sansei

File:Japanese Immigrants disembarkment in Brazil 1937.jpg

Although the earliest organized group of Japanese emigrants settled in Mexico in 1897,Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA), [http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/latin/mexico/index.html Japan-Mexico Relations]; retrieved 2011-05-17 the four largest populations of Japanese and their descendants are in Brazil, the United States, Canada, and Peru.

{{main|Japanese Brazilians}}

Brazil is home to the largest Japanese population outside of Japan, with an estimate of more than 1.5 million people (including those of mixed-race or mixed-ethnicity),MOFA, [http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/latin/brazil/index.html "Japan-Brazil Relations"]; retrieved 2011-05-17 more than that of the 1.2 million in the United States.US Census, [http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/IPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR&-reg=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201:041;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR:041;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T:041;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR:041&-ds_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_&-_lang=en "Selected Population Profile in the United States; Japanese alone or in any combination," 2005] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20200212035921/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/IPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR&-reg=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201:041;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR:041;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T:041;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR:041&-ds_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_&-_lang=en |date=2020-02-12 }}; retrieved 2011-05-17 The Sansei Japanese of Brazil are an important ethnic minority in the South American nation.Simons, Marlise. [https://www.nytimes.com/1988/05/08/world/japanese-gone-brazilian-unhurried-workaholics.html "Japanese Gone Brazilian: Unhurried Workaholics,"] New York Times. May 8, 1988; retrieved 2011-05-17

{{main|Japanese Americans}}

Most American Sansei were born during the Baby Boom after the end of World War II; older Sansei, who were living in the western United States during the war, were forcibly incarcerated with their parents (Nisei) and grandparents (Issei) after Executive Order 9066 was promulgated to exclude everyone of Japanese descent from the West Coast and from Southern Arizona. The Sansei were forceful activists in the redress movement of the 1980s, which resulted in an official apology to the internees.Sowell, Thomas. (1981). [https://books.google.com/books?id=m60q57zoReUC&dq=sansei&pg=PA176 Ethnic America: A History, p. 176.] In some senses, the Sansei seem to feel they are caught in a dilemma between their "quiet" Nisei parents and their other identity model of "verbal" and outspoken Americans.Miyoshi, Nobu. (1978). [http://www.momomedia.com/CLPEF/sansei/identity.htm "Identity Crisis of the Sansei and the Concentration Camp,"] Sansei Legacy Project (NIMH Grant No. 1 R13 MH25655-01); retrieved 2011-05-17

In the United States, an iconic Sansei is General Eric Shinseki (born November 28, 1942, 34th Chief of Staff of the United States Army (1999–2003) and former United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs. He is the first Asian American in U.S. history to be a four-star general, and the first to lead one of the four U.S. military services.Zweigenhaft, Richard L. et al. (2006). {{Google books|0V0gO8tArK8C|Diversity in the Power Elite: How it Happened, why it Matters, pp. 191-192|page=191}}; US Army, Center of Military History, [https://web.archive.org/web/20080109055503/http://www.history.army.mil/books/cg%26csa/Shinseki.htm Eric Ken Shinksei]; retrieved 2011-05-17

{{main|Japanese Canadians}}

Within Japanese-Canadian communities across Canada, three distinct subgroups developed, each with different sociocultural referents, generational identities, and wartime experiences.McLellan, Janet. (1999). {{Google books|NMm024458s4C|Many Petals of the Lotus: Five Asian Buddhist Communities in Toronto, p. 36|page=36}}; Ikawa, Fumiko. [https://www.jstor.org/pss/667278 "Reviews: Umi o Watatta Nippon no Mura by Masao Gamo and "Steveston Monogatari: Sekai no Naka no Nipponjin" by Kazuko Tsurumi], American Anthropologist (US). New Series, Vol. 65, No. 1 (Feb., 1963), pp. 152-156; retrieved 2011-05-17

{{main|Japanese Peruvians}}

Among the approximately 80,000 Peruvians of Japanese descent, the Sansei Japanese Peruvians comprise the largest number. Former Peruvian President Alberto Fujimori, who was in office from 28 July 1990 until 22 November 2000, was the nisei son of Issei emigrants from Kumamoto City, Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan.

