roan antelope

The roan antelope shares the genus Hippotragus with the extinct bluebuck (H. leucophaeus) and the sable antelope (H. niger), and is a member of the family Bovidae. It was first described by French naturalist Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire in 1803.{{MSW3|id=14200939|page=717}} The specific epithet equinus derives from the Latin equus ("horse-like"), referring to the horse-like appearance of this antelope.{{cite book|author=Merriam Webster|author-link=Merriam Webster|title=Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary|date=2004|publisher=Merriam-Webster|location=Massachusetts, USA|isbn=978-0-877-79809-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/merriamwebstersc00merr_6/page/422 422]|edition=11th|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/merriamwebstersc00merr_6/page/422}}

In 1996, an analysis of mitochondrial DNA extracted from a mounted specimen of the bluebuck found that it was outside the clade containing the roan and sable antelopes. The study therefore concluded that the bluebuck is a distinct species, and not merely a subspecies of the roan antelope. The cladogram below shows the position of the roan antelope among its relatives, following the 1996 analysis:{{cite journal|last1=Robinson|first1=T.J.|last2=Bastos|first2=A.D.|last3=Halanych|first3=K.M.|last4=Herzig|first4=B.|title=Mitochondrial DNA sequence relationships of the extinct blue antelope Hippotragus leucophaeus|journal=Die Naturwissenschaften|date=1996|volume=83|issue=4|pages=178–82|pmid=8643125|doi=10.1007/BF01143060}}

{{clade| style=font-size:100%; line-height:100%

|1={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=blesbok (Damaliscus pygargus phillipsi)

|2=bontebok (Damaliscus pygargus pygarus)}}

|2={{clade

|1=bluebuck (Hippotragus leucophaeus)†extinct

|2={{clade

|1=roan antelope (Hippotragus equinus)

|2=sable antelope (Hippotragus niger)}} }} }} }}

In 1974, palaeoanthropologist Richard Klein studied the fossils of Hippotragus species in South Africa. Most of these were found to represent the bluebuck and the roan antelope. The roan antelope seems to have appeared in the Nelson Bay Cave region following climatic changes in the Holocene.{{cite journal|last1=Klein|first1=R.G.|author-link=Richard Klein (paleoanthropologist)|title=On the taxonomic status, distribution and ecology of the blue antelope, Hippotragus leucophaeus|journal=Annals of the South African Museum|date=1974|volume=65|issue=4|pages=99–143|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40928273#page/138/mode/2up}}

Six subspecies are recognised:{{cite book|last1=Groves|first1=C.|last2=Grubb|first2=P.|title=Ungulate Taxonomy|date=2011|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|location=Baltimore, USA|isbn=978-1-4214-0093-8|author1-link=Colin Groves|author2-link=Peter J. Grubb}}

• H. e. bakeri (Heuglin, 1863): Occurs in Sudan (East Africa).
• H. e. cottoni Dollman and Burlace, 1928: Occurs in Angola, Botswana, the southern Democratic Republic of the Congo, central and northern Malawi, and Zambia (Southern Africa).
• H. e. equinus É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1803: Occurs in Mozambique, South Africa and Zimbabwe (Southern Africa).
• H. e. koba (Gray, 1872): Range extends from Senegal to Benin (West Africa).
• H. e. langheldi Matschie, 1898: Occurs in Burundi, the northern Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, South Sudan, Tanzania and Uganda (East Africa).
• H. e. scharicus (Schwarz, 1913): Occurs in Cameroon, the Central African Republic, Chad and eastern Nigeria (Central Africa).

Roan antelope (Hippotragus equinus) male walking.jpg|H. e. equinus, South Africa

Roan Antelope, Kafue National Park, Zambia, Nov 2011.jpg|H. e. cottoni, Zambia

Roan antelope (Hippotragus equinus koba) showing ears.jpg|H. e. koba showing both sides of ears, Senegal

The roan antelope is a large antelope with a horse-like build. It is the largest antelope in the genus Hippotragus, and one of the largest species of antelopes in the world. Only elands, bongos and large male greater kudus can exceed them in weight on average. The roan antelope stands {{convert|135|–|160|cm|in}} at the shoulder, and weighs {{convert|230|–|320|kg|abbr=off|lb}}. The head-and-body length is typically between {{convert|235|and|285|cm|abbr=off|in}}. The dark tail, terminating in a black tuft, measures up to {{convert|54|cm|in|abbr=on}}.

Characteristic features include a short, erect mane of grayish brown hair extending from the back of the neck along the midline of the back up to the withers, white patches around the eyes and the mouth on the otherwise black face, and long, narrow ears with {{convert|3|–|5|cm|abbr=on|in}} long tufts. The horns are ringed and arched backwards, which can reach {{convert|100|cm|abbr=on|spell=}} long in males, slightly shorter in females. The long legs are supported by large hooves.{{cite book|last1=Kingdon|first1=J.|author1-link=Jonathan Kingdon|last2=Happold|first2=D.|last3=Butynski|first3=T.|last4=Hoffmann|first4=M.|last5=Happold|first5=M.|last6=Kalina|first6=J.|title=Mammals of Africa|date=2013|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|location=London, UK|isbn=978-1-408-18996-2|volume=VI|pages=548–56}} The short, smooth coat is brown to amber. The ventral parts are yellow to white, while the neck and the manes are gray to black.

They are somewhat similar in appearance to the sable antelopes and can be confused where their ranges overlap. Sable antelope males are notably darker, being brownish-black rather than dark brown.{{cite book|last1=Burton|first1=M.|last2=Burton|first2=R.|title=International Wildlife Encyclopedia|date=2002|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|location=Norman, USA|isbn=978-0-761-47266-7|pages=2215–6|volume=16|edition=Illustrated}}

Roan antelopes can be found in woodland, grassland, and savannah; mainly in the tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands biome, which range in tree density from forest with a grassy understory (such as the central Zambezian Miombo woodlands) to grasslands dotted with few trees, where they eat mid-length grasses.

They live in small groups and form harem groups of 5 to 15 animals with one dominant male. Males commonly fight among themselves for dominance of their herd, brandishing their horns while both animals are on their knees.

{{Reflist}}

{{Commons category|Hippotragus equinus}}

• {{Cite NIE|wstitle=Maharif |year=1905 |short=x}} A subspecies.

{{Artiodactyla|R.2}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q471785}}

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roan antelope

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roan antelope