self-checkout

File:Self-service checkout in Tesco in Poland.jpg store in Poland; a barcode scanner is in the glass below the display screen; a handheld scanner to the left; below this is a flat metal plate on which produce may be weighed; a bank card PIN pad is to the right of the display screen; and to the right is the bagging area]]

In self-checkout systems, the customer is typically required to:

• Scan product barcodes where these exist.
• Weigh products (such as fresh produce) without barcodes and select the variety on a touchscreen display.
• Place all scanned items into a "bagging area". The weight observed in the bagging area is verified against previously stored information to ensure that the correct item is bagged, allowing the customer to proceed only if the observed and expected weights match.
• Make payment using a PIN pad or a cash slot.

There is normally at least one supervising staff member who will assist customers when required, authorise the sale of age-restricted products such as medicines, alcohol, knives and tobacco, remove or de-sensitize electronic article surveillance devices, and provide additional loss prevention and customer service.{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/a-new-way-to-shop-151-check-it-out-for-yourself/2008/04/21/1208742852723.html?page=fullpage|title=A new way to shop — check it out for yourself|access-date=2 September 2008|first=Daniella|last=Miletic|date=22 April 2008|work=The Age|location=Melbourne}} In 2024, German supermarket chain Lidl started trials using a check weigher at some self-checkout terminals.{{Cite web |last=Weber |first=Björn |date=2024-02-15 |title=Lidl pushes ahead on self-checkout with 4POS, Itab and GK |url=https://retail-optimiser.de/en/lidl-pushes-ahead-on-self-checkout-with-4pos-itab-and-gk/ |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=Retail Optimiser |language=en-US}}

File:Giant Food Scan It.jpg store]]

An alternative system (self-scanning) consists of a portable barcode scanner that is used by the customer to scan and bag items while shopping.{{cite web|last1=Zimmerman|first1=Ann|title=Check Out the Future of Shopping|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703421204576329253050637400|website=Wall Street Journal|access-date=7 December 2016|date=18 May 2011}} When the customer has finished shopping, the scanner is brought to a checkout kiosk, where the information from the barcode scanner is downloaded to the kiosk, usually in conjunction with a customer loyalty card. The customer pays and receives a receipt at the checkout kiosk. The integrity of the system is maintained through the use of random audits or RFID. Stop & Shop uses handheld scanners or mobile phone apps for its "ScanIt!" as-you-go system for customers who want to use it.{{cite web |url=https://www.wikihow.com/Use-the-Scan-It%21-Device-at-Stop-%26-Shop |title=How to Use the Scan It! Device at Stop & Shop |date=August 4, 2021 |website=wikihow.com}}

The Walmart-owned warehouse club, Sam's Club, allows customers to download an app and scan items into their cart using a mobile application.{{cite news|last1=Sozzi|first1=Brian|title=Walmart's sam's club scan-and-go app may make cash registers obsolete|url=https://www.thestreet.com/story/13749217/1/walmart-s-sam-s-club-unveils-scan-and-go-to-make-cash-register-obsolete.html|access-date=7 December 2016|work=TheStreet|date=22 September 2016}} In summer 2018, Walmart China launched its Wechat-based "Scan and Go" program, allowing customers to scan items into their carts without downloading another mobile app, while paying through Wechat Payment or Alipay. The "Scan and Go" program carried 30% of all payments made in Chinese stores, and even improved sales in certain markets by 10%.{{Cite web|url=http://www.oeeee.com/mp/a/BAAFRD00002018062186281.html|title=南方都市报：边逛边扫移动支付，沃尔玛推进门店升级，记者带你体验"扫码购"|website=oeeee.com|access-date=2018-09-23}}

