salakot

{{Short description|Traditional wide-brimmed hat from the Philippines}}

File:Tagalog dress, early 1800s.jpg men in traditional barong tagalog, vestido de anajao (palm leaf rain capes), and salakot, c. 1855]]

Salakot is a traditional lightweight headgear from the Philippines commonly used for protection against the sun and rain. Variants occur among ethnic groups, but all are shaped like a dome or cone and can range in size from having very wide brims to being almost helmet-like. Made from various materials including bamboo, rattan, nito ferns, and bottle gourd, the salakot is held in place by an inner headband and a chinstrap. The tip of the crown commonly has a spiked or knobbed finial made of metal or wood. The salakot is the direct precursor to the pith helmet (also called salacot in Spanish and salacco in French) widely used by European military forces in the colonial era.

Description

File:Harana tradition of Filipinos.jpg]]

Salakot is a general term for a range of related traditional headgear used by virtually all ethnic groups of the Philippines. It is usually dome-shaped or cone-shaped, but various other styles also exist, including versions with dome-shaped, cone-shaped, or flat crowns with a flat or gently sloping brim. The tip of the crown commonly has a spiked or knobbed finial made of metal or wood (sometimes with horsehair or feather plumes). The rim may also feature tassels of beads, feathers, or metal ornaments. They can range in size from having very wide brims to being almost helmet-like. It is held in place by an inner headband (baat) and a chinstrap. It was widely used in the Philippines until the 20th century when it was largely replaced by western-style hats.

Salakot can be made from various materials including bamboo, rattan, nito, bottle gourd, buri straw, nipa leaves, pandan leaves, carabao horn, and tortoiseshell. The way they are manufactured and ornamented varies by ethnic group. Salakot can also have named subtypes based on the material used. Among Tagalogs for example, salakot made from split bamboo were known as tinipas, while salakot made from dried bottle gourd were known as takukom. They can also be coated with resin to make them waterproof.

Most salakot were simple and were made from cheap materials. These were worn as protection against the sun and rain by farmers and fishermen. More elaborate ones, made from rarer materials with inlaid ornaments and tassels, were treated as precious heirloom objects, handed down from generation to generation. They were status symbols and could be used as currency, as collateral for a promise, or as gifts.

Some salakot also had cloth overlays (which are commonly decorated with elaborate embroidery) or have linings which can have pockets used for storing valuables and money, as well as tobacco or betel leaves.

Variants

The name salakot is derived from the version of the headgear from the Tagalog and Kapampangan people. The names of similar headgear in other ethnic groups of the Philippines include:{{cite book |last1=Peralta |first1=Jesus T. |title=Salakot and Other Headgear |date=2013 |publisher=National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA) & Intangible Cultural Heritage in the Asia-Pacific Region (ICHCAP), UNESCO |page=232 |url=https://www.unesco-ichcap.org/eng/ek/sub3/pdf_file/domain5/095_Salakot_and_Other_Headgear.pdf}}{{cite web |last1=Nocheseda |first1=Elmer I. |title=The Filipino And The Salacot |url=https://www.tagalog-dictionary.com/articles/the-filipino-and-the-salacot |website=Tagalog Dictionary |access-date=3 March 2020}}

