Anaerobic exercise

Anaerobic metabolism is a natural part of metabolic energy expenditure.{{cite journal|last=Scott|first=Christopher B|title=Contribution of anaerobic energy expenditure to whole body thermogenesis|journal=Nutrition & Metabolism|date=June 2005|volume=2|issue=1|pages=14|series=14|doi=10.1186/1743-7075-2-14|pmid=15958171|pmc=1182393 |doi-access=free }} Fast twitch muscles (as compared to slow twitch muscles) operate using anaerobic metabolic systems, such that any use of fast twitch muscle fibers leads to increased anaerobic energy expenditure. Intense exercise lasting upwards of four minutes (e.g. a mile race) may still have considerable anaerobic energy expenditure. An example is high-intensity interval training, an exercise strategy that is performed under anaerobic conditions at intensities that reach an excess of 90% of the maximum heart rate. Anaerobic energy expenditure is difficult to accurately quantify.{{cite journal|last1=Svedahl|first1=Krista|last2=MacIntosh|first2=Brian R|year=2003 |title=Anaerobic Threshold: The Concept and Methods of Measurement|journal=Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology|volume=28|issue=2|pages=299–323|doi=10.1139/h03-023|pmid=12825337}} Some methods estimate the anaerobic component of an exercise by determining the maximum accumulated oxygen deficit or measuring the lactic acid formation in muscle mass.{{cite journal|last1=Medbo|first1=JI|last2=Mohn|first2=AC |last3=Tabata|first3=I |last4=Bahr|first4=R |last5=Vaage|first5=O |last6=Sejersted|first6=OM|s2cid=851358|title=Anaerobic capacity determined by maximal accumulated O2 deficit|journal=Journal of Applied Physiology|date=January 1988|volume=64|issue=1|pages=50–60|doi=10.1152/jappl.1988.64.1.50|pmid=3356666}}{{cite journal|last=Di Prampero |first=PE |author2=G. Ferretti |title=The energetics of anaerobic muscle metabolism |journal=Respiration Physiology |date=1 December 1999 |volume=118 |issue=2–3 |pages=103–115 |url=http://web.cortland.edu/moranm/EXS558/lecture4b.pdf |doi=10.1016/s0034-5687(99)00083-3 |pmid=10647856 |hdl=11379/540541 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727062603/http://web.cortland.edu/moranm/EXS558/lecture4b.pdf |archive-date=27 July 2011 |citeseerx=10.1.1.610.7457 }}{{cite book|last=Scott|first=Christopher B|title=A Primer for the Exercise and Nutrition Sciences: Thermodynamics, Bioenergetics, Metabolism|year=2008|publisher=Humana Press|isbn=978-1-60327-382-4|pages=166}}

In contrast, aerobic exercise includes lower intensity activities performed for longer periods of time. Activities such as walking, jogging, rowing, and cycling require oxygen to generate the energy needed for prolonged exercise (i.e., aerobic energy expenditure). For sports that require repeated short bursts of exercise, the aerobic system acts to replenish and store energy during recovery periods to fuel the next energy burst.{{cite journal |last1=Vrenjo |first1=K. |last2=Kovaci |first2=F. |last3=Skenderi |first3=Dh. |last4=Kariqi |first4=A. |title=Measurement and Evaluation of Blood Lactic Acid, A Requirement for Predicting the Anaerobic Exercise Load |journal=International Journal of Ecosystems and Ecology Science |date=23 June 2021 |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=629–632 |doi=10.31407/ijees11.335|s2cid=237797609 |doi-access=free }} Therefore, training strategies for many sports demand that both aerobic and anaerobic systems be developed. The benefits of adding anaerobic exercise include improving cardiovascular endurance as well as build and maintaining muscle strength and losing weight.

File: Anaerobic exercise.svg

The anaerobic energy systems are:

• The alactic anaerobic system, which consists of high energy phosphates, adenosine triphosphate, and creatine phosphate; andRobert Donatelli, Sports-specific Rehabilitation, p. 40, Elsevier, 2007 {{ISBN|0443066426}}
• The lactic anaerobic system, which features anaerobic glycolysis.

High energy phosphates are stored in limited quantities within muscle cells. Anaerobic glycolysis exclusively uses glucose (and glycogen) as a fuel in the absence of oxygen, or more specifically, when ATP is needed at rates that exceed those provided by aerobic metabolism. The consequence of such rapid glucose breakdown is the formation of lactic acid (or more appropriately, its conjugate base lactate at biological pH levels). Physical activities that last up to about thirty seconds rely primarily on the former ATP-CP phosphagen system. Beyond this time, both aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis-based metabolic systems are used.

The by-product of anaerobic glycolysis—lactate—has traditionally been thought to be detrimental to muscle function.{{cite journal|last1=Westerblad|first1=Håkan|title=Muscle Fatigue: Lactic Acid or Inorganic Phosphate the Major Cause?|journal=Physiology|date=1 February 2002|volume=17|issue=1|pages=17–21|doi=10.1152/physiologyonline.2002.17.1.17|pmid=11821531|s2cid=14589259 }} However, this appears likely only when lactate levels are very high. Elevated lactate levels are only one of many changes that occur within and around muscle cells during intense exercise that can lead to fatigue. Fatigue, which is muscle failure, is a complex subject that depends on more than just changes to lactate concentration. Energy availability, oxygen delivery, perception to pain, and other psychological factors all contribute to muscular fatigue. Elevated muscle and blood lactate concentrations are a natural consequence of any physical exertion. The effectiveness of anaerobic activity can be improved through training.{{cite book |last=McMahon |first=Thomas A |title=Muscles, Reflexes, and Locomotion |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1984 |pages=37–51 |isbn=978-0-691-02376-2}}

Anaerobic exercise also increases an individual's basal metabolic rate (BMR).{{cite journal|last=Scott|first=Plisk Steven|date=February 1991|title=Anaerobic metabolic conditioning: a brief review of theory, strategy and practical application|url=https://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/Abstract/1991/02000/Anaerobic_Metabolic_Conditioning__A_Brief_Review.5.aspx|journal=Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research|volume=5|issue=1|pages=23–34|access-date=30 April 2020}}

Anaerobic exercises are high-intensity workouts completed over shorter durations, while aerobic exercises include variable-intensity workouts completed over longer durations.{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/854977747|title=Nutrition and enhanced sports performance : muscle building, endurance, and strength|others=Bagchi, Debasis,, Nair, Sreejayan,, Sen, Chandan K.|date=26 July 2013|isbn=978-0-12-396477-9|location=Amsterdam|oclc=854977747}} Some examples of anaerobic exercises include sprints, high-intensity interval training (HIIT), and strength training.{{cite web |last=Atkins |first=William A. |title=Anaerobic Exercise |editor-last=Loy |editor-first=Loy |website=The Gale Encyclopedia of Fitness |date=2016-12-02 |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=GVRL&u=wikipedia&id=GALE%7CCX3663000023&v=2.1&it=r&sid=bookmark-GVRL&asid=cdd4efbf |url-access=subscription |access-date=2023-10-23}}

• Aerobic exercise
• Bioenergetic systems
• Margaria-Kalamen power test
• Strength training
• Weight training
• Cori cycle
• Citric acid cycle
• Pushups

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{{Physical exercise|state=expanded}}

Category:Exercise biochemistry

Category:Exercise physiology

Category:Physical exercise

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