sTNFR

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Soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors (sTNFR) are the cleaved-off extracellular domains of transmembrane TNF receptors. They are proposed to enter the bloodstream either via shedding by the enzyme TACE or through exocytosis of the full-length receptor in exosome-like vesicles. Elevated levels of sTNFR are seen in inflammatory processes such as infection, malignancy and autoimmune diseases.{{cite journal|title=Soluble tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-1 induces apoptosis via reverse TNF signaling and autocrine transforming growth factor-β1|year=2005|doi=10.1096/fj.04-2073fje|url=http://www.fasebj.org/content/early/2005/01/04/fj.04-2073fje.long|accessdate=4 February 2015|last1=Waetzig|first1=Georg H.|last2=Rosenstiel|first2=Philip|last3=Arlt|first3=Alexander|last4=Till|first4=Andreas|last5=Bräutigam|first5=Karen|last6=Schäfer|first6=Heiner|last7=Rose-John|first7=Stefan|last8=Seegert|first8=Dirk|last9=Schreiber|first9=Stefan|journal=The FASEB Journal|volume=19|issue=1|pages=91–93|doi-access=free |pmid=15514103|s2cid=86190513|url-access=subscription}}