Talugong – salakot of the Ivatan people. It is worn by men paired with a vest of voyavoy palm leaves called kana-i or kanayi. Women, in turn, wear a straw cowl called a vakul.{{cite news |last1=Pinili |first1=Potpot |title=In Batanes, Sabtang Island celebrates first ever Vakul-Kanayi Festival |url=https://www.rappler.com/life-and-style/travel/sabtang-island-first-vakul-kanayi-festival-batanes |access-date=6 December 2020 |work=Rappler |date=30 April 2016}}
Hallidung – also known as lido, are the salakot of the Ifugao people. Usually made from twilled rattan or bamboo and covered in a coating of resin to make it waterproof.{{cite web |title=YPM ANT 262579 |url=https://collections.peabody.yale.edu/search/Record/YPM-ANT-262579 |website=Peabody Museum of Natural History |access-date=3 March 2020}}
Kalugung – are the salakot of the Ilocano people and Kalinga people. They were usually made of rattan and nito, or from light wood. They were either shaped like a dome or a gently sloping cone.
Kattukong – also known as katukong, tukong, or tabungaw, are the salakot of the Ilocano and Tinguian people, usually made from dried gourd reinforced with nito woven at the rim.
Sadók or Sarók – refers to the different salakot designs of the Visayan, Bikolano, and Mandaya people.
File:Filipino Peasant with salacot & rooster Tipos del País by Justiniano Asuncion.jpgVisayan Sarók – Also known as takokong in Sialo-dialect Cebuano. Features a lightweight and ornamented design. It is made of woven stalks from the nito plant (Lygodium spp.) and/or dried leaves or bamboo, creating a patterned net-like structure, with a signature six-petal flower design made from lighter leaves or thin bamboo wood plates secured at the very top of the hat.
Bicolano Sadók – This salakot is made from anahaw leaves and bamboo and either features a pointed shape resembling Mt Mayon, or a rounded shape with an inner attached hat fitted around the wearer's head. This is also the style of salakot worn in Leyte and Sorsogon.
Mandaya Sadók – The Mandaya sadok is uniquely elongated from front to back, and are often decorated with feathers, tassels, and beads.
Saro – are the salakot of the Tausug people
Sarúk – are the salakot of the Yakan and Sama-Bajau people made from plaited rattan, nito and cotton. The Yakan version is characteristically dome-shaped with a wide crown. Both men and women can wear the saruk. Among men, they are worn over the traditional pis syabit headscarves.
Sayap – are the salakot of the Maguindanao people. They are made from twilled bamboo, nito, or pandan leaves. They also known as binalano, tapisan, talakudong, or kudong. It is celebrated in the Talakudong Festival of Tacurong City (which is named after it).{{cite news |last1=Sta. Maria |first1=Dina |title=Hats off to the Talakudong |url=https://www.philstar.com/other-sections/starweek-magazine/2014/11/16/1392161/hats-talakudong |access-date=9 April 2025 |work=The Philippine Star |date=16 November 2014}}
S'laong – are the salakot of T'boli people. They are gender-specific. Men wore the shallow conical s'laong naf, made from bamboo and rattan with geometric black-and-white designs. Women wore the wide-brimmed s'laong kinibang which was made from bamboo covered with a cloth lining that distinctively hang down the sides and back, usually decorated with bead fringes.

File:T'nalak Festival 2015 Koronadal City, South Cotabato (10).jpg|The cloth-covered s'laong kinibang of T'boli women

File:Hat, Mindanao, Mandaya, palm, bamboo, feathers, cotton, fiber and beads, Honolulu.jpg|The uniquely shaped sadok of the Mandaya people of southeastern Mindanao

File:Ivatan Woman.png|Ivatan woman wearing the vakul

File:Kattukong San Quintin Abra Teofilo GarciaB.jpg|Ilocano kattukong gourd hat

File:National Museum of Ethnology, Osaka - Woven hat - Visayan Islands in Republic of the Philippines.jpg|Visayan {{lang|ceb|sarók}}, made from woven nito fern

History

File:Silver enlaid salakot.jpg]]

Salakot is part of the pre-colonial culture of the Philippines. The earliest record of salakot was in 1521 when Antonio Pigafetta of Ferdinand Magellan's expedition described a "queen who wore a large hat of palm leaves in the manner of parasol, with a crown about it of the same leaves like the tiara of the pope; and she never goes any place without such one."

During the 19th century in the Spanish colonial era, the salakot were worn as status symbols by members of the aristocratic class (the Principalía) as part of the barong tagalog ensemble.Cf. Foreman, John, ed. (1907). The Philippine Islands: a political, geographical, ethnographical, social and commercial history of the Philippine Archipelago, embracing the whole period of Spanish rule, with an account of the succeeding American insular government (book). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, p. 223.BLAIR, Emma Helen & ROBERTSON, James Alexander, eds. (1904). The Philippine Islands, 1493–1898. Volume 17 of 55 (1609–1616). Historical introduction and additional notes by Edward Gaylord BOURNE; additional translations by Henry B. Lathrop. Cleveland, Ohio: Arthur H. Clark Company. {{ISBN|978-1426486869}}. OCLC 769945708, p. 331.

These Spanish-era salakot were made from prized materials like tortoiseshell and elaborately decorated with gems and precious metals like silver,Manuel Buzeta y Felipe Bravo, Diccionario geografico, estadistico, historico de las Islas Filipinas, Charleston, South Carolina: 2011, Nabu Press, Vol. I, p. 241. or, at times, gold.Laureano, Felix, ed. (1895). Recuerdos de Filipinas: Libro-Album (book) (in Español). Volumen Primero. Barcelona: A. Lopez Robert, p. 26. They also commonly had long ornate spikes tipped with horsehair, or have coins or pendants that hung around the rim.Roces, Alfredo Reyes; Cordero-Fernando, Gilda; Quirino, Carlos & Guttierez, Manuel C, eds. (1977). Filipino Heritage: the Making of a Nation (10 vols). Manila: Lahing Pilipino Pub. {{ISBN|978-9718574010}}. OCLC 6088188. 1328526, Vol. 4, pp. 1106–1107. Many depictions of gobernadorcillos and cabezas de barangay would portray these colonial public functionaries as wearing ornate salakot.Alfredo R. Roces, et al., eds., Ethnic Headgear in Filipino Heritage: The Making of a Nation, Philippines: Lahing Pilipino Publishing, Inc., 1977, Vol. VI, pp. 1106-1107.