Japanese-Americans and Japanese-Canadians have special names for each of their generations in North America. These are formed by combining one of the Japanese numbers corresponding to the generation with the Japanese word for generation (sei 世). The Japanese-American and Japanese-Canadian communities have themselves distinguished their members with terms like Issei, Nisei and Sansei which describe the first, second and third generation of immigrants. The fourth generation is called Yonsei (四世) and the fifth is called Gosei (五世). The Issei, Nisei and Sansei generations reflect distinctly different attitudes to authority, gender, non-Japanese involvement, religious belief and practice and other matters.McLellan, {{Google books|NMm024458s4C|p. 59.|page=59}} The age when individuals faced the wartime evacuation and internment is the single, most significant factor which explains these variations in their experiences, attitudes and behaviour patterns.

The term Nikkei (日系) encompasses all of the world's Japanese immigrants across generations.Japanese American National Museum, [http://www.discovernikkei.org/en/what/ "What is Nikkei?"] retrieved 2011-05-17 The collective memory of the Issei and older Nisei was an image of Meiji Japan from 1870 through 1911, which contrasted sharply with the Japan that newer immigrants had more recently left. These differing attitudes, social values and associations with Japan were often incompatible with each other.McLellan, {{Google books|NMm024458s4C|p. 37.|page=37}} In this context, the significant differences in post-war experiences and opportunities did nothing to mitigate the gaps which separated generational perspectives.

In North America since the redress victory in 1988, a significant evolutionary change has occurred. The Sansei, their parents, their grandparents, and their children are changing the way they look at themselves and their pattern of accommodation to the non-Japanese majority.McLellan, {{Google books|NMm024458s4C|p. 68.|page=68}}

There are currently just over one hundred thousand British Japanese, mostly in London; but unlike other Nikkei communities elsewhere in the world, these Britons do not conventionally parse their communities in generational terms as Issei, Nisei or Sansei.Itoh, Keiko. (2001). {{Google books|VBijCPLvWyUC|The Japanese Community in Pre-War Britain: From Integration to Disintegration, p. 7.|page=7}}See also “Japan is Not Invited to Lord Mountbatten’s Funeral,” New York Times (September 5, 1979).

The third generation of immigrants, born in the United States or Canada to parents born in the United States or Canada, is called Sansei (三世). Children born to the Nisei were generally born after 1945. They speak English as their first language and are completely acculturized in the contexts of Canadian or American society. They tend to identify with Canadian or American values, norms and expectations. Few speak Japanese and most tend to express their identity as Canadian or American rather than Japanese. Among the Sansei there is an overwhelming percentage of marriages to persons of non-Japanese ancestry.

The kanreki (還暦), a traditional, pre-modern Japanese rite of passage to old age at 60, was sometimes celebrated by the Issei and is now being celebrated by increasing numbers of Nisei and a few Sansei. Rituals are enactments of shared meanings, norms, and values and this Japanese rite of passage highlights a collective response among the Nisei to the conventional dilemmas of growing older.Doi, Mary L. [https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00056753 "A Transformation of Ritual: The Nisei 60th Birthday."] Journal Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology. Vol. 6, No. 2 (April, 1991); retrieved 2011-05-17

{{main|Japanese diaspora|Japanese American history}}

{{main|Internment of Japanese Americans|Japanese American redress and court cases|Internment of Japanese Canadians}}

Some responded to internment with lawsuits and political action; and for others, poetry became an unplanned consequence:

{{poemquote|With new hope.

We build new lives.

Why complain when it rains?

This is what it means to be free.

