sauria

Sauria was historically used as a partial equivalent for Squamata (which contains lizards and snakes).{{Citation |last=Queiroz |first=Kevin de |title=Squamata M. Oppel 1811 [K. de Queiroz and J. A. Gauthier], converted clade name |date=2020-04-30 |work=Phylonyms |pages=1093–1102 |editor-last=de Queiroz |editor-first=Kevin |url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/107192/Kevin%20de%20Queiroz%20-%202020deQueiroz%26GauthierSquamataPhylonyms.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |access-date=2024-10-04 |edition=1 |place=Boca Raton : CRC Press, [2019] |publisher=CRC Press |language=en |doi=10.1201/9780429446276-258 |isbn=978-0-429-44627-6 |last2=Cantino |first2=Philip D. |last3=Gauthier |first3=Jacques A. |editor2-last=Cantino |editor2-first=Philip |editor3-last=Gauthier |editor3-first=Jacques}} The redefinition to cover the last common ancestor of archosaurs and lepidosaurs was the result of papers by Jacques A. Gauthier and colleagues in the 1980s.{{Citation |last=Queiroz |first=Kevin de |title=Sauria J. Macartney 1802 [J. A. Gauthier and K. de Queiroz], converted clade name |date=2020-04-30 |work=Phylonyms |pages=1065–1074 |editor-last=de Queiroz |editor-first=Kevin |url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/107188/Kevin%20de%20Queiroz%20-%202020Gauthier%26deQueirozSauriaPhylonyms.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |access-date=2024-10-04 |edition=1 |place=Boca Raton : CRC Press, [2019] |publisher=CRC Press |language=en |doi=10.1201/9780429446276-254 |isbn=978-0-429-44627-6 |last2=Cantino |first2=Philip D. |last3=Gauthier |first3=Jacques A. |editor2-last=Cantino |editor2-first=Philip |editor3-last=Gauthier |editor3-first=Jacques}}

Genomic studies{{cite journal|last1=Wang|title=The draft genomes of soft-shell turtle and green sea turtle yield insights into the development and evolution of the turtle-specific body plan|journal=Nature Genetics|date=27 March 2013|volume=45|issue=701–706|pages=701–6|doi=10.1038/ng.2615|first1=Zhuo|pmid=23624526|pmc=4000948}}Crawford, Nicholas G., et al. "More than 1000 ultraconserved elements provide evidence that turtles are the sister group of archosaurs." Biology letters 8.5 (2012): 783–786.{{cite journal | last1 = Jarvis | first1 = E.D. | display-authors = etal | year = 2014 | title = Whole-genome analyses resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds | journal = Science | volume = 346 | issue = 6215| pages = 1320–1331 | doi=10.1126/science.1253451 | pmid=25504713 | pmc=4405904| bibcode = 2014Sci...346.1320J }} and comprehensive studies in the fossil record{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1111/jeb.12268| title = Turtle origins: Insights from phylogenetic retrofitting and molecular scaffolds| journal = Journal of Evolutionary Biology| volume = 26| issue = 12| pages = 2729–2738| year = 2013| last1 = Lee | first1 = M. S. Y.| pmid=24256520| s2cid = 2106400| doi-access = free}} suggest that turtles are closely related to archosaurs as part of Sauria, and not to the non-saurian parareptiles as previously thought. In a 2018 cladistic analysis, Pantestudines (turtles and close relatives) were placed within Diapsida but outside of Sauria.

The synapomorphies or characters that unite the clade Sauria also help them be distinguished from stem-saurians in Diapsida or stem-reptiles in clade Sauropsida in the following categories based on the following regions of the body.Pough, F. H., Janis, C. M., & Heiser, J. B. (2005). Vertebrate life. Pearson/Prentice Hall.Laurin, Michel and Jacques A. Gauthier. 2011. Diapsida. Lizards, Sphenodon, crocodylians, birds, and their extinct relatives. Version 20 April 2011. http://tolweb.org/Diapsida/14866/2011.04.20 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/Laurin, Michel and Jacques A. Gauthier. 2011. Autapomorphies of Diapsid Clades. Version 20 April 2011. http://tolweb.org/accessory/Autapomorphies_of_Diapsid_Clades?acc_id=465 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/

