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rouen

{{Short description|Prefecture and commune in Normandy, France}}

{{About|the capital of Normandy}}

{{Expand French|date=September 2020|topic=geo}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}

{{Infobox French commune

|name = Rouen

|commune status = Prefecture and commune

|image = Rouen mosaique.png

|image size =

|caption = From left to right, top to bottom: partial view of the city and the Seine from Côte Sainte-Catherine; the courthouse; Place du Vieux-Marché; rue du Gros-Horloge, at night; Rouen Cathedral; the National Museum of Education; sailboats during the 2019 edition of the Armada; the Gustave-Flaubert Bridge.

|image flag = Flag of Rouen.gif

|image flag size =

|image coat of arms = Coat of Arms of Rouen.svg

|image coat of arms size =

|flag legend =

|coat of arms legend =

|city motto =

|coordinates = {{Coord|49|26|34|N|01|05|19|E|type:city_region:FR-NO|display=inline,title}}

|INSEE = 76540

|arrondissement = Rouen

|canton = 3 cantons

|intercommunality = Métropole Rouen Normandie

|mayor = Nicolas Mayer-Rossignol{{cite web|title=Répertoire national des élus: les maires|url=https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503|publisher=data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises|date=13 September 2022|language=fr|access-date=4 December 2022|archive-date=28 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628030259/https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503|url-status=live}}

|party = PS

|term = 2020–2026

|area km2 = 21.38

|area footnotes =

|population = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_total}}

|population date = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_as_of}}

|population footnotes = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_footnotes}}

|population ranking = 36th in France

|urban area km2 = 461.1

|urban area date = 2018

|urban pop = 470369

|urban pop date = 2018

|metro area km2 = 2792.2

|metro area date = 2018

|metro area pop = 702945

|metro area pop date = 2018

|website = [http://www.rouen.fr www.rouen.fr]

}}

Rouen ({{IPAc-en|UK|ˈ|r|uː|ɑ̃|,_|ˈ|r|uː|ɒ|n}}, {{IPAc-en|US|r|uː|ˈ|ɑ̃|,_|r|uː|ˈ|ɒ|n}};{{cite LPD|3}}{{cite EPD|18}} {{IPA|fr|ʁwɑ̃|lang|Fr.Rouen.ogg}} or {{IPA|fr|ʁu.ɑ̃|}}){{needs IPA|Norman|lang=nrf|date=November 2023}} is a city on the River Seine, in northwestern France. It is in the prefecture of region of Normandy and the department of Seine-Maritime. Formerly one of the largest and most prosperous cities of medieval Europe, the population of the metropolitan area ({{langx|fr|aire d'attraction}}) is 702,945 (2018).{{cite web|url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=AAV2020-015+UU2020-00755+COM-76540|title=Comparateur de territoire|publisher=INSEE|access-date=16 June 2022|archive-date=16 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616110916/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=AAV2020-015+UU2020-00755+COM-76540|url-status=live}} People from Rouen are known as Rouennais.

Rouen was the seat of the Exchequer of Normandy during the Middle Ages. It was one of the capitals of the Anglo-Norman and Angevin dynasties, which ruled both England and large parts of modern France from the 11th to the 15th centuries. From the 13th century onwards, the city experienced a remarkable economic boom, thanks in particular to the development of textile factories and river trade. Claimed by both the French and the English during the Hundred Years' War, it was on its soil that Joan of Arc was tried and burned alive on 30 May 1431. Severely damaged by the wave of bombing in 1944, it nevertheless regained its economic dynamism in the post-war period thanks to its industrial sites and its large seaport, which merged with the ports of Le Havre and Paris in 2021 to form the HAROPA Port.{{Cite web |date=10 March 2023 |title=Our history |url=https://www.haropaport.com/en/our-history |access-date=26 June 2024 |website=HAROPA Port}}

Endowed with a prestige established during the medieval era, and with a long architectural heritage in its historical monuments, Rouen is an important cultural capital. Several renowned establishments are located here, such as the Museum of Fine Arts, Le Secq des Tournelles museum, and Rouen Cathedral.

Seat of an archdiocese, it also hosts a court of appeal and a university. Every four to six years, Rouen becomes the showcase for a large gathering of sailing ships called "L'Armada"; this event makes the city an occasional capital of the maritime world.

