signal transducing adaptor protein

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Signal transducing adaptor proteins (STAPs) are proteins that are accessory to main proteins in a signal transduction pathway.{{cite web|title=Role of Signal Transducing Adaptor Protein (STAP) Family in Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia|url=http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/130/Suppl_1/1583?sso-checked=true|access-date=24 August 2018}} Adaptor proteins contain a variety of protein-binding modules that link protein-binding partners together and facilitate the creation of larger signaling complexes. These proteins tend to lack any intrinsic enzymatic activity themselves,{{MeshName|Signal+Transducing+Adaptor+Proteins}} instead mediating specific protein–protein interactions that drive the formation of protein complexes. Examples of adaptor proteins include MYD88,{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: MYD88 Myeloid differentiation primary response gene (88)| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=4615}}{{cite journal | vauthors = Bonnert TP, Garka KE, Parnet P, Sonoda G, Testa JR, Sims JE | title = The cloning and characterization of human MyD88: a member of an IL-1 receptor related family | journal = FEBS Letters | volume = 402 | issue = 1 | pages = 81–4 | date = January 1997 | pmid = 9013863 | doi = 10.1016/S0014-5793(96)01506-2 | s2cid = 44843127 | doi-access = free }} Grb2 and SHC1.

Signaling components

Much of the specificity of signal transduction depends on the recruitment of several signalling components such as protein kinases and G-protein GTPases into short-lived active complexes in response to an activating signal such as a growth factor binding to its receptor.

Domains

Adaptor proteins usually contain several domains within their structure (e.g., Src homology 2 (SH2) and SH3 domains) that allow specific interactions with several other specific proteins. SH2 domains recognise specific amino acid sequences within proteins containing phosphotyrosine residues and SH3 domains recognise proline-rich sequences within specific peptide sequence contexts of proteins.

There are many other types of interaction domains found within adaptor and other signalling proteins that allow a rich diversity of specific and coordinated protein–protein interactions to occur within the cell during signal transduction.

Examples of adaptor proteins

Adaptor proteins include:

BCAR3 – Breast cancer anti-estrogen resistance protein 3
CBL – Casitas B-lineage Lymphoma
FRS2 – Fibroblast growth factor receptor substrate 2
GAB2 – GRB2-associated binding protein 2
GRAP – GRB2-related adaptor protein
GRAP2 – GRB2-related adaptor protein 2
GRB2 – Growth factor receptor-bound protein 2
IRS1 – Insulin receptor substrate 1
LDLRAP1 – low-density lipoprotein receptor adaptor protein 1
MYD88 - Myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88
NCDN - Neurochondrin
NCK1 – NCK adaptor protein 1
NCK2 – NCK adaptor protein 2
NOS1AP – nitric oxide synthase 1 (neuronal) adaptor protein
PIK3AP1 – phosphoinositide-3-kinase adaptor protein 1
SH2B1 – SH2B adaptor protein 1
SH2B2 – SH2B adaptor protein 2
SH2B3 – SH2B adaptor protein 3
SH2D3A -SH2 domain containing 3A
SH2D3C – SH2 domain containing 3C
SNTA1 – Syntrophin, alpha 1
SHB – Src homology 2 domain containing adaptor protein B
SLC4A1AP – solute carrier family 4 (anion exchanger), member 1, adaptor protein

signal transducing adaptor protein

Signaling components

Domains

Examples of adaptor proteins

See also

References

Further reading