simian

In earlier classification, New World monkeys, Old World monkeys, apes, and humans – collectively known as simians or anthropoids – were grouped under Anthropoidea ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|æ|n|θ|r|ə|ˈ|p|ɔɪ|d|i|.|ə}}; {{etymology|grc|{{wikt-lang|grc|ἄνθρωπος}} ({{grc-transl|ἄνθρωπος}})|human||{{wikt-lang|grc|-οειδής}} ({{grc-transl|-οειδής}})|resembling, connected to, etc.}}), while the strepsirrhines and tarsiers were grouped under the suborder "Prosimii". Under modern classification, the tarsiers and simians are grouped under the suborder Haplorhini, while the strepsirrhines are placed in suborder Strepsirrhini.{{cite book | last1 = Cartmill | first1 = M. | last2 = Smith | first2 = F. H | title = The Human Lineage | publisher = John Wiley & Sons | year = 2011 | isbn = 978-1-118-21145-8 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=X058kYnhxC0C&pg=PA89}} Strong genetic evidence for this is that five SINEs are common to all haplorhines whilst absent in strepsirrhines — even one being coincidental between tarsiers and simians would be quite unlikely.{{cite journal| title = New perspectives on anthropoid origins|first1=Blythe A | last1=Williams | first2=Richard F | last2=Kay | first3=E Christopher| last3=Kirk| editor-first=Alan | editor-last=Walker | journal = PNAS| date = January 2010 | volume = 107| pages = 4797–4804 | issue = 11 | doi=10.1073/pnas.0908320107|pmid=20212104 | pmc=2841917|bibcode=2010PNAS..107.4797W |doi-access=free }} Despite this preferred taxonomic division, "prosimian" is still regularly found in textbooks and the academic literature because of familiarity, a condition likened to the use of the metric system in the sciences and the use of customary units elsewhere in the United States.{{cite book | last1 = Hartwig | first1 = W. | title = Primates in Perspective | edition = 2nd | editor1-last = Campbell | editor1-first = C. J. | editor2-last = Fuentes | editor2-first = A. | editor3-last = MacKinnon | editor3-first = K. C. | editor4-last = Bearder | editor4-first = S. K. | editor5-last=Stumpf | editor5-first = R. M | chapter = Chapter 3: Primate evolution | pages = 19–31 | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 2011 | isbn = 978-0-19-539043-8 }} In the Anthropoidea, evidence indicates that the Old World and New World primates went through parallel evolution.{{cite book| title= Organic Evolution| year= 1917| edition= 1929| publisher= The Macmillan Company|location=New York|pages= 641–86| first= Richard Swann |last= Lull| chapter= XXXVII: The Evolution of Man| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=2ZxIAAAAMAAJ| via= Google Books}}

Primatology, paleoanthropology, and other related fields are split on their usage of the synonymous infraorder names, Simiiformes and Anthropoidea. According to Robert Hoffstetter (and supported by Colin Groves), the term Simiiformes has priority over Anthropoidea because the taxonomic term Simii by van der Hoeven, from which it is constructed, dates to 1833.{{Cite journal | last1 = Hoffstetter | first1 = R. | title = Phylogeny and geographical deployment of the Primates | doi = 10.1016/0047-2484(74)90028-1 | journal = Journal of Human Evolution | volume = 3 | issue = 4 | pages = 327–350 | year = 1974 | bibcode = 1974JHumE...3..327H }} In contrast, Anthropoidea by Mivart dates to 1864,{{cite book | title = Companion Encyclopedia of Anthropology: Humanity, Culture and Social Life | editor1-last = Ingold | editor1-first = T | chapter = The evolution of early hominids | last1 = Tobias | first1 = P. V. | publisher = Taylor & Francis | year = 2002 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hKzSc02tbaMC&pg=PA35 | page = 35 | isbn = 978-0-415-28604-6}} while Simiiformes by Haeckel dates to 1866, leading to counterclaims of priority. Hoffstetter also argued that Simiiformes is also constructed like a proper infraorder name (ending in "iformes"), whereas Anthropoidea ends in -"oidea", which is reserved for superfamilies. He also noted that Anthropoidea is too easily confused with "anthropoïdes", which translates to "apes" from several languages.