In December 2016, Amazon announced a brick-and-mortar store in Seattle under the name Amazon Go, which uses a variety of cameras and sensors in order to see what customers are putting into their shopping bags.{{cite news|last1=Stevens|first1=Laura|last2=Safdar|first2=Khadeeja|title=Amazon Working on Several Grocery-Store Formats, Could Open More Than 2,000 Locations|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/amazon-grocery-store-concept-to-open-in-seattle-in-early-2017-1480959119|access-date=7 December 2016|work=Wall Street Journal|date=6 December 2016}} The customers scan a QR code when they enter the store through a companion app, which is linked to their Amazon.com account.{{cite news|last1=Wingfield|first1=Nick|title=Amazon Moves to Cut Checkout Line, Promoting a Grab-and-Go Experience|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/05/technology/amazon-moves-to-cut-checkout-line-promoting-a-grab-and-go-experience.html|access-date=7 December 2016|work=The New York Times|date=5 December 2016}} When the customer exits the store, the items in their bag are automatically charged to the account.{{cite web|last1=Garun|first1=Natt|title=Amazon just launched a cashier-free convenience store|url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/12/5/13842592/amazon-go-new-cashier-less-convenience-store|website=The Verge|publisher=Vox Media|access-date=7 December 2016|date=5 December 2016}}

Suppliers like ITAB, NCR, Wincor-Nixdorf, and others have manufactured hybrid checkout systems that allows the checkout counter to be switched between either a cashier operated mode or a customer self-service mode.{{cite web|last=Barwick|first=Hamish|title=Coles trials hybrid self-checkout system in Victoria|url=http://www.computerworld.com.au/article/444998/coles_trials_hybrid_self-checkout_system_victoria/|work=computerworld.com.au|date=19 December 2012|publisher=IDG Communication|access-date=3 April 2014}}{{cite web|title=Wincor Nixdorf to present 'Always Open' checkout solution at NRF Big Show|url=http://www.kioskmarketplace.com/article/205861/Wincor-Nixdorf-to-present-Always-Open-checkout-solution-at-NRF-Big-Show|work=kioskmarketplace.com|publisher=Networld Media Group|access-date=3 April 2014}}

File:Self check out machines.jpg

In 2010, the open-source-self-check project was announced. By using hardware and open source software, this library self-checkout system costs less than one-tenth of the commercial version.{{cite web|title=open-source-self-check|url=https://code.google.com/p/open-source-self-check/|work=google.com|publisher=Google Project Hosting|access-date=3 April 2014}}{{cite web|url=http://www.libraryjournal.com/lj/community/managinglibraries/853685-273/self-check_kiosk_from_scratch_iowa.html.csp|title=Self-Check Kiosk from Scratch: Iowa Librarian's Coding Skills Prove Valuable|website=libraryjournal.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511090437/http://www.libraryjournal.com/lj/community/managinglibraries/853685-273/self-check_kiosk_from_scratch_iowa.html.csp|archive-date=11 May 2011|df=dmy-all}}

A Java-based open source self-check client for libraries, which has been used at the University of Oxford,[https://web.archive.org/web/20110707041636/http://www.lib.ox.ac.uk/gaug2002/presentations/oxford-developments/rtsi.ppt Oxford Developments at GAUG 2002] Archived from the [http://www.lib.ox.ac.uk/gaug2002/presentations/oxford-developments/rtsi.ppt original] on 24 November 2012 is also available under a GPL v3 license.{{cite web|title=Ceridwen Self Issue Client|url=http://www.ceridwen.com/selfissue/client/|work=ceridwen.com|publisher=Ceridwen Limited|access-date=3 April 2014}}

Several experimental stores in China use a combination of RFID and cameras to determine which products a customer has picked. Upon leaving, the customer passes through an RFID-reading gate and only has to pay the bill to check out.{{Cite web|url=https://www.abacusnews.com/store-without-cashiers-opens-chinas-future-city/article/2144316|title=A store without cashiers opens in China's "future city"|website=Abacus|date=3 May 2018}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.altaviawatch.com/en/retail-innovations/alibabas-futuremart-high-tech-cashierless-store-china|title=Alibaba's 'Futuremart' is a High-Tech Cashierless Store in China|website=altaviawatch.com}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/business/companies/article/2130062/tencent-beats-amazon-launch-unmanned-shop-lags-other-chinese-tech|title=Tencent beats Amazon to launch unmanned shop in Shanghai|date=22 January 2018|website=South China Morning Post}}{{Cite web|url=https://qz.com/1185081/amazon-go-china-is-both-ahead-of-and-behind-amazon-in-cashier-less-stores/|title=China is both ahead of and behind Amazon in cashier-less stores|first=Josh|last=Horwitz|website=Quartz|date=22 January 2018 }}

File:Amazon Go at Madison Centre (42589251230).jpg cashierless store track customers' choices and charge customers automatically via a mobile app.]]

