roof knocking

Roof knocking ({{langx|he|הקש בגג}}; Arabic: صاروخ تحذيري){{cite news |url=http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0%2C7340%2CL-3648839%2C00.html |script-title=he:עזה: בכיר חמאס חוסל, כ-26 נהרגו בתקיפות |publisher=Ynet |language=he |access-date=2009-01-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100515032403/http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-3648839,00.html |archive-date=2010-05-15 }} or "knock on the roof"{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-10-10 |title=What is the Israeli military's "knock on the roof," and why is it being discussed now? |url=https://www.cnn.com/middleeast/live-news/israel-hamas-war-gaza-10-10-23/h_d39b6c124285f924eb81d4807a77ce68 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023193638/https://www.cnn.com/middleeast/live-news/israel-hamas-war-gaza-10-10-23/h_d39b6c124285f924eb81d4807a77ce68 |archive-date=2023-10-23 |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=CNN |language=en}} is a term used by the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) to describe its practice of dropping low-yield devices on the roofs of targeted civilian homes in the occupied Palestinian territories as a prior warning of imminent bombing attacks to give the inhabitants time to flee the attack.{{cite news|title=UN report finds: Israel's 'roof-knock' warning no way to prevent civilian casualties - Jerusalem Vivendi|url=http://www.haaretz.com/blogs/jerusalem-vivendi/.premium-1.662474|work=haaretz.com|access-date=2016-11-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314001142/http://www.haaretz.com/blogs/jerusalem-vivendi/.premium-1.662474|archive-date=2017-03-14|url-status=live}}{{cite news|url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1052260.html|title=IDF phones Gaza residents to warn them of imminent strikes.|date=2009-01-04|work=Haaretz.com|publisher=Haaretz|access-date=2009-01-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090104130851/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1052260.html|archive-date=2009-01-04|url-status=live}}{{cite news|url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1052052.html|title=IDF targets senior Hamas figures|date=2009-01-04|last=Harel|first=Amos|author2=Yoav Stern|work=Haaretz.com|publisher=Haaretz|access-date=2009-01-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122141258/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1052052.html|archive-date=2009-01-22|url-status=live}}{{cite news |url=http://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=6564060&page=1 |title=Bush: U.S. Calls for Monitored Cease-fire Pact |date=2009-01-02 |last=McGregor-Wood |first=Simon |author2=Miguel Marquez |work=abcNews |publisher=ABCNews Internet Ventures |access-date=2009-01-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103040503/http://www.abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=6564060&page=1 |archive-date=2009-01-03 |url-status=live }}{{cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/howard-schweber/israel-and-hamas-two-to-t_b_155077.html |title=Israel and Hamas: Two to Tango |last=Schweber |first=Howard |date=2009-01-04 |work=The Huffington Post |publisher=HuffingtonPost.com, Inc |access-date=2009-01-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204170203/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/howard-schweber/israel-and-hamas-two-to-t_b_155077.html |archive-date=2009-02-04 }}{{cite news|last1=Stone|first1=Jeff|title=Israel 'Roof Knocking' Video Raises Question: Warning Or Human Rights Violation?|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/israel-roof-knocking-video-raises-question-warning-or-human-rights-violation-1628734|access-date=24 July 2014|work=International Business Times|date=July 15, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717205225/http://www.ibtimes.com/israel-roof-knocking-video-raises-question-warning-or-human-rights-violation-1628734|archive-date=17 July 2014|url-status=live}}{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/11/world/middleeast/11hamas.html?partner=permalink&exprod=permalink |title=A Gaza War Full of Traps and Trickery |access-date=2009-01-19 |last=Erlanger |first=Steven |date=2009-01-10 |work=The New York Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716121408/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/11/world/middleeast/11hamas.html?partner=permalink&exprod=permalink |archive-date=2014-07-16 |url-status=live }}{{overcite|date=February 2024}} The practice was employed by the IDF during the 2008–2009 Gaza War, the 2012 Gaza War, the 2014 Gaza War, and the since 2023 ongoing Gaza War to attack a variety of targets.{{cite tweet |user=AJEnglish |author-link=Al Jazeera English |number=1710690655091990644 |title= Watch the moment Israeli fighter jets strike Palestine Tower behind Al Jazeera's Youmna El Sayed as she reports live from Gaza}}{{cite tweet |user=AuroraIntel |number=1710678560652837235 |title= Footage from one of many live streams capturing the impacts during Palestine Tower in Gaza City in the last few minutes after a roof knock earlier.}}