History

{{main|History of Rouen}}

{{For timeline}}

Rouen was founded by the Gaulish tribe of the Veliocasses, who controlled a large area in the lower Seine valley. They called it Ratumacos; the Romans called it Rotomagus. It was considered the second city of Gallia Lugdunensis after Lugdunum (Lyon) itself. Under the reorganization of Diocletian, Rouen was the chief city of the divided province Gallia Lugdunensis II and reached the apogee of its Roman development, with an amphitheatre and thermae of which foundations remain. In the 5th century, it became the seat of a bishopric and later a capital of Merovingian Neustria.

From their first incursion into the lower valley of the Seine in 841, the Normans overran Rouen. From 912, Rouen was the capital of the Duchy of Normandy and residence of the local dukes, until William the Conqueror moved his residence to Caen.Stratford, Jenny., and British Archaeological Association. Medieval Art, Architecture, and Archaeology at Rouen. Conference Transactions for the Year ... ; 1986. London]: British Archaeological Association, 1993. In 1150, Rouen received its founding charter which permitted self-government.

During the 12th century, Rouen was the site of a yeshiva known as La Maison Sublime. Discovered in 1976, it is now a museum.{{Cite web |last= |title=Sauvons La Maison Sublime de l'oubli |url=http://www.lamaisonsublime.fr/ |access-date=2019-09-04 |website=La Maison Sublime de Rouen |language=fr |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303202539/http://www.lamaisonsublime.fr/ |url-status=live }} At that time, about 6,000 Jews lived in the town, comprising about 20% of the population.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

On 24 June 1204, King Philip II Augustus of France entered Rouen and definitively annexed Normandy to the French Kingdom. He demolished the Norman castle and replaced it with his own, the {{lang|fr|château Bouvreuil}}, built on the site of the Gallo-Roman amphitheatre.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}} A textile industry developed based on wool imported from England, for which the cities of Flanders and Brabant were constantly competitors, and finding its market in the Champagne fairs. Rouen also depended for its prosperity on the river traffic of the Seine, on which it enjoyed a monopoly that reached as far upstream as Paris.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

In the 13th and 14th centuries urban strife threatened the city: in 1291, the mayor was assassinated and noble residences in the city were pillaged. Philip IV reimposed order and suppressed the city's charter and the lucrative monopoly on river traffic, but he was quite willing to allow the Rouennais to repurchase their old liberties in 1294.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}} In 1306, he decided to expel the Jewish community of Rouen, then numbering some five or six thousand. In 1389, another urban revolt of the underclass occurred, the Harelle. It was suppressed with the withdrawal of Rouen's charter and river-traffic privileges once more.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

During the Hundred Years' War, on 19 January 1419, Rouen surrendered after a long siege to Henry V of England, who annexed Normandy once again to the Plantagenet domains. French soldier Alain Blanchard summarily hung English prisoners of war from the city walls during the siege, for which he was beheaded after Rouen fell, while canon and vicar general of Rouen Robert de Livet excommunicated Henry V, resulting in him being imprisoned for five years in England.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}} Joan of Arc, who supported a return to French rule, was burned at the stake on 30 May 1431 in Rouen, where most inhabitants supported the duke of Burgundy, the French king's enemy. The king of France, Charles VII, recaptured the town in 1449.

Rouen was staunchly Catholic during the French Wars of Religion, and underwent an unsuccessful five-month siege in 1591/2 by the Protestant Henry IV of France and an English force under Earl of Essex. A brief account by an English participant has survived. 'Memoirs of Robert Carey', (F.H.Mares (ed.), Oxford, 1972), pp. 18–21.

During the repression of January and February 1894, the police conducted raids targeting the anarchists living there, without much success.{{Cite news |date=3 January 1894 |title=Les anarchistes |trans-title=The anarchists |work=La Dépêche |pages=2}}{{Cite journal |date=2 January 1894 |title=Deux mille perquisitions |journal=L'Estafette |pages=2}}{{Cite news |date=3 January 1894 |title=Une série générale de perquisitions : résultat négatif des recherches |trans-title=A general series of raids: negative results |work=L'Éclair}} The first competitive motor race ran from Paris to Rouen in 1894.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

During the German occupation in World War II, the Kriegsmarine had its headquarters located in a chateau on what is now the Rouen Business School. The city was heavily damaged during the same war on D-Day, and its famed cathedral was almost destroyed by Allied bombs.

