sobek

Sobek enjoyed a longstanding presence in the ancient Egyptian pantheon, from the Old Kingdom of Egypt (c. 2686–2181 BCE) through the Roman period ({{circa| 30 {{sc|BCE}}–350 {{sc|CE}} }}). He is first known from several different Pyramid Texts of the Old Kingdom, particularly from spell PT 317.{{sfn|Bresciani|2005|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zz5oNwmdaTcC&pg=PA199 199]}}{{sfn|Bresciani|2005|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zz5oNwmdaTcC&pg=PA200 200]}} The spell, which praises the pharaoh as the living incarnation of the crocodile god, reads:

{{quote|Unis is Sobek, green of plumage, with alert face and raised fore, the splashing one who came from the thigh and tail of the great goddess in the sunlight ... Unis has appeared as Sobek, Neith's son. Unis will eat with his mouth, Unis will urinate and Unis will copulate with his penis. Unis is lord of semen, who takes women from their husbands to the place Unis likes according to his heart's fancy.{{sfn|Allen|Manuelian|2005|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=6VBJeCoDdTUC&pg=PA60 60] |loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=6VBJeCoDdTUC&pg=PA15 The Pyramid Texts of Unis]}}}}

The origin of his name, SbkWB IV, 95. in Egyptian, is debated among scholars, but many believe that it is derived from a causative of the verb "to impregnate".{{sfn|Murray|2004|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=WWI7-qA3pQAC&pg=PA107 107] |loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=WWI7-qA3pQAC&pg=PA92 Religion]}}

File:Statue of Sobek Ashmolean.jpg's mortuary temple (which was connected to his pyramid at Hawara in the Faiyum), serving as a testament to this king's devotion to Sobek. Ashmolean Museum, Oxford.]]

File:Egyptian - Statue of a Crocodile with the Head of a Falcon - Walters 22347 - Right (cropped).jpg ({{circa| 400–250 {{sc|BCE}} }}) statue shows Sobek bearing the falcon head of Re-Harakhti, illustrating the fusion of Sobek and Re into Sobek-Re. Walters Art Museum, Baltimore.]]

Though Sobek was worshipped in the Old Kingdom, he truly gained prominence in the Middle Kingdom ({{circa| 2055–1650 {{sc|BCE}} }}), most notably under the Twelfth Dynasty pharaoh, Amenemhat III. Amenemhat III had taken a particular interest in the Faiyum of Egypt, a region heavily associated with Sobek. Amenemhat and many of his dynastic contemporaries engaged in building projects to promote Sobek – projects that were often executed in the Faiyum. In this period, Sobek also underwent an important change: he was often fused with the falcon-headed god of divine kingship, Horus. This brought Sobek even closer with the kings of Egypt, thereby giving him a place of greater prominence in the Egyptian pantheon.{{sfn|Zecchi|2010|pp=37-52}} The fusion added a finer level of complexity to the god's nature, as he was adopted into the divine triad of Horus and his two parents: Osiris and Isis.{{sfn|Zecchi|2010|p=3}}

File:Kom Ombo, Sobek 0319.JPG shows Sobek with typical attributes of kingship, including a was-sceptre and royal kilt. The ankh in his hand represents his role as an Osirian healer and his crown is a solar crown associated with one of the many forms of Ra.]]

Sobek first acquired a role as a solar deity through his connection to Horus, but this was further strengthened in later periods with the emergence of Sobek-Ra, a fusion of Sobek and Egypt's primary sun god, Ra. Sobek-Horus persisted as a figure in the New Kingdom (1550–1069 {{sc|BCE}}), but it was not until the last dynasties of Egypt that Sobek-Ra gained prominence. This understanding of the god was maintained after the fall of Egypt's last native dynasty in Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt ({{circa| 332 {{sc|BCE}} – 390 {{sc|CE}} }}). The prestige of both Sobek and Sobek-Ra endured in this time period and tributes to him attained greater prominence – both through the expansion of his dedicated cultic sites and a concerted scholarly effort to make him the subject of religious doctrine.{{sfn|Zecchi|2010|p=153}}{{sfn|Zecchi|2010|p=154}}