Some lines of extinct simian also are either placed into the Eosimiidae (to reflect their Eocene origin) and sometimes in Amphipithecidae, thought to originate in the Early Oligocene. Additionally, Phileosimias is sometimes placed in the Eosimiidae and sometimes categorised separately.{{cite journal| title = Anthropoid primates from the Oligocene of Pakistan (Bugti Hills): Data on early anthropoid evolution and biogeography| author = Marivaux | journal = PNAS| date = June 2005 | volume = 102| pages = 8436–41 | issue = 24| doi = 10.1073/pnas.0503469102| pmc = 1150860| pmid=15937103| bibcode = 2005PNAS..102.8436M|display-authors=etal| doi-access = free}} ([http://www.pnas.org/content/102/24/8436.full.pdf Full text PDF])

The origin of anthropoid primates was initially thought to be Africa, however, fossil evidence now suggests they originated in Asia. During the middle to late Eocene, multiple groups of Asian anthropoids crossed the Tethys Sea on natural rafts or floating islands, colonizing Africa alongside other Asian mammals. The earliest African anthropoid fossils appear in sites across northern Africa, including Algeria, Libya, and Egypt. This dispersal before Africa and Asia were connected by land was aided by size, Asian monsoons, and river systems. After reaching Africa, anthropoids underwent major evolutionary changes, with some groups later crossing the South Atlantic to establish the New World monkey lineage in South America.{{Cite journal |last=Beard |first=K. Christopher |date=2016-10-21 |title=Out of Asia: Anthropoid Origins and the Colonization of Africa |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-anthro-102215-100019 |journal=Annual Review of Anthropology |language=en |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=199–213 |doi=10.1146/annurev-anthro-102215-100019 |issn=0084-6570}}

The New World monkeys in parvorder Platyrrhini split from the rest of the simian line about 40 million years ago (mya), leaving the parvorder Catarrhini occupying the Old World. This latter group split about 25 mya between the Cercopithecidae and the apes, making Cercopithecidae more closely related to the apes than to the Platyrrhini.

{{cladogram|title=Phylogeny of living (extant) primates|caption=Cladogram. For each clade, it is indicated approximately how many Mya newer extant clades radiated.{{citation needed|date=October 2016}}|clades={{Clade

|label1=Primates (80 Mya)

|1={{Clade

|label1=Haplorhini (63 Mya)

|1={{Clade

|label1=Simiiformes (42.6 Mya)

|1={{Clade

|label1=Catarrhini (29.0 Mya)

|1={{Clade

|1=Hominoidea

|2=Cercopithecoidea

}}

|2=Platyrrhini

}}

|2=Tarsiiformes

}}

|2=Strepsirrhini

}}

}}}}

The following is the listing of the various simian families, and their placement in the order Primates:{{cite book |vauthors=Rylands AB, Mittermeier RA|title = South American Primates: Comparative Perspectives in the Study of Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation | chapter = The Diversity of the New World Primates (Platyrrhini) | publisher = Springer |veditors=Garber PA, Estrada A, Bicca-Marques JC, Heymann EW, Strier KB | isbn = 978-0-387-78704-6 | year = 2009}}

• Order Primates
• Suborder Strepsirrhini: nontarsier prosimians
• Suborder Haplorhini: tarsiers and monkeys, including apes
• Infraorder Tarsiiformes
• Infraorder Simiiformes
• Parvorder Platyrrhini: New World monkeys
• Family Callitrichidae: marmosets and tamarins
• Family Cebidae: capuchins and squirrel monkeys
• Family Aotidae: night or owl monkeys (douroucoulis)
• Family Pitheciidae: titis, sakis, and uakaris
• Family Atelidae: howler, spider, and woolly monkeys
• Parvorder Catarrhini
• Superfamily Cercopithecoidea: Old World monkeys
• Family Cercopithecidae
• Superfamily Hominoidea
• Family Hylobatidae: gibbons
• Family Hominidae: great apes, including humans
• †Amphipithecidae
• †Eosimiidae
• †Aseanpithecus