Main sights

File:Cathédrale de Rouen vue de l'Opéra.JPG, Notre Dame, St Maclou]]

File:Gros-Horloge, détail.jpg]]

Rouen is known for Rouen Cathedral, with its Tour de Beurre (butter tower) financed by the sale of indulgences for the consumption of butter during Lent. The cathedral's gothic façade (completed in the 16th century) was the subject of a series of paintings by Claude Monet, some of which are exhibited in the Musée d'Orsay in Paris.

The Gros Horloge is an astronomical clock dating back to the 14th century.{{Cite news |last=Miller |first=Derek |date=5 August 2017 |title=Normandy full of beauty and history |publisher=Delaware State News |url=http://delawarestatenews.net/people/normandy-full-of-beauty-and-history/}} It is located in the Gros Horloge street.

{{panoViewer|Place Barthélémy, Rouen, France – 360° panorama 2019.jpg|Place Barthélémy with the church St Maclou, 360°-panorama 2019}}

Other famous structures include Rouen Castle, whose keep is known as the tour Jeanne d'Arc, where Joan of Arc was brought in 1431 to be threatened with torture (contrary to popular belief, she was not imprisoned there but in the tour de lady Pucelle(since destroyed); the Church of Saint Ouen (12th–15th century); the Palais de Justice, which was once the seat of the Parlement (French court of law) of Normandy; the Gothic Church of St Maclou (15th century); and the Museum of Fine Arts and Ceramics which contains a splendid collection of faïence and porcelain for which Rouen was renowned during the 16th to 18th centuries. Rouen is also noted for its surviving half-timbered buildings.

There are many museums in Rouen: the Musée des Beaux-Arts de Rouen, an art museum with paintings by well-known artists such as Claude Monet and Géricault; the Musée maritime fluvial et portuaire, a museum on the history of the port of Rouen and navigation; Musée des Antiquités,{{Cite web |title=Musées en Haute-Normandie |url=http://www.musees-haute-normandie.fr/fiche.php3?lang=en&id_article=1393 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061116171607/http://www.musees-haute-normandie.fr/fiche.php3?lang=en&id_article=1393 |archive-date=16 November 2006 |access-date=4 February 2014 |publisher=Musees-haute-normandie.fr}} an art and history museum with local works from the Bronze Age through the Renaissance; the Musée de la céramique, the Museum of Natural History, founded in 1834 and re-opened in 2007;La Réunion des Musées Métropolitains, [https://museumderouen.fr/fr/museum-d-histoire-naturelle Museum d'Histoire Naturelle] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325075544/https://museumderouen.fr/fr/museum-d-histoire-naturelle |date=25 March 2023 }} (in French), accessed 25 March 2023 and the Musée Le Secq des Tournelles, which houses various collections of objects.La Réunion des Musées Métropolitains, [https://museelesecqdestournelles.fr/en Musée Le Secq des Tournelles] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325075539/https://museelesecqdestournelles.fr/en |date=25 March 2023 }}, accessed 25 March 2023

The Jardin des Plantes de Rouen is a notable botanical garden once owned by Scottish banker John Law, dating from 1840 in its present form. It was the site of Élisa Garnerin's parachute jump from a balloon in 1817. There is also a park and garden at the Champs de Mars, to the east of the city centre. The Paris–Rouen motor race of 1894, Le Petit Journal Horseless Carriages Contest, ended at the Champs de Mars.Nye, D., [https://www.goodwood.com/grr/race/historic/2019/6/the-1894-paris-rouen-trial-the-race-that-wasnt-a-race/ The 1894 Paris‑Rouen Trial, the very first competitive motorsport event] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117073058/https://www.goodwood.com/grr/race/historic/2019/6/the-1894-paris-rouen-trial-the-race-that-wasnt-a-race/ |date=17 November 2022 }}, Goodwood Road and Racing, published 5 June 2019, accessed 17 November 2022

In the centre of the Place du Vieux Marché (the site of Joan of Arc's pyre){{Cite web |title=Rouen . visite-de-rouen.com . Place du Vieux Marché |url=http://www.visite-de-rouen.com/vieuxmar.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928180504/http://www.visite-de-rouen.com/vieuxmar.htm |archive-date=28 September 2011 |access-date=16 September 2011 |publisher=Visite-de-rouen.com}} is the modern church of St Joan of Arc. This is a large, modern structure which dominates the square. The form of the building represents an upturned Viking boat and a fish shape.:fr:Église Sainte-Jeanne-d'Arc de Rouen

Rouen was also home to the French Grand Prix, hosting the race at the nearby Rouen-Les-Essarts track sporadically between 1952 and 1968. In 1999 Rouen authorities demolished the grandstands and other remnants of Rouen's racing past. Today, little remains beyond the public roads that formed the circuit.