Cashierless stores use cameras throughout the entire store. Customers either pay the bill on the way out, or register a smartphone on the way in so they can just walk out with their selected items.{{cn|date=November 2023}}

As of April 2022, camera-based self-checkout machines are in use at some baseball stadiums in the United States. Systems manufactured by Caper Counters (acquired by Instacart) allow customers to put items in a designated area but not align them to expose the barcode.{{cite news |title=No cash, no cashier: AI-powered checkout debuts at Fenway Park |first=Diti |last=Kohli |date=20 April 2022 |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2022/04/20/business/no-cash-no-cashier-ai-powered-checkout-debuts-fenway-park/ |work=Boston Globe}}

One benefit to the retailer in providing self-checkout machines is in reduced labour costs: one attendant can often run four to six checkout lanes with the work of the cashier now being assumed by the customer. The size of a self-checkout machine is also smaller than a traditional checkout operated by a cashier; thus, a store can save space, which could be used for more shelves, display cabinets, or additional checkouts.{{cite book|first1=Manfred|last1=Krafft|first2=Murali K.|last2=Mantrala|title=Retailing in the 21st Century: Current and Future Trends|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rM9cJVWiceYC&pg=PA189|date=17 December 2009|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-540-72003-4|page=189}}

Costco began to institute self-checkout screens for their food courts in 2021 during the COVID-19 pandemic, allowing the food court's kitchen staff to focus solely on food preparation and service. The system requires payment via debit or credit card, ending the need for customers to exchange paper money or coinage with those employees, a potential vector for disease transmission.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

Customers who do not want to interact with the cashier can use the self-checkout. Systems which allow payment through mobile payment or a digital wallet system allow the customer to purchase their items without having to touch any part of the system, outside the bagging area, though if they utilize returned reusable bags, it can be a completely touchless experience.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

Self-checkout can also sometimes be faster than using a cashier lane. This can reduce the length of checkout lines and wait times.{{Cite web|url=http://www.businessbee.com/resources/profitability/the-pros-and-cons-of-using-self-checkouts/|title=The Pros and Cons of Using Self-Checkouts|date=7 August 2013|website=BusinessBee|language=en-US|access-date=5 June 2016}} In a 2014 survey by NCR, 42% of customers said they liked the convenience of self-checkout, while 39% said it was faster than the cashier-assisted line. 90% of those surveyed responded as being users of self-checkout, with 7% of respondents saying they will always use self-checkout regardless of store lines and number of items. Respondents in Italy and Australia said they "always use self-checkout" at a rate of 13% and 9% respectively.

Another advantage is that self-checkouts can, if the necessary investment is made, provide a partly multilingual service. (It cannot be fully multilingual unless the goods themselves are labelled in all the relevant languages, which is often not the case.) For example, Tesco's Welsh stores can serve customers in both English and Welsh,{{cite web|url=http://www.thejournal.ie/tesco-looking-into-bilingual-self-service-checkouts-1378599-Mar2014/|title=Tesco is looking at introducing Irish-speaking self-service checkouts|last=Hosford|first=Paul|date=24 March 2014 |work=The Journal|access-date=28 August 2016}} whereas finding enough fluent Welsh-speakers as staff can be difficult because in some areas only a small proportion of local people have Welsh as their first language.{{cite web|url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/ourkingdom/evan-harris/home-truths-decline-of-welsh-language|title=Home Truths: the decline of the Welsh language|website=opendemocracy.net|access-date=28 August 2016}}

A 2021 report by Raydiant found that 67% of users have experienced at least one failure of a self-checkout system. 25% said they would avoid self-checkout because of prior bad experiences or slows{{clarify|date=December 2024}}. 65% worry about cleanliness.{{cite web |url=https://www.raydiant.com/blog/the-state-of-self-service-checkouts |title=The State of Self-Service Checkouts |date=February 19, 2021 |website=Raydiant}} Many customers experience frustration at self-checkout when they need assistance.{{cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/07/09/business/self-checkout-retail/index.html|title=Nobody likes self-checkout. Here's why it's everywhere|last=Meyersohn|first=Nathaniel|date=2022-07-10 |publisher=CNN|access-date=2023-04-17|quote=Self-checkout lines get clogged as the customers needed to wait for store staff to assist with problems with bar codes, coupons, payment problems and other issues that invariably arise with many transactions}}