: Lawson Fusao Inada, Japanese American Historical Plaza, Portland, Oregon.PBS: [https://www.pbs.org/newshour/indepth_coverage/entertainment/poetry/profiles/poet_inada.html "Oregon Laureate Reflects on Japanese Internment,"] NewsHour. October 3, 2008; retrieved 2011-05-17}}

{{main|Japanese American life before World War II|Japanese American life after World War II}}

{{See also|Anti-Japanese sentiment in the United States}}

The sansei became known as the "activist generation"US Congresswoman Nancy Pelosi website: [http://pelosi.house.gov/news/press-releases/2006/09/releases-Sept06-Japantown.shtml "Japantown Represents More than 100 Years of a Unique Immigrant Experience,"] inserted into the Congressional Record to commemorate the 100th anniversary of San Francisco's Japantown. September 19, 2006; excerpt, "... the emergence of the activist third generation — the Sansei — who are now "baby boomers" and the parents and grandparents of the fourth and fifth generations — the Yonsei and Gosei"; retrieved 2011-05-17 because of their large hand in the redress movement and individuals that have become a part of the American mainstream political landscape.

{{see also|List of Japanese Americans}}

The numbers of sansei who have earned some degree of public recognition has continued to increase over time; but the quiet lives of those whose names are known only to family and friends are no less important in understanding the broader narrative of the Nikkei. Although the names highlighted here are over-represented by sansei from North America, the Latin American member countries of the Pan American Nikkei Association (PANA) include Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, in addition to the English-speaking United States and Canada.National Association of Japanese Canadians: [http://www.najc.ca/thenandnow/relations_pana.php Pan American Nikkei Association] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090218195725/http://www.najc.ca/thenandnow/relations_pana.php |date=2009-02-18 }} (PANA); retrieved 2011-05-17

{{dynamic list}}

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• Francis FukuyamaDiscover Nikkei: [https://archive.today/20120731082159/http://www.discovernikkei.org/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama Francis Fukuyama bio]; retrieved 2011-05-17
• Robert S. HamadaZweigenhaft, {{Google books|0V0gO8tArK8C|p. 182.|page=182}}
• Ryan Higa
• Kyle Higashioka
• Mike HondaDiscoverNikkei: [http://www.discovernikkei.org/wiki/Mike_Honda Mike Honda bio] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203213647/http://www.discovernikkei.org/wiki/Mike_Honda |date=2008-12-03 }}; retrieved 2011-05-17
• Kaisei Ichiro
• Lawson Fusao Inada
• Soji Kashiwagi
• Janice Kawaye
• Kyle Larson
• Doris Matsui
• Robert MatsuiDiscoverNikkei: [https://archive.today/20120730015445/http://www.discovernikkei.org/wiki/Robert_T._Matsui Robert Matsui bio]; retrieved 2011-05-17
• Dale MinamiMinami, Dale. (2005). [http://www.law.washington.edu/News/Articles/Default.aspx?YR=2005&ID=Commencement2005 University of Washington Law School, Commencement Address]; retrieved 2011-05-17
• Patsy MinkDiscoverNikkei: [https://archive.today/20120803115026/http://www.discovernikkei.org/wiki/Patsy_Takemoto_Mink Mink bio]; Nomura, {{Google books|d9lhBw8t410C|pp. 288-290.|page=288}}; retrieved 2011-05-17
• Kent NaganoZia, Helen et al. (1995). "Kent Nagano" in [https://books.google.com/books?id=dZsYAAAAIAAJ&q=kent+nagano Notable Asian Americans, p. 273.]
• Suzy Nakamura
• Desmond Nakano
• Lane NishikawaKim, Esther. (2006). {{Google books|Rj2W7MrqgRUC|A History of Asian American Theatre, p. 162.|page=162}}
• Linda Nishio
• Bev Oda