Rouen has an opera house, whose formal name is "Rouen Normandy Opera House – Theatre of Arts" (in French: Opéra de Rouen Normandie – Théâtre des arts).

Transport

{{main|Transport in Rouen}}

File:Rouen Citadis trams II.jpg]]

Mainline trains operate from Gare de Rouen-Rive-Droite to Le Havre and Paris, and regional trains to Caen, Dieppe and other local destinations in Normandy. Daily direct trains operate to Amiens and Lille, and direct TGVs (high-speed trains) connect daily with Lyon and Marseille.

City transportation in Rouen consists of a tram and a bus system. The tramway branches into two lines out of a tunnel under the city centre. Rouen is also served by TEOR (Transport Est-Ouest Rouennais) and by buses run in conjunction with the tramway by TCAR (Transports en commun de l'agglomération rouennaise), a subsidiary of Transdev.

Rouen has its own airport.

The Seine is a major axis for maritime cargo links in the Port of Rouen. The Cross-Channel ferry ports of Caen, Le Havre, Dieppe (50 minutes) and Calais, and the Channel Tunnel are within easy driving distance (two and a half hours or less).

Administration

File:Hôtel de ville Rouen3.JPG]]

Rouen and its metropolitan area of 70 suburban communes form the Métropole Rouen Normandie, with 494,382 inhabitants at the 2010 census. In descending order of population, the largest of these suburbs are Sotteville-lès-Rouen, Saint-Étienne-du-Rouvray, Le Grand-Quevilly, Le Petit-Quevilly, and Mont-Saint-Aignan, each with a population exceeding 20,000. The city council is based at the Hôtel de Ville.{{Base Mérimée|PA00100851}}

Population

{{Historical populations

| align = none

| cols = 2

| percentages = pagr

| graph-pos = bottom

|1793 |84323

|1800 |80755

|1806 |86672

|1821 |86736

|1831 |88086

|1836 |92083

|1841 |96002

|1846 |99295

|1851 |100265

|1856 |103223

|1861 |102649

|1866 |100671

|1872 |102470

|1876 |104902

|1881 |105906

|1886 |107163

|1891 |112352

|1896 |113219

|1901 |116316

|1906 |118459

|1911 |124987

|1921 |123712

|1926 |122898

|1931 |122957

|1936 |122832

|1946 |107739

|1954 |116540

|1962 |120857

|1968 |120471

|1975 |114834

|1982 |101945

|1990 |102723

|1999 |106592

|2007 |108569

|2012 |111557

|2017 |110145

|2022 |116331

| source = EHESS{{Cassini-Ehess|29752|Rouen}} and INSEE (1968–2022)[https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4515315?geo=COM-76540#ancre-POP_T1 Population en historique depuis 1968] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924215056/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4515315?geo=COM-76540#ancre-POP_T1 |date=24 September 2022 }}, INSEE[https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/8288323?geo=COM-76540 Populations de référence 2022], INSEE

}}

Education

The main schools of higher education are the University of Rouen and NEOMA Business School (former École Supérieure de Commerce de Rouen), Unilasalle (agronomy and agriculture), both located at nearby Mont-Saint-Aignan, and the INSA Rouen, ESIGELEC, ESITech and the CESI, the three at nearby Saint-Étienne-du-Rouvray.

Culture

The main opera company in Rouen is the Opéra de Rouen – Normandie. The company performs in the Théâtre des Arts, 7 rue du Docteur Rambert. The company presents opera, classical and other types of music, both vocal and instrumental, as well as dance performances.[http://www.operaderouen.fr/ Opéra de Rouen – Haute-Normandie official web site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100504142120/http://www.operaderouen.fr/ |date=4 May 2010 }}. Every five years, the city hosts the large maritime exposition, L'Armada.[http://www.armada.org/en/armada Rouen – Armada website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804140454/http://www.armada.org/en/armada |date=4 August 2018 }}.

