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13th century

{{Short description|One hundred years, from 1201 to 1300}}

{{For|the video game series|XIII Century (series){{!}}XIII Century (series)}}

{{Centurybox|13}}

File:YuanEmperorAlbumGenghisPortrait.jpg whose conquests created the largest contiguous empire in history]]

The 13th century was the century which lasted from January 1, 1201 (represented by the Roman numerals MCCI) through December 31, 1300 (MCCC) in accordance with the Julian calendar.

The Mongol Empire was founded by Genghis Khan, which stretched from Eastern Asia to Eastern Europe. The conquests of Hulagu Khan and other Mongol invasions changed the course of the Muslim world, most notably the Siege of Baghdad (1258) and the destruction of the House of Wisdom. Other Muslim powers such as the Mali Empire and Delhi Sultanate conquered large parts of West Africa and the Indian subcontinent, while Buddhism witnessed a decline through the conquest led by Bakhtiyar Khilji. The earliest Islamic states in Southeast Asia formed during this century, most notably Samudera Pasai.{{Cite web |date=2017-03-24 |title=Samudra Pasai worthy to be world historical site |url=https://republika.co.id/berita/en/travelling-2/17/03/24/ona4he414-samudra-pasai-worthy-to-be-world-historical-site |access-date=2020-01-24 |website=Republika Online}} The Kingdoms of Sukhothai and Hanthawaddy would emerge and go on to dominate their surrounding territories.{{cite book |last=Coedès |first=George |title=The Indianized States of Southeast Asia |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |others=trans.Susan Brown Cowing |year=1968 |isbn=978-0-8248-0368-1 |editor=Walter F. Vella |author-link=George Coedès}}

Europe entered the apex of the High Middle Ages, characterized by rapid legal, cultural, and religious evolution as well as economic dynamism. Crusades after the fourth, while mostly unsuccessful in rechristianizing the Holy Land, inspired the desire to expel Muslim presence from Europe that drove the Reconquista and solidified a sense of Christendom. To the north, the Teutonic Order Christianized and gained dominance of Prussia, Estonia, and Livonia. Inspired by new translations into Latin of classical works preserved in the Islamic World for over a thousand years, Thomas Aquinas developed Scholasticism, which dominated the curricula of the new universities.{{Cite web |title=St. Thomas Aquinas |url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14663b.htm |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=Catholic Encyclopedia}} In England, King John signed the Magna Carta, beginning the tradition of Parliamentary advisement in England. This helped develop the principle of equality under law in European judisprudence.{{cite book |last=Brooks|first=Christopher|title=Western Civilization: A Concise History |publisher=NSCC Libraries Pressbooks |year=2020}}

The Southern Song dynasty began the century as a prosperous kingdom but were later invaded and annexed into the Yuan dynasty of the Mongols. The Kamakura Shogunate of Japan successfully resisted two Mongol invasion attempts in 1274 and 1281. The Korean state of Goryeo resisted a Mongol invasion, but eventually sued for peace and became a client state of the Yuan dynasty.{{cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Kenneth B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XrZQs-6KswMC&pg=PA72 |title=Korea and East Asia: The Story of a Phoenix |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=1997 |isbn=9780275958237}}

In North America, according to some population estimates, the population of Cahokia grew to be comparable to the population of 13th-century London.{{Cite web|title=Greater London, Inner London Population & Density History|url=http://www.demographia.com/dm-lon31.htm|access-date=2023-02-10|website=www.demographia.com}} Quoting from The London Encyclopedia, Ben Weinreb and Christopher Hibbert, ed., Macmillan, 2010, {{ISBN|1405049251}} In Peru, the Kingdom of Cuzco began as part of the Late Intermediate Period. In Mayan civilization, the 13th century marked the beginning of the Late Postclassic period. The Kanem Empire in what is now Chad reached its apex. The Solomonic dynasty in Ethiopia and the Zimbabwe Kingdom were founded.

Events

Image:East-Hem 1200ad.jpg

= 1201–1209 =

=[[1210s]]=

Image:Liber abbaci magliab f124r.jpg Fibonacci's {{Lang|la|Liber Abaci}} from the Biblioteca Nazionale di Firenze showing the Fibonacci sequence with the position in the sequence labeled in Roman numerals and the value in Arabic-Hindu numerals.]]

=[[1220s]]=

=[[1230s]]=

Image:Chinesischer Maler von 1238 001.jpg Buddhist Wuzhun Shifan, painted in 1238, Song dynasty.]]

=[[1240s]]=

=[[1250s]]=

=[[1260s]]=

=[[1270s]]=

File:Ibn al-nafis page.jpg' medical works. This is probably a copy made in India during the 17th or 18th century.]]

=[[1280s]]=

  • 1281: The Mongols launch their second invasion of Japan, but like their first invasion they are repelled by the Samurai and the Kamikaze winds.
  • 1282: Aragon acquires Sicily after the Sicilian Vespers.
  • 1284: Peterhouse, Cambridge founded by Hugo de Balsham, the Bishop of Ely.
  • 1284: King Kertanegara launches the Pabali expedition to Bali, integrating Bali into the Singhasari territory.
  • 1285: Second Mongol raid against Hungary, led by Nogai Khan.
  • 1289: The County of Tripoli falls to the Bahri Mamluks led by Qalawun.
  • 1289: Kertanegara insulted the envoy of Kublai Khan, who demanded that Java pay tribute to the Yuan Dynasty.{{citation |last=Grousset |first=Rene |title=Empire of steppes, Wars in Japan, Indochina and Java |year=1988 |publisher=Rutgers University Press |location=New Jersey |isbn=0-8135-1304-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppesh00prof/page/288 288] |url=https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppesh00prof/page/288 }}.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VNgUAAAAIAAJ&q=Majapahit|title=Modern Times|first=H.|last=Kahler|date=December 31, 1981|publisher=Brill Archive|isbn=9004061967 |via=Google Books}}

=1290–1300=

Image:Hommage d Édouard Ier à Philippe le Bel.jpg (kneeling), to the Philippe le Bel (seated). As duke of Aquitaine, Edward was a vassal to the French king.]]

Inventions, discoveries, introductions

File:Alai Gate and Qutub Minar.jpg were built during the Mamluk and Khalji dynasties of the Delhi Sultanate.{{Cite web|title=Qutb Minar and its Monuments, Delhi|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/233/|access-date=2023-02-10|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en}}]]

See also

References

{{Reflist}}

External links

  • {{cite web |url=http://www.nd.edu/Departments/Maritain/etext/walsh.htm |title=The Thirteenth: Greatest of Centuries |url-status=dead |author=James J. Walsh |author-link=James Joseph Walsh |year=1907 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301075205/http://www2.nd.edu/Departments//Maritain/etext/walsh.htm |archive-date=2017-03-01 |website=nd.edu}}

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