadcast stations in many countries have carriers precisely synchronized to a standard phase and frequency, such as the BBC Radio 4 longwave service on 198 kHz, and some also transmit sub-audible or even inaudible time-code information, like the Radio France longwave transmitter on 162 kHz. Attached time signal systems generally use audible tones or phase modulation of the carrier wave.

; Teletext (TTX): Digital text pages embedded in television video also provide accurate time. Many modern TV sets and VCRs with TTX decoders can obtain accurate time from Teletext and set the internal clock. However, the TTX time can vary up to 5 minutes.{{cite web|title=How's your GHD8015F2 operating? — Personal Video Recorders — Digital Spy Forums| website=Digital Spy |url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/forums/showthread.php?p=11057588}} 100506 digitalspy.co.uk

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Many digital radio and digital television schemes also include provisions for time-code transmission.

; Digital Terrestrial Television : The DVB and ATSC standards have 2 packet types that send time and date information to the receiver. Digital television systems can equal GPS stratum 2 accuracy (with short term clock discipline) and stratum 1 (with long term clock discipline) provided the transmitter site (or network) supports that level of functionality.

; VHF FM Radio Data System (RDS): RDS can send a clock signal with sub-second precision but with an accuracy no greater than 100 ms and with no indication of clock stratum. Not all RDS networks or stations using RDS send accurate time signals. The time stamp format for this technology is Modified Julian Date (MJD) plus UTC hours, UTC minutes and a local time offset.

; L-band and VHF Digital Audio Broadcasting : DAB systems provide a time signal that has a precision equal to or better than Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM) but like FM RDS do not indicate clock stratum. DAB systems can equal GPS stratum 2 accuracy (short term clock discipline) and stratum 1 (long term clock discipline) provided the transmitter site (or network) supports that level of functionality. The time stamp format for this technology is BCD.

; Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM): DRM is able to send a clock signal, but one not as precise as navigation satellite clock signals. DRM timestamps received via shortwave (or multiple hop mediumwave) can be up to 200 ms off due to path delay. The time stamp format for this technology is BCD.

Low cost DCF77 receiver.jpg|LF time signal receiver

Junghans Mega.jpg|World's first radio clock wrist watch, Junghans Mega (analog model)

File:Funkuhr.JPG|Radio controlled analog wall clock

File:Bahnhof Kinding (Altmühltal), Bahnsteiguhr 2007.jpg|The DCF77 time signal is used by organizations like the Deutsche Bahn railway company to synchronize their station clocks

A radio clock receiver may combine multiple time sources to improve its accuracy. This is what is done in satellite navigation systems such as the Global Positioning System, Galileo, and GLONASS. Satellite navigation systems have one or more caesium, rubidium or hydrogen maser atomic clocks on each satellite, referenced to a clock or clocks on the ground. Dedicated timing receivers can serve as local time standards, with a precision better than 50 ns.{{cite web|url=http://www.ilotus.com.sg/sites/all/themes/zeropoint/pdf/tx/TX%20Oncore%20-%20TDS%20(Ver%203.5.0).pdf|title=datasheet i-Lotus TX Oncore|access-date=2014-01-22|archive-date=2015-10-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016222646/http://www.ilotus.com.sg/sites/all/themes/zeropoint/pdf/tx/TX%20Oncore%20-%20TDS%20(Ver%203.5.0).pdf|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=http://www.symmetricom.com/products/time-frequency-distribution/gps-instruments/xl-gps/|title=Symmetricom XL-GPS|access-date=2014-01-22|archive-date=2014-02-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201153456/http://www.symmetricom.com/products/time-frequency-distribution/gps-instruments/xl-gps/|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=http://www.trimble.com/timing/pdf/022542-039A_Resolution_SMT_GG_DS_0412_US_LR.pdf|title=datasheet Trimble Resolution SMT GG|access-date=2014-01-22|archive-date=2013-06-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622223112/http://www.trimble.com/timing/pdf/022542-039A_Resolution_SMT_GG_DS_0412_US_LR.pdf|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=https://www.u-blox.com/sites/default/files/NEO-LEA-M8T-FW3_DataSheet_%28UBX-15025193%29.pdf|title=datasheet u-blox NEO/LEA-M8T|access-date=2017-04-11|archive-date=2017-04-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170412061545/https://www.u-blox.com/sites/default/files/NEO-LEA-M8T-FW3_DataSheet_%28UBX-15025193%29.pdf|url-status=live}} The recent revival and enhancement of LORAN, a land-based radio navigation system, will provide another multiple source time distribution system.