The city is represented by Quevilly-Rouen football club, currently in the Championnat National.{{Cite web |title=Site Officiel de QRM - Quevilly Rouen Métropole |url=https://qrm.fr/ |access-date=2022-06-09 |website=QRM |language=fr-FR |archive-date=1 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601112652/https://qrm.fr/ |url-status=live }} Officially called Union Sportive Quevillaise-Rouen Métropole, the club play at the 12,018 capacity Stade Robert Diochon in nearby Le Petit-Quevilly. Rouen Normandie Rugby represent the city in Rugby Union.{{Cite web |title=Rouen Normandie Rugby – Ensemble plus vite plus loin |url=https://rouennormandierugby.fr/ |access-date=2022-06-09 |language=fr-FR |archive-date=20 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520180231/https://rouennormandierugby.fr/ |url-status=live }} One of few professional rugby teams from northern France, Rouen Normandie Rugby, currently play in the second-tier Pro D2. Dragons de Rouen, an ice hockey club, play in the top-tier Ligue Magnus at the Île Lacroix arena. Baseball is also played in the city at Stade Saint Exupéry. The local team, Huskies de Rouen play in the top French tier, they also play some games in European competition.

Notable residents

File:King Edward IV.jpg

File:Pierre Corneille 2.jpg

File:Jacob van Loo Thomas Corneille.JPG

File:Jean Jouvenet Selfportrait.jpg

File:Maurice Quentin de La Tour - Jean Restout - Musée Antoine-Lécuyer.jpg

File:Gustave Flaubert.jpg

File:A class at the Lycée Pierre-Corneille, Rouen 1902, Robert Antoine Pinchon and Marcel Duchamp.jpg (second row, right) and Marcel Duchamp (third row, left)]]

File:Salon des Artistes Rouennais, Musée des Beaux-Arts de Rouen, c.1930.jpg, {{Circa|1930}}]]

File:François Hollande - 2017 (27869823159) (cropped 2).jpg

Rouen was the birthplace of:

International relations

{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in France}}

Rouen is twinned with:

  • {{flagicon|USA}} Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States, since 1963{{Cite web |date=2 July 1964 |title=French Club Will Observe Bastile Day |url=http://infoweb.newsbank.com/resources/doc/nb/image/v2%3A138F0D9908AC8D5F%40EANX-13B15DBE78A96EF9%402438579-13B0BB4F1EB521B3%4043-13B0BB4F1EB521B3%40?p=AMNEWS&hlterms=%22Will+Observe%22 |website=Baton Rouge Morning Advocate (sec. D, p. 10)}}
  • {{flagicon|GER}} Hannover, Germany, since 1966{{Cite web |title=Hanover – Twin Towns |url=http://www.hannover.de/de/buerger/entwicklung/partnerschaften/staedte_regionspartnerschaften/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724012346/http://www.hannover.de/de/buerger/entwicklung/partnerschaften/staedte_regionspartnerschaften/index.html |archive-date=24 July 2011 |access-date=17 July 2009 |publisher=hanover.de/ Hannover.de – Offizielles Portal der Landeshauptstadt und der Region Hannover in Zusammenarbeit mit hier.de |language=de}}
  • {{flagicon|GBR}} Norwich, Norfolk, England, United Kingdom, since 1959{{Cite web |title=British towns twinned with French towns |url=http://www.completefrance.com/language-culture/twin-towns |access-date=11 July 2013 |website=Archant Community Media Ltd |archive-date=5 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705094933/http://www.completefrance.com/language-culture/twin-towns |url-status=live }}
  • {{flagicon|USA}} Cleveland, Ohio, United States, since 2008{{Cite web |title=Sister Cities International (SCI) |url=http://www.sister-cities.org/interactive-map/Cleveland,%20Ohio |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613003251/http://www.sister-cities.org/interactive-map/Cleveland%2C%20Ohio |archive-date=13 June 2015 |access-date=21 April 2013 |publisher=Sister-cities.org}}
  • {{flagicon|POL}} Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland, since 1992{{Cite web |title=Gdańsk Official Website: 'Miasta partnerskie' |url=http://www.gdansk.pl/samorzad,62,733.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723091807/http://www.gdansk.pl/samorzad%2C62%2C733.html |archive-date=23 July 2013 |access-date=11 July 2009 |publisher=gdansk.pl |language=pl, en}}
  • {{flagicon|ITA}} Salerno, Campania, Italy, since 2002
  • {{flagicon|PRC}} Zhejiang, China, since 1990