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• Sophie Oda
• Steven OkazakiWillingham, Mandy. [http://japanfocus.org/-Mandy-Willingham/1751 "A-bomb Legacy Fading: Steven Okazaki films hibakusha stories for future generations,"] Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus (US). April 16, 2006, citing Japan Times, April 15, 2006; Kamiya, Gary. [https://books.google.com/books?id=AecDAAAAMBAJ&dq=Steven+Okazaki+sansei&pg=PA62 "With a Japanese Heart,"] Mother Jones Magazine (US). Sept-Oct 1990, p. 62; retrieved 2011-05-17
• Yuji Okumoto
• Ellison OnizukaMurase, Kenji. [http://www.nikkeiheritage.org/nh/nhvxin4.html "Ellison Onizuka: the First Nikkei Astronaut,"] Nikkei Heritage (US). Vol. XI, No. 4, Fall 1999; retrieved 2011-05-17
• Pete RouseFranke-Ruta, Garance. [http://www.whorunsgov.com/politerati/uncategorized/rouse-hailed-as-first-asian-american-chief-of-staff/ "Rouse hailed as first Asian American chief of staff,"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101003212031/http://www.whorunsgov.com/politerati/uncategorized/rouse-hailed-as-first-asian-american-chief-of-staff/ |date=2010-10-03 }} Washington Post (US). OCtober 1, 2010; retrieved 2011-05-17
• Lenn SakataNakagawa, Kerry Yo. [https://archive.org/details/throughdiamond1000naka "Through a Diamond: 100 years of Japanese American Baseball,'' p. 123.]
• Roger Shimomura
• Mike Shinoda{{cite book |title=On Gratitude: Sheryl Crow, Jeff Bridges, Alicia Keys, Daryl Hall, Ray Bradbury, Anna Kendrick, B.B. King, Elmore Leonard, Deepak Chopra, and 42 More Celebrities Share What They're Most Thankful For |first=Todd Aaron |last=Jensen |publisher=F+W Media, Inc. |year=2010 |isbn= 9781440508929|page=224 |access-date=October 26, 2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PkRKuy5gYrkC&dq=Mike+Shinoda+third+generation+Japanese&pg=PT224}}{{cite web|author=Marcello|url=http://japancinema.net/2012/02/01/creative-spotlight-episode-93-mike-shinoda/|title=Creative Spotlight: Episode #93 – Mike Shinoda Interview|date=February 1, 2012|publisher=japancinema.net|access-date=October 27, 2012}}
• Eric ShinsekiObata, Hiroshi. [http://www.hiroshimapeacemedia.jp/mediacenter/article.php?story=20090130144958922_ja 　両祖父母は広島出身] ("Shinseki: both grandparents are from Hiroshima"). Hiroshima Peace Media (Japan). January 30, 2009; retrieved 2011-05-17
• David Suzuki
• Ronald Takaki{{cite web|title=In Depth with Ronald Takaki|url=http://www.c-span.org/video/?284353-1/depth-ronald-takaki|publisher=C-SPAN|access-date=19 April 2015|date=28 February 2009}}
• Mark TakanoGoad, Ben. [http://www.pe.com/local-news/politics/ben-goad-headlines/20121106-congress-district-41-takano-beats-tavaglione-in-nationally-watched-race.ece "Congress District 41: Takano beats Tavaglione in nationally watched race,"] Press-Enterprise(Riverside, California). November 6, 2012; retrieved 2012-12-2.
• Dan TaniSeigel, Shizue. [http://www.nikkeiheritage.org/nh/nhvxin4.html "Dan Tani: NASA’s Newest Japanese American Astronaut,"] Nikkei Heritage (US). Vol. XI, No. 4, Fall 1999; retrieved 2011-05-17
• Chris Tashima
• David Tsubouchi
• Gedde Watanabe
• Kristi Yamaguchi
• Jan Yanehiro

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{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|

• Asian American
• Asian Canadian
• Hyphenated American
• Japanese American Citizens League
• Japanese American National Library
• Japanese American Internment Museum
• Japanese American National Museum
• Japanese Canadian
• Japanese Brazilian
• Japanese community in the United Kingdom
• Japanese people
• List of Japanese Americans
• Model minority
• Nisei Baseball Research Project
• Pacific Movement of the Eastern World
• Japanese American internment
• Gila River War Relocation Center
• Granada War Relocation Center
• Heart Mountain War Relocation Center
• Jerome War Relocation Center
• Manzanar National Historic Site
• Minidoka National Historic Site
• Poston War Relocation Center
• Rohwer War Relocation Center
• Topaz War Relocation Center
• Tule Lake War Relocation Center
• 100th Infantry Battalion (United States)
• 442nd Infantry Regiment (United States)
• Go For Broke Monument