• Cephalad Region
• Dorsal origin of temporal musculature
• Loss of caniniform region in maxillary tooth row
• External nares close to the midline
• Postparietal absent
• Squamosal mainly restricted to top of skull
• The occipital flange of the squamosal is little exposed on the occiput
• Anterior process of squamosal narrow
• Quadrate exposed laterally
• Unossified dorsal process of stapes
• Stapes slender
• Trunk Region
• Sacral ribs oriented laterally
• Ontogenetic fusion of caudal ribs
• Trunk ribs mostly single headed
• Pectoral Region
• Cleithrum absent
• Pelvic Region
• Modified ilium
• Limb Region
• Tubular bone lost
• Entepicondylar foramen absent
• Radius as long as ulna
• Small proximal carpals and tarsal
• Fifth distal tarsal absent
• Short and stout fifth or hooked metatarsal
• Perforating foramen of manus lost

However, some of these characters might be lost or modified in several lineages, particularly among birds and turtles; it is best to see these characters as the ancestral features that were present in the ancestral saurian.

The cladogram shown below follows the most likely result found by an analysis of turtle relationships using both fossil and genetic evidence by M.S. Lee, in 2013. This study found Eunotosaurus, usually regarded as a turtle relative, to be only very distantly related to turtles in the clade Parareptilia.

{{clade| style=font-size:100%;line-height:100%

|1={{clade

|label1=Diapsida

|1={{clade

|1={{extinct}}Araeoscelidia 70px

|label2=Neodiapsida

|2={{clade

|1={{extinct}}Claudiosaurus 80px

|2={{clade

|1={{extinct}}Younginiformes 50px

|label2=Sauria

|2={{clade

|1=Lepidosauromorpha80px

|label2=Archelosauria

|2={{clade

|label1=Pantestudines

|1={{clade

|1={{extinct}}Eosauropterygia80px

|2={{clade

|1={{extinct}}Placodontia80px

|2={{clade

|1={{extinct}}Sinosaurosphargis

|2={{clade

|1={{extinct}}Odontochelys

|label2=Testudinata

|2={{clade

|1={{extinct}}Proganochelys

|2=Testudines70px

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

|label2=Archosauromorpha

|2={{clade

|1={{extinct}}Choristodera80px

|2={{clade

|1={{extinct}}Prolacertiformes 50px

|2={{clade

|1={{clade

|1={{extinct}}Rhynchosauria80px

|2={{extinct}}Trilophosaurus80px

}}

|2=Archosauriformes80px }} }} }}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

The cladogram below follows the most likely result found by another analysis of turtle relationships, this one using only fossil evidence, published by Rainer Schoch and Hans-Dieter Sues in 2015. This study found Eunotosaurus to be an actual early stem-turtle, though other versions of the analysis found weak support for it as a parareptile.{{Cite journal | last1 = Schoch | first1 = Rainer R. | last2 = Sues | first2 = Hans-Dieter | title = A Middle Triassic stem-turtle and the evolution of the turtle body plan | journal = Nature | volume = 523| issue = 7562| pages = 584–587| doi = 10.1038/nature14472 | date = 24 June 2015 | pmid=26106865| bibcode = 2015Natur.523..584S | s2cid = 205243837 }}

{{clade| style=font-size:100%;line-height:100%

|label1=Sauria

|1={{clade

|label1=Ankylopoda

|1={{clade

|1={{clade

|label1=Lepidosauromorpha

|1={{clade

|1={{extinct}}Kuehneosauridae80px

|label2=Lepidosauria

|2={{clade

|1=Rhynchocephalia80px

|2=Squamata80px

}}

}}

|label2=Pantestudines

|2={{clade

|label1={{extinct}}Sauropterygia

|1={{clade

|1={{extinct}}Eosauropterygia80px

|2={{clade

|1={{extinct}}Placodontia80px

|2={{extinct}}Sinosaurosphargis

}}

}}

|2={{clade

|1={{extinct}}Eunotosaurus

|2={{clade

|1={{extinct}}Pappochelys80px

|2={{clade

|1={{extinct}}Odontochelys

|label2=Testudinata

|2={{clade

|1={{extinct}}Proganochelys

|2=Testudines70px

}} }} }} }} }} }} }}

|2=Archosauromorpha80px40 px

}} }}

The cladogram below follows the analysis of Li et al. (2018). It places turtles within Diapsida but outside of Sauria (the Lepidosauromorpha + Archosauromorpha clade).