The application of roof knocking is often argued to only have legal reasons rather than the intention to reduce civilian casualties. The impact of the smaller device often puts the civilian population in a state of shock, making them unable to flee the larger attack which often follows only 45 to 180 seconds later. According to the IDF, this period must be very short as otherwise the intended target could flee too, however, in practice the period proves to be too short for civilians to flee. Civilian casualties after a "knock on the roof" are often considered human shields by Israel, without differentiating between voluntary and involuntary human shields.{{Cite book |last=Erakat |first=Noura |title=Justice for some: law and the question of Palestine |date=2019 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-9825-9 |location=Stanford (Calif.) |pages=204}}

History

As early as 2006 the IDF had the practice of warning the inhabitants of a building that was about to be attacked.{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/jul/28/israel |title=The call that tells you: run, you're about to lose your home and possessions |date=2006-06-28 |last=Urquhart |first=Conal |work=guardian.co.uk |publisher=Guardian News and Media Limited |access-date=2009-01-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130830074009/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/jul/28/israel |archive-date=2013-08-30 |url-status=live }} [https://web.archive.org/web/20090203074244/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2006/jul/28/israel Archived version 2009-01-29] Roof knocking was used during the 2008–2009 Gaza War, the 2012 Israeli operation in the Gaza Strip, and the 2014 Gaza War. In the six months prior to its use, Israel collected data on Hamas members, which they used to issue warnings. Typically, Israeli intelligence officers and Shin Bet security servicemen contacted residents of a building in which they suspected storage of military assets and told them that they had 10–15 minutes to flee the attack,{{cite news |url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0%2C25197%2C24867840-601%2C00.html |title=Nuclear fear drives Israel's hard line |date=2009-01-03 |last=Rabinovich |first=Abraham |work=The Australian |publisher=News Limited |access-date=2009-01-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203202820/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,24867840-601,00.html |archive-date=2009-02-03 }}{{cite news |url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1231167305954&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull |title=A response to a Euro-Mediterranean appeal |date=2009-01-04 |last=Kurz |first=Anat N. |author2=Emily B. Landau |work=opinion.jpost.com |publisher=The Jerusalem Post |access-date=2009-01-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090121191829/http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1231167305954&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull |archive-date=2009-01-21 }}{{cite news |title=In Gaza, Both Sides Reveal New Gear |url=http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=3885990 |publisher=Defense News |date=January 5, 2009 |last=Opall-Rome |first=Barbara |access-date=2009-06-17 }}{{dead link|date=August 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}{{cite web|last1=Withnail|first1=Adam|last2=Viney|first2=Steven|title=Israel-Gaza conflict: Israeli 'knock on roof' missile warning technique revealed in remarkable video|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/israelgaza-conflict-israeli-knock-on-roof-missile-warning-technique-revealed-in-stunning-video-9603179.html|website=www.independent.co.uk|date=13 July 2014|access-date=13 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716113138/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/israelgaza-conflict-israeli-knock-on-roof-missile-warning-technique-revealed-in-stunning-video-9603179.html|archive-date=16 July 2014|url-status=live}} although in some cases the delay has been as little as five minutes.{{Cite news|title=Gaza Humanitarian Situation Report - January 2, 2009 as of 14:30 |date=2009-01-02 |publisher=UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs |url=http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/ocha_opt_gaza_situation_report_2009_01_02_english.pdf |access-date=2009-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114195338/http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/ocha_opt_gaza_situation_report_2009_01_02_english.pdf |archive-date=January 14, 2009 |url-status=dead }}

=Adoption by the U.S. military=

In 2016, it was published that the US military adopted the Israeli battlefield tactic in its war against Islamic State.{{cite news|title=US adopts controversial Israeli air strike tactic known as 'roof-knocking'|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/04/27/us-adopts-controversial-israeli-air-strike-tactic-known-as-roof/|publisher=The Telegraph|date=April 27, 2016|access-date=April 4, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131233811/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/04/27/us-adopts-controversial-israeli-air-strike-tactic-known-as-roof/|archive-date=January 31, 2018|url-status=live}} It was used in an attack against an ISIS storage facility in Mosul, Iraq. As women and children lived in the house, a Hellfire missile was initially shot at the roof as a warning.