Below is a cladogram with some of the extinct simian species with the more modern species emerging within the Eosimiidae. The simians originated in Asia, while the crown simians were in Afro-Arabia.{{Cite journal|last1=Marivaux|first1=Laurent|last2=Antoine|first2=Pierre-Olivier|last3=Baqri|first3=Syed Rafiqul Hassan|last4=Benammi|first4=Mouloud|last5=Chaimanee|first5=Yaowalak|last6=Crochet|first6=Jean-Yves|last7=Franceschi|first7=Dario de|last8=Iqbal|first8=Nayyer|last9=Jaeger|first9=Jean-Jacques|date=2005-06-14|title=Anthropoid primates from the Oligocene of Pakistan (Bugti Hills): Data on early anthropoid evolution and biogeography|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|language=en|volume=102|issue=24|pages=8436–8441|doi=10.1073/pnas.0503469102|issn=0027-8424|pmc=1150860|pmid=15937103|bibcode=2005PNAS..102.8436M|doi-access=free}}{{Cite journal|last1=Seiffert|first1=Erik R.|last2=Boyer|first2=Doug M.|last3=Fleagle|first3=John G.|last4=Gunnell|first4=Gregg F.|last5=Heesy|first5=Christopher P.|last6=Perry|first6=Jonathan M. G.|last7=Sallam|first7=Hesham M.|date=2017-04-10|title=New adapiform primate fossils from the late Eocene of Egypt|journal=Historical Biology|volume=30|issue=1–2|pages=204–226|doi=10.1080/08912963.2017.1306522|issn=0891-2963|s2cid=89631627|url=https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/4834019 }}{{Cite journal|last1=Ryan|first1=Timothy M.|last2=Silcox|first2=Mary T.|last3=Walker|first3=Alan|last4=Mao|first4=Xianyun|last5=Begun|first5=David R.|last6=Benefit|first6=Brenda R.|last7=Gingerich|first7=Philip D.|last8=Köhler|first8=Meike|last9=Kordos|first9=László|date=2012-09-07|title=Evolution of locomotion in Anthropoidea: the semicircular canal evidence|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences|language=en|volume=279|issue=1742|pages=3467–3475|doi=10.1098/rspb.2012.0939|issn=0962-8452|pmc=3396915|pmid=22696520}}{{Cite journal|last1=Seiffert|first1=Erik R.|last2=Tejedor|first2=Marcelo F.|last3=Fleagle|first3=John G.|last4=Novo|first4=Nelson M.|last5=Cornejo|first5=Fanny M.|last6=Bond|first6=Mariano|last7=de Vries|first7=Dorien|last8=Campbell|first8=Kenneth E.|date=2020-04-10|title=A parapithecid stem anthropoid of African origin in the Paleogene of South America|url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aba1135|journal=Science|language=en|volume=368|issue=6487|pages=194–197|doi=10.1126/science.aba1135|pmid=32273470|bibcode=2020Sci...368..194S|s2cid=215550773|issn=0036-8075}} It is indicated approximately how many Mya the clades diverged into newer clades.

{{Clade|{{Clade

|1=Tarsiiformes 40 px

|label2=Simians (54)

|2={{Clade

|state1=dashed

|label1=Ekgmowechashalidae (39)

|1={{Clade

|1=Muangthanhinius (†32 Mya)

|label2=(36)

|2={{Clade

|1=Gatanthropus micros (†30)

|2=Bugtilemur (†29)

}}

|state3=dashed

|3=Ekgmowechashala (†)

}}

|label2=Eosimiidae (52)

|2={{Clade

|label1=Eosimiidae s.s.(50)

|1={{Clade

|label1=(45)

|1={{Clade

|1=Eosimias (†40)

|2=Phenacopithecus (†42)

}}

|label2=(45)

|2={{Clade

|1={{ill|Bahinia|fr}} (†32)

|2=Nosmips aenigmaticus (†37)

}}

}}

|2={{Clade

|1=Phileosimias (†28)

|label2=(48)

|2={{Clade

|1=Amphipithecidae (†35)

|label2=(45)

|2={{clade

|label1=Parapithecoidea

|1={{Clade

|1=Parapithecidae (†30)

|2=Proteopithecidae (†34)

}}

|label2=Crown Simians (40)

|2={{Clade

|label1=Platyrrhini (35)

|1={{Clade

|1=Perupithecus (†)

|label2=(30)

|2={{Clade

|label1=(29)

|1={{Clade

|1=Chilecebus (†20)

|label2=(26)

|2={{Clade

|1=Tremacebus (†20)

|label2=(24)

|2={{Clade

|1=Homunculus (†16)

|2=Dolichocebus (†20)

}}

}}

}}

|label2=(28)

|2={{Clade

|1=Branisella (†26)