=Pith helmets=

File:Philippine military uniforms - 1862.jpg in 1862 showing the salakot (right) worn as part of the trage de campaña (campaign uniform)]]

Salakot were also widely used as military sun hats in the colonial-era Philippines by both native and Spanish troops in the Spanish Army and the Guardia Civil (where they were known as salacot). They were commonly cloth-covered. This was copied first by the French colonial troops in Indochina who called it the salacco. British and Dutch troops in nearby regions followed suit and the salakot became a common headgear for colonial forces in the mid-19th century.{{cite web |last1=Suciu |first1=Peter |title=The Proto-Sun Hats of the Far East |url=http://www.militarysunhelmets.com/2018/the-proto-sun-hats-of-the-far-east#more-19684 |website=MilitarySunHelmets.com |access-date=8 March 2020|date=17 December 2018}}

The salakot was most widely adopted by the British Empire. They began experimenting with derivative designs in search of a lightweight hat for troops serving in tropical regions. This led to a succession of designs ultimately resulting in the "Colonial pattern" pith helmet.{{cite news|url=https://elpais.com/elpais/2013/12/05/icon/1386262369_386718.html|title=La romántica elegancia de Salacot|first=Jacinto|last=Antón|newspaper=El País|date=5 December 2013|access-date=3 May 2018|via=elpais.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170403231049/http://elpais.com/elpais/2013/12/05/icon/1386262369_386718.html|archive-date=3 April 2017}}

French marines also introduced the early version of the salacco to the French Antilles, where it became the salako.{{cite web |last1=Hénon |first1=Yann-Noël |date=26 August 2019|title=A Salako on a banknote? |url=https://www.numizon.com/en/news/a-salako-on-a-banknote/ |website=Numizon |access-date=8 March 2020}}

Cultural significance

The salakot is a common symbol for Filipino identity, often worn by the National personification Juan dela Cruz along with a barong tagalog. The kattukung made from bottle gourd is also commonly associated with the 18th-century Ilocano revolutionary leader Diego Silang.

In 2012, Teofilo Garcia of Abra in Luzon, expert artisan of a special kind of salakot made of bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) was awarded by the National Commission for Culture and the Arts with the "Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan" (National Living Treasures Award) for his dedication to the traditional craft of making gourd salakot, affirming the status of the salakot as one of the intangible cultural heritage of the Philippines under the traditional craftsmanship category.

Gallery

File:Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas Money Museum salakot display.jpg|Salakot displayed in the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas Money Museum

File:Ilocos Indians.jpg|Illustration of an Ilocano man and woman. The man is wearing a kattukong. c.1820

File:El pescador de Sacag (Félix Resurrección Hidalgo).jpg|El pescador de Sacag, a painting of a fisherman with a salakot by Félix Resurrección Hidalgo, c.1875

File:Silver-inlaid tortoiseshell salakot.jpg|Tortoiseshell salakot with inlaid silver in the Villa Escudero Museum

File:Filipino Peasant with coat & salacot Tipos del País by Justiniano Asuncion.jpg|A Filipino peasant with a salakot and traditional raincoat, by Justiniano Asuncion, c.1841

File:Salakots and women's hats (1900).jpg|Various types of salakot from the Philippines, c.1900. The inner headband is visible on the middle right salakot.

File:Three Moro women in Jolo, Sulu.jpg|Three Sama-Bajau women from Jolo, Sulu wearing saruk, c.1900

File:Parangal Dance Co. performing Jota Manileña at 14th AF-AFC 03.JPG|Dancers performing Jota Manileña, the man is wearing a barong tagalog with a salakot

File:Cuadrillero by José Honorato Lozano.jpg|Cuadrillero by José Honorato Lozano, depicting a 'cuadrillero' or village police (local deputies or constables) in a salakot with a horsehair plume, c.1847

File:Gabriela Silang 1974 stamp of the Philippines.jpg|Revolutionary leader Gabriela Silang shown wearing a salakot in a 1974 postage stamp

File:La Yndia del Campo tiendera by Justiniano Asuncion.jpg|La Yndia del Campo Tiendera by Justiniano Asuncion

File:Filipina Salakot farmer.jpg|Salakot worn by a woman harvesting rice