Sculpture

File:Fleur d'eau Rouen. Jean Yves Lechevallier.jpg]]

During the second half of the 20th century, sculptures by Jean-Yves Lechevallier were erected in the city. Inaugurated in 2010, the Rouen Impressionnée hosted the contemporary urban redevelopmentde Smet, Aurelie (12 November 2013). "The role of temporary use in urban (re)development: examples from Brussels". Brussels Studies. La revue scientifique électronique pour les recherches sur Bruxelles / Het elektronisch wetenschappelijk tijdschrift voor onderzoek over Brussel / The e-journal for academic research on Brussels. {{doi|10.4000/brussels.1196}}. ISSN 2031-0293. installation sculpture 'Camille' by Belgian artist Arne Quinze. Quinze's use of interlocking systems in sculpture employ wood, concrete, paint and metal. The Quasi-QuinzeBaerlecken, Daniel. "Judith Reitz/Daniel Baerlecken." Susanne Schindler/Axel Sowa/Ariane Wilson (eds.) Constructing Knowledge––Das Wissen der Architektur 50 (2009): 61. method of sculpture utilizes structural integrity and randomness as key elements for 'Camille'. Located on the Boieldieu Bridge in the center of Rouen, this location was chosen by the artist{{cite web| url = http://www.figure8.be/| title = "Camille". Arne Quinze. Retrieved 2019-04-15.| access-date = 5 May 2019| archive-date = 14 November 2019| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191114152658/https://www.figure8.be/| url-status = live}} to magnify the historical separation of its city's citizens.

Representations in art

File:RouenCathedral Monet 1894.jpg, 1894.]]

Rouen Cathedral is the subject of a series of paintings by the Impressionist painter Claude Monet, who painted the same scene at different times of the day. Two paintings are in the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C.; two are in the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts in Moscow; one is in the National Museum of Serbia in Belgrade. The estimated value of one painting is over $40 million.

Heraldry

{{Blazon-arms

| img1=Arms of Rouen.svg

| legend1=Arms of Rouen

| text=The arms of Rouen are blazoned :
Gules, a pascal lamb, haloed and contourné, holding a banner argent charged with a cross Or, and on a chief azure, 3 fleurs de lys Or

This may be rendered, "On a red background a haloed white pascal lamb looking back over its shoulder (contourné) holds a white banner bearing a gold cross; above, a broad blue band across the top bears 3 gold fleurs de lis".

On the front of the "Grand Poste" (rue Jeanne d'Arc), the banner is charged with a leopard (the lion passant seen on Norman and English arms). This was the official seal of Rouen at the beginning of the 12th century, before Normandy was incorporated into Capetian France.

}}

Climate

Rouen has an oceanic climate (Cfb in the Köppen climate classification).

{{Weather box

|location = Rouen (URO), elevation: {{convert|151|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1968–present