}}

{{Reflist}}

• Harth, Erica. (2003). Last Witnesses: Reflections on the Wartime Internment of Japanese Americans. New York: Macmillan. {{ISBN|9780312221997}}; [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/46364694 OCLC 46364694]
• Hosokowa, Fumiko. (1978). The Sansei: Social Interaction and Ethnic Identification Among the Third Generation Japanese. San Francisco: R & E Research Associates. {{ISBN|9780882474908}}; [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4057372 OCLC 4057372]
• Itoh, Keiko. (2001). The Japanese Community in Pre-War Britain: From Integration to Disintegration. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon. {{ISBN|9780700714872}}; [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48937604 OCLC 48937604]
• Leslie, Gerald R. and Sheila K. Korman. (1967). The Family in Social Context. New York: Oxford University Press. [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/530549 OCLC 530549]
• Makabe, Tomoko. (1998). The Canadian Sansei. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. {{ISBN|9780802041791}}; {{ISBN|9780802080387}}; [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39523777 OCLC 39523777]
• McLellan, Janet. (1999). Many Petals of the Lotus: Five Asian Buddhist Communities in Toronto. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. {{ISBN|9780802044211}}; {{ISBN|9780802082251}}; [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/43521129 OCLC 43521129]
• Nomura, Gail M. (1998). [http://www.credoreference.com/entry/rcuswh/japanese_american_women "Japanese American Women,"] in The Reader's Companion to U.S. Women's History (Mankiller, Barbara Smith, ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. {{ISBN|9780618001828}}; [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/43338598 OCLC 43338598]
• Sowell, Thomas. (1981). Ethnic America: A History. New York: Basic Books. {{ISBN|9780465020744}}; [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7306301 OCLC 7306301]
• Takahashi, Jere. (1997). Nisei Sansei: Shifting Japanese American Identities and Politics. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. {{ISBN|9781566395502}}; [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/37180842 OCLC 37180842]
• Tamura, Eileen and Roger Daniels. (1994). Americanization, Acculturation, and Ethnic Identity: The Nisei Generation in Hawaii. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. {{ISBN|9780252020315}}; {{ISBN|9780252063589}}; [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/27383373 OCLC 27383373]
• Zweigenhaft, Richard L. and G. William Domhoff. (2006). Diversity in the Power Elite: How it Happened, Why it Matters. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. {{ISBN|9780742536982}}; {{ISBN|9780742536999}}; [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62281556 OCLC 62281556]

• Gehrie, Mark Joshua. (1973). Sansei: An Ethnography of Experience (Ph.D. thesis, Anthropology). Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University. [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/71849646 OCLC 71849646]
• Kaihara, Rodney and Patricia Morgan. (1973). Sansei Experience. San Fullerton, Calif. : Oral History Program, California State University, Fullerton. [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23459152 OCLC 23352676]
• Oana, Leilani Kyoko. (1984). Ethnocultural Identification in Sansei (Third Generation Japanese American) Females: An Evaluation of Alternative Measures (M.A. thesis). Washington, D.C.: George Washington University. [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8702688 OCLC 12726534]
• Okamura, Randall F. (1978). The Contemporary Sansei (M.A. thesis, Community Development and Public Service). San Francisco: Lone Mountain College. [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/13182634 OCLC 13182634]
• Tanaka, Shaun Naomi. (2003). Ethnic Identity in the Absence of Propinquity Sansei and the Transformation of the Japanese-Canadian Community (M.A. thesis). Kingston, Ontario: Queen's University Press. [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/60673221 OCLC 60673221]

• [http://www.janm.org Japanese American National Museum]; [https://web.archive.org/web/20101224165059/http://blogs.laweekly.com/squidink/2010/12/janm_chado_intro_5_new_generational_teas.php JANM generational teas]
• [http://www.us.emb-japan.go.jp/english/html/index.htm Embassy of Japan] in Washington, DC
• [http://www.jacl.org Japanese American Citizens League]

{{Asian Americans}}

{{Japanese diaspora}}

Category:Japanese words and phrases

Category:Japanese diaspora

Category:Japanese-American history

Category:Cultural generations

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