{{Main|GPS disciplined oscillator}}

Many modern radio clocks use satellite navigation systems such as Global Positioning System to provide more accurate time than can be obtained from terrestrial radio stations. These GPS clocks combine time estimates from multiple satellite atomic clocks with error estimates maintained by a network of ground stations. Due to effects inherent in radio propagation and ionospheric spread and delay, GPS timing requires averaging of these phenomena over several periods. No GPS receiver directly computes time or frequency, rather they use GPS to discipline an oscillator that may range from a quartz crystal in a low-end navigation receiver, through oven-controlled crystal oscillators (OCXO) in specialized units, to atomic oscillators (rubidium) in some receivers used for synchronization in telecommunications. For this reason, these devices are technically referred to as GPS-disciplined oscillators.

GPS units intended primarily for time measurement as opposed to navigation can be set to assume the antenna position is fixed. In this mode, the device will average its position fixes. After approximately a day of operation, it will know its position to within a few meters. Once it has averaged its position, it can determine accurate time even if it can pick up signals from only one or two satellites.

GPS clocks provide the precise time needed for synchrophasor measurement of voltage and current on the commercial power grid to determine the health of the system.{{Cite journal

| author = KEMA, Inc.

| author-link = KEMA

| title = Substation Communications: Enabler of Automation / An Assessment of Communications Technologies

| publisher = UTC — United Telecom Council

| date = November 2006

| pages = 3}}

Although any satellite navigation receiver that is performing its primary navigational function must have an internal time reference accurate to a small fraction of a second, the displayed time is often not as precise as the internal clock. Most inexpensive navigation receivers have one CPU that is multitasking. The highest-priority task for the CPU is maintaining satellite lock—not updating the display. Multicore CPUs for navigation systems can only be found on high end products.

For serious precision timekeeping, a more specialized GPS device is needed. Some amateur astronomers, most notably those who time grazing lunar occultation events when the moon blocks the light from stars and planets, require the highest precision available for persons working outside large research institutions. The Web site of the International Occultation Timing Association{{Cite web |url=http://www.lunar-occultations.com/iota/ |title=International Occultation Timing Association |access-date=2006-07-19 |archive-date=2006-07-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060720062504/http://www.lunar-occultations.com/iota/ |url-status=live }} has detailed technical information about precision timekeeping for the amateur astronomer.

Various formats listed above include a flag indicating the status of daylight saving time (DST) in the home country of the transmitter. This signal is typically used by clocks to adjust the displayed time to meet user expectations.

• Casio Wave Ceptor
• Clock network
• Speaking clock
• Standard frequency and time signal service
• Time from NPL
• Time and frequency transfer
• Time synchronization in North America

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{{Wiktionary}}

{{Commons category|Radio clocks}}

• [http://www.poyntsource.com/IOTAmanual/IOTA_Observers_Manual_all_pages.pdf IOTA Observers Manual] This manual from the International Occultation Timing Association has very extensive details on methods of accurate time measurement.
• [https://www.nist.gov/pml/div688/grp40/radioclocks.cfm NIST website: WWVB Radio Controlled Clocks]
• [http://ntp.org NTP Project Development Website]

{{Time signal stations}}

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{{Time topics}}

{{Time measurement and standards}}

{{UTC time offsets}}

{{Electric clock technology}}

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