{{clade| style=font-size:100%;line-height:100%

|1={{extinct}}Parareptilia80px

|label2=Eureptilia

|2={{clade

|1={{extinct}}Captorhinidae80px

|2={{clade

|1={{extinct}}Paleothyris80px

|label2=Diapsida

|2={{clade

|1={{extinct}}Araeoscelidia80px

|2={{clade

|1={{extinct}}Hovasaurus80px

|2={{clade

|1={{extinct}}Youngina

|label2=crown-group

|2={{clade

|label1=Pantestudines

|1={{clade

|1={{clade

|1={{extinct}}Acerosodontosaurus

|2={{extinct}}Claudiosaurus }}

|2={{clade

|1={{extinct}}Eunotosaurus

|2={{clade

|1={{extinct}}Pappochelys80px

|2={{clade

|1={{extinct}}Eorhynchochelys80px

|2={{clade

|1={{extinct}}Odontochelys

|2=Testudinata70px }} }} }} }} }}

|label2=Sauria

|2={{clade

|label1=Lepidosauromorpha

|1={{clade

|1={{clade

|1={{extinct}}Kuehneosauridae80px

|2={{clade

|1={{extinct}}Saurosphargidae

|2={{clade

|1={{extinct}}Eosauropterygia80px

|2={{extinct}}Placodus80px }}

}} }}

|label2=Lepidosauria

|2={{clade

|1=Rhynchocephalia80px

|2=Squamata80px }}

}}

|label2=Archosauromorpha

|2={{clade

|1={{clade

|1={{extinct}}Rhynchosauria80px

|2={{extinct}}Trilophosaurus80px

}}

|2={{clade

|1={{extinct}}Prolacerta80px

|2=Archosauriformes80px40 px

}}

}}

}} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}The following cladogram was found by Simões et al. (2022):{{Cite journal |last1=Simões |first1=Tiago R. |last2=Kammerer |first2=Christian F. |last3=Caldwell |first3=Michael W. |last4=Pierce |first4=Stephanie E. |date=2022-08-19 |title=Successive climate crises in the deep past drove the early evolution and radiation of reptiles |journal=Science Advances |language=en |volume=8 |issue=33 |pages=eabq1898 |bibcode=2022SciA....8.1898S |doi=10.1126/sciadv.abq1898 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=9390993 |pmid=35984885}}{{clade|{{clade

|1={{extinct}}Procolophonomorpha80px

|label2=Neodiapsida

|2={{clade

|1={{extinct}}Younginiformes80px

|2={{clade

|1={{extinct}}Eunotosaurus

|2={{clade

|1={{extinct}}Weigeltisauridae80px

|label2=Sauria

|2={{clade

|label1=Lepidosauromorpha

|1={{clade

|1=Rhynchocephalia (tuatara and their extinct relatives)80px

|2=Squamata (lizards and snakes)80px}}

|label2=Archelosauria

|2={{clade

|1=Pantestudines (turtles and extinct relatives)50px

|label2=Archosauromorpha

|2={{clade

|1={{clade

|1={{extinct}}Ichthyosauromorpha80px

|2={{clade

|1={{extinct}}Sauropterygia 80px

|2={{extinct}}Thalattosauria 80px

}}

}}

|2={{clade

|label1={{extinct}}Protorosauria

|1={{clade

|1={{extinct}}Protorosaurus80px

|2={{clade

|1={{extinct}}Tanystropheidae80px

|2={{clade

|1={{extinct}}Drepanosauromorpha80px

|2={{extinct}}Kuehneosauridae80px

}}

}}

}}

|2={{clade

|1={{clade

|1={{extinct}}Allokotosauria80px

|2={{extinct}}Rhynchosauria80px

}}

|2=Archosauriformes (crocodiles, birds, and their extinct relatives) 80px

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}|style=font-size:100%;line-height:80%|label1=Neoreptilia}}

{{Reflist}}

• {{Commons category-inline|Sauria}}
• {{Wikispecies-inline|Sauria}}

{{Chordata}}

{{Eureptilia|S.|state=autocollapse}}

{{Portal bar|Reptiles|Paleontology}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q2254408}}

Category:Reptile taxonomy

Category:Tetrapod unranked clades

Category:Permian reptiles

Category:Extant Permian first appearances

Category:Guadalupian first appearances

Category:Taxa described in 1802