|2=Crown Platyrrhini (New World Monkeys) 60 px

}}

}}

}}

|2=Catarrhini 60 px

}}}}}}}}}}}}}}|label1=Haplorhini (64)|style1=line-height:80%;font-size:80%}}

Usually the Ekgmowechashalidae are considered to be Strepsirrhini, not Haplorhini.{{Cite journal|last1=Ni|first1=Xijun|last2=Li|first2=Qiang|last3=Li|first3=Lüzhou|last4=Beard|first4=K. Christopher|date=2016-05-06|title=Oligocene primates from China reveal divergence between African and Asian primate evolution|journal=Science|language=en|volume=352|issue=6286|pages=673–677|doi=10.1126/science.aaf2107|issn=0036-8075|pmid=27151861|bibcode=2016Sci...352..673N|doi-access=free}} A 2018 study places Eosimiidae as a sister to the crown haplorhini.{{Cite journal|last1=López-Torres|first1=Sergi|last2=Silcox|first2=Mary T.|last3=Holroyd|first3=Patricia A.|date=2018-09-22|title=New omomyoids (Euprimates, Mammalia) from the late Uintan of southern California, USA, and the question of the extinction of the Paromomyidae (Plesiadapiformes, Primates)|journal=Palaeontologia Electronica|language=en|volume=21|issue=3|pages=1–28|doi=10.26879/756|issn=1094-8074|doi-access=free}} In 2020 papers, the Proteopithecidae are part of the Parapithecoidea, and Nosmips aenigmaticus (previously in Eosimidae) is a basal simian. In a 2021 paper, the following basal simians were found:{{Cite journal |last1=Wisniewski |first1=Anna L. |last2=Lloyd |first2=Graeme T. |last3=Slater |first3=Graham J. |date=2022-05-25 |title=Extant species fail to estimate ancestral geographical ranges at older nodes in primate phylogeny |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |language=en |volume=289 |issue=1975 |pages=20212535 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2021.2535 |issn=0962-8452 |pmc=9115010 |pmid=35582793}}

{{Clade|{{clade

|label1=(57)

|1={{clade

|1=Altiatlasius koulch (†57)

|label2=(48)

|2={{clade

|1=Nosmips aenigmaticum (†37)

|label2=(37)

|2={{clade

|1=Anthradapis vietnamensis (†37)

|2=Ekgmowechashalidae (†28)

}}}}}}

|label2=(56)

|2={{clade

|label1=(17)

|1={{clade

|1=Dolichocebus annectens (†16)

|2=Parvimico materdei (†16)

}}

|label2=(54)

|2={{clade

|1=Eosimiidae s.s. (†41)

|label2=(48)

|2={{clade

|1=Bahinia (†33)

|label2=(45)

|2={{clade

|1=Phileosimias (†28)

|2=higher Simians (incl. crown simians)

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}|label1=Simiiformes/ (58)|style1=line-height:80%;font-size:80%|sublabel1=Eosimiidae s.l.}}

Dolichocebus annectens and Parvimico materdei would normally, given their South American location and their age and other factors, be considered Platyrrhini. The original Eosmiidae appear polyphyletic with Nosmips, Bahinia, and Phileosimias at different locations from other eosimians.

In a section of their 2010 assessment of the evolution of anthropoids (simians) entitled "What is an Anthropoid", Williams, Kay, and Kirk set out [http://www.pnas.org/content/107/11/4797.full a list of biological features common to all or most anthropoids], including genetic similarities, similarities in eye location and the muscles close to the eyes, internal similarities between ears, dental similarities, and similarities on foot bone structure. The earliest anthropoids were small primates with varied diets, forward-facing eyes, acute color vision for daytime lifestyles, and brains devoted more to vision and less to smell. Living simians in both the New World and the Old World have larger brains than other primates, but they evolved these larger brains independently.

Simians characteristically have relatively large brains, fused mandibles, binocular and color vision, and the females have a single fused uterus.Henry R. Hermann Ph.D., in Dominance and Aggression in Humans and Other Animals, 2017 They also have fewer teeth and are more sexually dimorphic in terms of body size and anatomy.

The traits that separate New World simians from Old World simians are the nostrils and their dentation. New World simians have broad noses with forward facing nostrils and three premolars in each quadrant of the mouth, while Old World simians have narrower noses with downward facing nostrils and a narrow septum and only have two premolars.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

• Simia, Carl Linnaeus's original classification of these primates.
• wikt:simianization

{{Reflist}}

• [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/8/266 BioMed Central Full text Gene conversion and purifying selection of a placenta-specific ERV-V envelope gene during simian evolution]
• [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/classification/Simiiformes.html ADW Simiiformes Classification]
• [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=314293&lvl=3&p=has_linkout&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy browser (Simiiformes)]
• [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v467/n7319/abs/nature09425.html Late middle Eocene epoch of Libya yields earliest known radiation of African anthropoids]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20121018195118/http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/2010/10/mouse-sized-primates-shed-light.html Mouse-Sized Primates Shed Light on Human Origins]

{{Primates}}

{{Haplorhini|S.}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q5452918}}

Category:Haplorhini

Category:Primate taxonomy