In 2002, a study was carried out in which people with disabilities used self-checkout machines; this showed that existing checkout machines were not designed for accessibility.{{cite journal|last1=Bajaj|first1=Komal|last2=Mirka|first2=Gary A.|last3=Sommerich|first3=Carolyn M.|last4=Khachatoorian|first4=Haig|title=Evaluation of a Redesigned Self-Checkout Station for Wheelchair Users|journal=Assistive Technology|date=31 March 2006|volume=18|issue=1|pages=15–24|doi=10.1080/10400435.2006.10131903|pmid=16796238|s2cid=14568951}} As of 2022, blind people, wheelchair users and others continue to struggle with the design of typical self-service machines which prevents them from shopping independently, and the problem is increasing as self-checkout machines are increasingly being installed. Although there are self-checkouts that have been designed for vision impaired and wheelchair users, they are not common, and disabled advocates are pushing for equal access. The US is considering regulations for accessibility of self-checkouts.{{cite web |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/disabled-shoppers-struggle-with-inaccessible-self-checkouts-11668808226 |title=Disabled Shoppers Struggle With Inaccessible Self-Checkouts |date=November 21, 2022 |first=Katie |last=Deighton |work=Wall Street Journal}}

Self-checkouts have been criticised for difficulties with usability and technical problems, which can worsen customer experience.{{cite web |last1=Mull |first1=Amanda |title=Self-Checkout Is a Failed Experiment |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2023/10/self-checkout-kiosks-grocery-retail-stores/675676/ |website=The Atlantic |access-date=10 November 2023 |language=en |date=18 October 2023}} In 2023, the British retailer Booths announced that it would cease operating self-checkouts in its stores to improve customer service.{{cite news |last=Brown |first=Mark |title=Booths supermarkets to ditch self-checkouts in north of England stores |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2023/nov/10/booths-supermarkets-to-ditch-self-checkouts-in-north-of-england-stores |access-date=10 November 2023 |work=The Guardian |date=10 November 2023}}

Customers often complain about the repeated robotic-sounding messages coming from self-service checkouts. In 2015, supermarket Tesco replaced the robotic announcements with more human-sounding voice prompts in response to criticism.{{cite news|url=https://mashable.com/2015/07/30/tesco-self-checkout-voice/?europe=true|title=Tesco replacing 'irritating' self-checkout robo-voice|last=Chester|first=Tom|date=30 July 2015|work=Mashable UK|access-date=3 January 2020}}

Retailers have been known to use novelty voices for their self-service checkouts. For example, discount store Poundland has used the voices of Yoda,{{cite news|url=https://ballymenadaily.com/local-news/jedi-master-yoda-is-set-to-help-out-at-the-tills-at-ballymenas-poundland-he-must/|title=Jedi Master Yoda is set to help out at the tills at Ballymena's Poundland – he must!|date=21 July 2019|work=The Ballymena Daily|access-date=21 September 2019}} Elvis Presley, Count Dracula and Father Christmas on various occasions.{{cite news|url=https://www.derrynow.com/news/watch-elvis-dracula-santa-entertain-customers-poundland-store-derry/255759|title=WATCH: Elvis, Dracula and Santa entertain customers at Poundland store in Derry|date=1 November 2018|work=Derry Now|access-date=30 August 2019|archive-date=30 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830085143/https://www.derrynow.com/news/watch-elvis-dracula-santa-entertain-customers-poundland-store-derry/255759|url-status=dead}} In 2019, Marks & Spencer replaced its regular checkout announcers with the voices of judges from that year's season of Britain's Got Talent. The new voices led to an increase in customer complaints, with many questioning the appropriateness of some of the comments.{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/shortcuts/2019/apr/23/chummy-automation-why-no-one-wants-ant-and-dec-to-voice-the-ms-tills|title=Chummy automation: why no one wants Ant and Dec to voice the M&S tills|last=Kalia|first=Ammar|date=23 April 2019|work=The Guardian|access-date=3 January 2020}}