=Gaza war=

During the Gaza war, CNN reported that many people in Gaza said the IDF had abandoned the "roof knocking" policy.{{cite news |title=Israel seemingly stops "knock on the roof" military tactic. Here's what it means and why it matters |url=https://edition.cnn.com/middleeast/live-news/israel-hamas-war-gaza-10-11-23/h_b213ec9e2882bc819f20cb6a96bcec92 |work=CNN |date=11 October 2023}} In October 2023, a senior Israeli official stated that the practice would no longer be the norm and would only be used under certain circumstances.{{cite news |title=Senior Israeli source: Gaza will not be Hamastan; 'roof knocking' policy no longer norm |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/senior-israeli-source-gaza-will-not-be-hamastan-roof-knocking-policy-no-longer-norm/ |work=The Times of Israel |date=9 October 2023}} An IDF officer told The New York Times that instead of the "roof knocking" policy, Israel is issuing mass evacuation orders and leaflets stating that "anyone who is near Hamas fighters will put their lives in danger."{{cite news |title=Why Israel's push into Gaza is killing so many children |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/israel-gaza-hamas-civilian-casualties-children-deaths-airstrikes-palestinian-2023-10 |work=Business Insider |date=31 October 2023}}

Defiance

In some cases, residents who were warned about an impending bombing climbed up voluntarily to their roofs to show they would not leave. When Nizar Rayan, a top Hamas military commander, was warned but did not leave his home, he and his family of 15 were killed in the subsequent bombing. When faced with similar situations, IDF commanders have either bombed, called off the bombing or launched a warning missile at empty areas of the roof, in order to frighten the people gathered on the roof into leaving the building.{{cite web| title=The Gaza War: a strategic analyses| url=http://www.csis.org/media/csis/pubs/090202_gaza_war.pdf| publisher=CSIS| access-date=2009-05-21| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090418165547/http://www.csis.org/media/csis/pubs/090202_gaza_war.pdf| archive-date=2009-04-18| url-status=live}}

The New York Times stated that according to Israel, Hamas asked residents to stand on the roofs of buildings to dissuade Israeli pilots from attacking their homes. A NATO report confirmed the practice, describing it as an example of lawfare.{{Cite report |publisher=NATO Stratcom | title=DENOUNCING THE USE OF CIVILIANS AS HUMAN SHIELDS BY HAMAS AND OTHER TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONS IN VIOLATION OF INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW; AND CONDEMNING THE MURDER OF ISRAELI AND PALESTINIAN CHILDREN IN ISRAEL AND THE ONGOING AND ESCALATING VIOLENCE IN THAT COUNTRY| accessdate = 2023-10-16| url = https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-113hhrg88835/html/CHRG-113hhrg88835.htm}} However, Amnesty International argued that Hamas' purported call may have been "motivated by a desire to avoid further panic" among civilians, considering both the lack of shelters in Gaza and the fact that some civilians who heeded the IDF's warnings had been casualties of Israeli attacks.{{cite report |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde15/017/2014/en/ |title=DOCUMENT - ISRAEL AND THE OCCUPIED PALESTINIAN TERRITORIES: ISRAEL/GAZA CONFLICT, JULY 2014 |date=2014-07-17 |publisher=Amnesty International |access-date=2018-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122055048/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde15/017/2014/en/ |archive-date=2018-11-22 |url-status=live }} Many reporters, including from the BBC,{{cite news|last1=Bowen|first1=Jeremy|author-link1=Jeremy Bowen|title=Jeremy Bowen's Gaza notebook: I saw no evidence of Hamas using Palestinians as human shields|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/world-affairs/2014/07/jeremy-bowens-gaza-notebook-i-saw-no-evidence-hamas-using-palestinians-human|work=www.newstatesman.com|quote=Netanyahu said Israel had warned people to get out. Some had taken the advice; others had been prevented from leaving by Hamas...I saw no evidence during my week in Gaza of Israel’s accusation that Hamas uses Palestinians as human shields.|access-date=2014-08-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191008162911/https://www.newstatesman.com/world-affairs/2014/07/jeremy-bowens-gaza-notebook-i-saw-no-evidence-hamas-using-palestinians-human|archive-date=2019-10-08|url-status=live}} The Independent,{{cite news|work=The Independent|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/israelgaza-conflict-the-myth-of-hamass-human-shield-9619810.html|first=Kim|last=Sengupta|title=Israel-Gaza conflict: The myth of Hamas's human shields|access-date=31 July 2014|date=21 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925193702/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/israelgaza-conflict-the-myth-of-hamass-human-shield-9619810.html|archive-date=25 September 2015|url-status=live}} and The Guardian{{cite news|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/24/gaza-hamas-fighters-military-bases-guerrilla-war-civilians-israel-idf|first=Harriet|last=Sherwood|title=In Gaza, Hamas fighters are among civilians. There is nowhere else for them to go|access-date=31 July 2014|date=24 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190918030033/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/24/gaza-hamas-fighters-military-bases-guerrilla-war-civilians-israel-idf|archive-date=18 September 2019|url-status=live}} have said that they have found no evidence of Hamas forcing Palestinians to stay and become unwilling human shields.