|collapsed =

|metric first = Y

|single line = Y

|Jan record high C = 15.7

|Feb record high C = 19.7

|Mar record high C = 24.4

|Apr record high C = 27.4

|May record high C = 30.0

|Jun record high C = 36.0

|Jul record high C = 41.3

|Aug record high C = 38.4

|Sep record high C = 34.3

|Oct record high C = 28.3

|Nov record high C = 20.3

|Dec record high C = 15.6

|Jan avg record high C = 12.8

|Feb avg record high C = 14.1

|Mar avg record high C = 18.4

|Apr avg record high C = 22.6

|May avg record high C = 26.0

|Jun avg record high C = 29.8

|Jul avg record high C = 32.2

|Aug avg record high C = 31.7

|Sep avg record high C = 27.3

|Oct avg record high C = 21.6

|Nov avg record high C = 16.3

|Dec avg record high C = 13.0

|year avg record high C = 33.5

|Jan high C = 6.9

|Feb high C = 7.9

|Mar high C = 11.4

|Apr high C = 14.8

|May high C = 17.9

|Jun high C = 21.1

|Jul high C = 23.4

|Aug high C = 23.4

|Sep high C = 20.1

|Oct high C = 15.4

|Nov high C = 10.4

|Dec high C = 7.3

|year high C =

|Jan mean C = 4.3

|Feb mean C = 4.8

|Mar mean C = 7.5

|Apr mean C = 10.0

|May mean C = 13.1

|Jun mean C = 16.1

|Jul mean C = 18.2

|Aug mean C = 18.2

|Sep mean C = 15.3

|Oct mean C = 11.7

|Nov mean C = 7.5

|Dec mean C = 4.7

|year mean C =

|Jan low C = 1.6

|Feb low C = 1.6

|Mar low C = 3.5

|Apr low C = 5.2

|May low C = 8.3

|Jun low C = 11.1

|Jul low C = 13.0

|Aug low C = 13.1

|Sep low C = 10.6

|Oct low C = 8.0

|Nov low C = 4.6

|Dec low C = 2.1

|year low C =

|Jan avg record low C = -6.0

|Feb avg record low C = -5.3

|Mar avg record low C = -2.4

|Apr avg record low C = -0.6

|May avg record low C = 2.6

|Jun avg record low C = 5.7

|Jul avg record low C = 8.1

|Aug avg record low C = 7.9

|Sep avg record low C = 5.3

|Oct avg record low C = 1.4

|Nov avg record low C = 2.2

|Dec avg record low C = -4.6

|year avg record low C = -7.9

|Jan record low C = -17.1

|Feb record low C = -13.4

|Mar record low C = -10.4

|Apr record low C = -4.8

|May record low C = -2.2

|Jun record low C = 1.1

|Jul record low C = 5.9

|Aug record low C = 5.0

|Sep record low C = 2.1

|Oct record low C = -3.2

|Nov record low C = -8.3

|Dec record low C = -11.3

|precipitation colour = green

|Jan precipitation mm = 75.6

|Feb precipitation mm = 65.0

|Mar precipitation mm = 61.6

|Apr precipitation mm = 55.9

|May precipitation mm = 67.2

|Jun precipitation mm = 64.3

|Jul precipitation mm = 64.4

|Aug precipitation mm = 69.8

|Sep precipitation mm = 62.1

|Oct precipitation mm = 79.4

|Nov precipitation mm = 80.4

|Dec precipitation mm = 101.8

|year precipitation mm = 847.5

|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm

|Jan precipitation days = 13.8

|Feb precipitation days = 11.5

|Mar precipitation days = 10.9

|Apr precipitation days = 10.0

|May precipitation days = 10.7

|Jun precipitation days = 9.4

|Jul precipitation days = 9.0

|Aug precipitation days = 9.6

|Sep precipitation days = 9.3

|Oct precipitation days = 12.7

|Nov precipitation days = 13.1

|Dec precipitation days = 14.1

|year precipitation days = 134.0

|Jan humidity = 90

|Feb humidity = 86

|Mar humidity = 83

|Apr humidity = 78

|May humidity = 79

|Jun humidity = 80

|Jul humidity = 79

|Aug humidity = 80

|Sep humidity = 84

|Oct humidity = 89

|Nov humidity = 90

|Dec humidity = 91

|Jan sun = 52.2

|Feb sun = 76.6

|Mar sun = 119.3

|Apr sun = 164.6

|May sun = 182.2

|Jun sun = 196.6

|Jul sun = 199.5

|Aug sun = 190.1

|Sep sun = 159.1

|Oct sun = 107.6

|Nov sun = 57.8

|Dec sun = 48.9

|year sun = 1554.4

|source 1 = Meteo France{{cite web

| url = https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_76116001.pdf

| title = ROUEN–BOOS (76)

| work = Fiche Climatologique: Statistiques 1981–2010 et records

| publisher = Meteo France

| language = fr

| access-date = 6 August 2019

| archive-date = 6 August 2019

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190806191636/https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_76116001.pdf

| url-status = live

}}

| source 2 = Infoclimat.fr (relative humidity 1961–1990){{cite web

| url = https://www.infoclimat.fr/climatologie-07037-rouen-boos.html

| title = Normes et records 1961–1990: Rouen-Boos (76) – altitude 151m

| language = fr

| publisher = Infoclimat

| access-date = 6 August 2019

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303171202/https://www.infoclimat.fr/climatologie-07037-rouen-boos.html

| archive-date = 3 March 2016}}

}}

See also

References

{{Reflist}}

External links

  • {{Official website|http://www.rouen76.fr}} {{in lang|fr}}

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Category:Viking Age populated places

Category:Prefectures in France

Category:Veliocasses

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Category:Normandy region articles needing translation from French Wikipedia

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