As customers are not trained to scan items, they may erroneously think that promotion items, such as 'buy one, get one' items, only need to be scanned once. It can also occur that the customer scans a different variety of a product that has the same price. Both of these scenarios would corrupt the inventory records of the retailer.{{Cite web|date=October 2018|title=Self-checkout in Retail: Measuring the Loss|url=https://static.fintek.pl/uploads/2019/04/sco-measuring-loss-final-report.pdf|publisher=Efficient Consumer Response}}

File:Sainsburys checkout barriers 2.jpg

Failure to scan all items is a form of shoplifting (theft). This can happen innocently when a customer scans only one item of a "buy one, get one free" promotion, or deliberately by a customer at a self-checkout. Another form is scanning something expensive while using the barcode for a cheaper product, either having peeled off a label from another item in the store, or held by the customer in their hand underneath the item they pass over the scanner.{{cite web |url=https://versustexas.com/self-checkout-theft-in-texas/ |title=Self Checkout Theft : Skip Scanning And Theft Charges In Texas |website=Varghese Summersett |first=Benson |last=Varghese |access-date=June 13, 2023}}{{cite web |url=https://www.wdef.com/skip-scanning-raises-concerns-about-self-checkouts/ |title=Skip-Scanning Raises Concerns about Self-Checkouts |date=November 15, 2022 |first=Nick |last=Hill |website=WDEF-TV |access-date=June 13, 2023}} The simplest form of skip-scanning is to pass the item quickly across the optical reader without it registering the item, perhaps covering the barcode with one's hand or finger.{{cite web |url=https://county17.com/2020/03/31/vulnerabilities-in-scanning-system-lead-to-multiple-citations-at-walmart-over-weekend22/ |title=Self-checkout "Skip Scanning" Problems Continue at Walmart |date=March 31, 2020 |first=Jennifer |last=Kocher |publisher=Outliers News}}

Retailers employ a variety of retail loss prevention methods. Increasingly, multiple cameras are being used to catch skip-scanning at all self-checkout locations, some monitored by loss prevention employees and others being fed to artificial intelligence systems which can detect skip-scanning movements or behaviors. For example, in 2020 Kroger signed up with new systems that detect a skipped scan and shows a video to the consumer who is given the opportunity to correct their mistake. If they repeat the action, then an employee is notified. Some retails fit their self-checkout terminals with a CCTV system which displays the customer's face on a small video screen. The video is intended to deter shoplifters, but also has the potential to use an additional facial recognition system to identify known criminals.{{cite web |last1=Zhadan |first1=Anna |title=Sports Direct slammed over facial recognition tech |url=https://www.chargedretail.co.uk/2023/03/14/sports-direct-surveillance/ |website=chargedretail.co.uk |access-date=10 November 2023 |date=14 March 2023}}{{cite news |last1=Eccleston |first1=Ben |title=Does your supermarket have CCTV at its self service tills? |url=https://www.coventrytelegraph.net/news/coventry-news/your-supermarket-cctv-self-service-14866364 |access-date=10 November 2023 |work=Coventry Live |date=7 July 2018 |language=en}} Some "missed-scan detection" systems have caused shoppers to feel embarrassed, harassed or accused, and honest shoppers to feel like they are being treated like thieves.{{Cite web |title=Walmart shoppers say they are fed up with the store's self-checkout system |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/walmart-shoppers-feel-treated-like-thieves-at-self-checkout-2023-10 |first=Dominick |last=Reuter |date=October 23, 2023 |work=Business Insider}} It has even been suggested to avoid self-checkouts on the premise that one could be charged with theft even if one did not notice an item did not ring up correctly.{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HYJXglUTlL4 |title=Attorney goes viral for advising shoppers to skip self-checkout lanes |date=July 16, 2022 |publisher=Fox 26 Houston |via=YouTube}}