Reactions

The practice has been controversial, as many human rights and news organizations have shown that 'roof knocks' have killed and injured civilians. In July 2014, Amnesty International called for a United Nations investigation into what it alleged were war crimes committed by Israeli fighters, and Philip Luther, Middle East and North Africa Programme Director for the organization, condemned the practice.{{cite news|last1=Withnall|first1=Adam|title=Israel-Gaza conflict: Israeli 'knock on roof' missile warning revealed in remarkable video|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/israelgaza-conflict-israeli-knock-on-roof-missile-warning-technique-revealed-in-stunning-video-9603179.html|access-date=24 July 2014|work=The Independent|date=July 13, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716113138/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/israelgaza-conflict-israeli-knock-on-roof-missile-warning-technique-revealed-in-stunning-video-9603179.html|archive-date=16 July 2014|url-status=live}} The spokesperson for Gaza Health Ministry indicated that the same missiles used to give warnings are also used in assassinations, resulting in dozens of casualties and deaths where "remains were scattered, making it impossible to identify them immediately".

The Goldstone Report commented that civilians inside their homes "cannot be expected to know whether a small explosion is a warning of an impending attack or part of an actual attack". It stated that the practice is not an effective advance warning, and is instead likely to "cause terror and confuse the affected civilians".{{cite book | last=Schmitt | first=Michael | title=Yearbook of international humanitarian law | publisher=T.M.C. Asser Press Springer | location=Hague Berlin | year=2011 | isbn=978-90-6704-811-8 | page=199}}

The Israeli Government stated "While these warnings, could not eliminate all harm to civilians, they were frequently effective," and that aerial video surveillance by IDF forces showed civilians departing from targeted areas prior to an attack as a direct result of the warnings.{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/NR/rdonlyres/E89E699D-A435-491B-B2D0-017675DAFEF7/0/GazaOperation.pdf |title=The Operation in Gaza: Factual and Legal Aspects |pages=50–51, 100 |access-date=2009-09-06 |date=2009-07-29 |publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090823140923/http://www.mfa.gov.il/NR/rdonlyres/E89E699D-A435-491B-B2D0-017675DAFEF7/0/GazaOperation.pdf |archive-date=2009-08-23 }} According to the Israeli army, striking homes suspected of storing weapons, when sufficient warning is given to the residents, falls within the boundaries of international law and is legitimate.{{cite news |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0%2C7340%2CL-3648848%2C00.html |title=Hamas leader, 20 Palestinians killed in IAF strikes |date=2009-01-09 |work=ynet news.com |publisher=Yedioth Internet |access-date=2009-01-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103032622/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3648848,00.html |archive-date=2009-01-03 }} In November 2014, the most senior US military official, General Martin Dempsey, cited "roof knocking" as an example where Israel "did some extraordinary things to limit civilian casualties" during the 2014 Gaza War.{{cite news|last1=Rayner|first1=Tom|title=US General Backs Israel's Tactics In Gaza War|url=http://news.sky.com/story/1368654/us-general-backs-israels-tactics-in-gaza-war|access-date=28 December 2014|publisher=Sky News|date=7 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228220636/http://news.sky.com/story/1368654/us-general-backs-israels-tactics-in-gaza-war|archive-date=28 December 2014|url-status=live}}

Salah Abdul Ati, the directory of the Palestinian Independent Commission for Human Rights in Gaza, described the "policy of destroying homes" a war crime and accused Israel of attempting to circumvent international law to avoid accountability.{{cite news|title=Israel's "knock on the roof" policy: A three-minute race with death|url=http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/20750|access-date=4 November 2016|work=Al Akhbar English|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104141240/http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/20750|archive-date=4 November 2016|url-status=dead}}

Marouf Hasian Jr., a professor of communication at the University of Utah, describes the talk of the "beneficent usage" of "knock on roof" tactics as one that "plays well in front of American or Israeli audiences who feel that older Geneva Convention rules are too 'quaint' and too solicitous of the rights of civilians who may be aiding and abetting terrorist, but it infuriates critics who argue that satellite surveillance is being used in discriminatory systems that assume that homes of police officers or Hamas political or military leaders can be "precisely" targeted to minimize collateral damage".{{cite book | last=Hasian | first=Marouf | title=Forensic Rhetorics and Satellite Surveillance: The Visualization of War Crimes and Human Rights Violations | publisher=Lexington Books | location=Lanham | year=2016 | isbn=978-1-4985-3591-5 | page=214}}