Since 2022, the British retailer Sainsbury's has introduced a receipt-scanning system in its stores. Self-checkout customers are held within a barriered area and are required to scan their printed receipt on an optical scanner to open an automatic gate, before they are permitted to exit the store. The system has been criticised for presuming customers to be potentially guilty of theft until they are able to prove their innocence by presenting a receipt.{{cite news |last1=Nazir |first1=Sahar |title=Sainsbury's faces backlash as it makes shoppers scan receipts to exit stores |url=https://www.retailgazette.co.uk/blog/2022/12/sainsburys-scan-receipts-exit/ |work=retailgazette.co.uk |date=13 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705134051/https://www.retailgazette.co.uk/blog/2022/12/sainsburys-scan-receipts-exit/ |archive-date=5 July 2023 |url-status=live}}{{cite news |last1=Sommerlad |first1=Joe |title=Shoppers rage against supermarket's scan-receipt-to-exit policy |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/sainsburys-scan-receipt-to-exit-policy-reaction-b2247476.html |access-date=24 July 2023 |work=The Independent |date=18 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327022409/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/sainsburys-scan-receipt-to-exit-policy-reaction-b2247476.html |archive-date=27 March 2023 |language=en |url-status=live}}{{cite news |title='It's ridiculous!': Furious Sainsbury's shoppers criticise new barriers 'detaining' customers who fail to show receipt |url=https://www.lbc.co.uk/news/sainsburys-receipts-supermarket-barrier-checkout/ |access-date=24 July 2023 |work=LBC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506001657/https://www.lbc.co.uk/news/sainsburys-receipts-supermarket-barrier-checkout/ |archive-date=6 May 2023 |language=en |url-status=live}}

A study revealed that self-checkout machines increased shoplifting, 6.7% of transactions had some amount of shrink (theft), 1 in 5 shoppers admitted to accidentally taking an item without paying for it, 1 in 7 admitted to purposely stealing items, and individuals with household incomes over $100,000 per year were more likely to steal than lower income brackets.{{Cite web |title=Self-checkout theft is a bigger problem than you may have thought |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/self-checkout-theft-is-a-bigger-problem-than-retailers-thought-2023-12 |first=Dominick |last=Reuter |date=December 6, 2023 |work=Business Insider}}

In response to a 120% increase in retail theft in 2023, some Target stores countered by limiting how many items customers can take through self-checkout, and some stores closed all their self-checkout lanes.{{Cite web| last = Kline| first = Daniel| title = Target makes an extreme move to cut retail theft| work = TheStreet| access-date = 2023-12-23| date = 2023-12-14| url = https://www.thestreet.com/retailers/target-makes-an-extreme-move-to-cut-retail-theft}}

Commentators have noted that the introduction of self-checkouts has enabled retailers to reduce in-store staffing levels, leading to lower levels of employment in the retail sector and poorer in-store maintenance.{{cite news |last1=Booth |first1=Robert |title=Shop closures and self-checkouts cost tens of thousands of women's jobs |url=https://www.theguardian.com/money/2019/sep/12/online-shopping-forcing-women-out-of-work-study |access-date=10 November 2023 |work=The Guardian |date=11 September 2019}}

A California appeal court confirmed in September 2013, with a 2–1 majority, a law banning the sale of alcohol through self-checkouts. The law requires alcohol only to be sold in face-to-face transactions with staff members, as is mandatory for cigarettes, spray paint and some over-the-counter medication. The California Grocers Association condemned the bill, stating how SCOs already lock out alcohol, requiring store staff to verify and approve purchases of alcohol. Similarly, the court said that a previous direction from the Department of Alcoholic Beverage Control was of no legal effect as it was not given for discussion or public comment.{{cite news|last=Egelko|first=Bob|title=Alcohol can't be sold at self-checkout lines|url=http://www.sfgate.com/business/article/Alcohol-can-t-be-sold-at-self-checkout-lines-4831117.php |publisher=SFGate|access-date=3 April 2014|date=20 September 2013}}

In 2020, the Oregon AFL–CIO backed a proposed ballot measure in Oregon, US, to prohibit stores from operating more than two self-checkout machines.{{Cite web|url=https://www.gazettetimes.com/news/local/measure-to-limit-self-checkout-gets-nod-from-oregon-supreme/article_7d14d2b4-8f14-5f19-ad09-7f6552555cd4.html|title=Measure to limit self-checkout gets nod from Oregon Supreme Court|last=Withycome|first=Claire |website=Corvallis Gazette Times|date=22 January 2020 |language=en|access-date=2020-01-24}}

• Automated retailing
• Cash register
• Point of sale
• Shadow work

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• {{commons category inline|Self checkouts}}

Category:Payment methods in retailing

Category:Payment systems

Category:Retail processes and techniques

Category:Retail store elements

Category:Self-service

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