The entire Faiyum region – the "Land of the Lake" in Egyptian (specifically referring to Lake Moeris) – served as a cult center of Sobek.{{sfn|Zecchi|2010|p=153}} Most Faiyum towns developed their own localized versions of the god, such as Soknebtunis at Tebtunis, Sokonnokonni at Bacchias, and Souxei at an unknown site in the area. At Karanis, two forms of the god were worshipped: Pnepheros and Petsuchos. There, mummified crocodiles were employed as cult images of Petsuchos.{{sfn|Frankfurter|1998|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6VJgeU28lQC&pg=PA99 99]|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6VJgeU28lQC&pg=PA97 The Local Scope of Religious Belief]}}{{sfn|Frankfurter|1998|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6VJgeU28lQC&pg=PA151 151]|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6VJgeU28lQC&pg=PA145 Mutations of the Egyptian Oracle]}}{{sfn|Frankfurter|1998|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6VJgeU28lQC&pg=PA159 159]|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6VJgeU28lQC&pg=PA145 Mutations of the Egyptian Oracle]}}{{sfn|Frankfurter|1998|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6VJgeU28lQC&pg=PA160 160]|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6VJgeU28lQC&pg=PA145 Mutations of the Egyptian Oracle]}}

File:Egyptian - Chest with Writing - Walters 61271 (cropped).jpg, Baltimore.]]

Sobek Shedety, the patron of the Faiyum's centrally located capital, Crocodilopolis (or Egyptian "Shedet"), was the most prominent form of the god. Extensive building programs honoring Sobek were realized in Shedet, as it was the capital of the entire Arsinoite nome and consequently the most important city in the region. It is thought that the effort to expand Sobek's main temple was initially driven by Ptolemy II.{{sfn|Zecchi|2010|p=153}} Specialized priests in the main temple at Shedet functioned solely to serve Sobek, boasting titles like "prophet of the crocodile-gods" and "one who buries of the bodies of the crocodile-gods of the Land of the Lake".{{sfn|Bresciani|2005|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zz5oNwmdaTcC&pg=PA203 203]}} For the Greco-Roman period, the settlements Bakchias, Narmouthis, Soknopaiou Nesos, Tebtunis and Theadelphia at the edges of the Faiyum provide numerous papyri, ostraca and inscriptions that relate to temples and priests of Sobek and his local incarnations: The sources from these five settlements are central to study cult practice, temple economy and social networks of priestly families under Roman rule.{{Cite book|last=Sippel|first=Benjamin|title=Gottesdiener und Kamelzüchter: Das Alltags- und Sozialleben der Sobek-Priester im kaiserzeitlichen Fayum|publisher=Harrassowitz|year=2020|isbn=978-3-447-11485-1|location=Wiesbaden}}

Outside the Faiyum, Kom Ombo, in southern Egypt, was the biggest cultic center of Sobek, particularly during the Ptolemaic and Roman periods. Kom Ombo is located about 30 miles (48 km) north of Aswan and was built during the Graeco-Roman period (332 BCE – 395 CE).{{cite web|url=http://discoveringegypt.com/pyramids-temples-of-egypt/kom-ombo-temple/|title=Kom Ombo Temple – Discovering Ancient Egypt|website=discoveringegypt.com}} The temple at this site was called the "Per-Sobek", meaning the "house of Sobek".{{sfn|Bresciani|2005|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zz5oNwmdaTcC&pg=PA203 203]}}

File:Sovk (Suchus, Cronos, Satrune), N372.2.jpg; 1823–1825; Brooklyn Museum (New York City)]]

Sobek is, above all else, an aggressive and animalistic deity who lives up to the vicious reputation of his patron animal, the large and violent Nile crocodile / West African crocodile. Some of his common epithets portray this nature succinctly, the most notable of which being: "he who loves robbery", "he who eats while he also mates", and "pointed of teeth".{{sfn|Bresciani|2005|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zz5oNwmdaTcC&pg=PA199 199]}} However, he also displays grand benevolence in more than one celebrated myth. After his association with Horus and consequent adoption into the Osirian triad of Osiris, Isis, and Horus in the Middle Kingdom, Sobek became associated with Isis as a healer of the deceased Osiris (following his violent murder by Set in the central Osiris myth).{{sfn|Zecchi|2010|p=3}} In fact, though many scholars believe that the name of Sobek, Sbk, is derived from s-bAk, "to impregnate", others postulate that it is a participial form of the verb sbq, an alternative writing of sAq, "to unite", thereby meaning Sbk could roughly translate to "he who unites (the dismembered limbs of Osiris)".{{sfn|Bresciani|2005|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zz5oNwmdaTcC&pg=PA200 200]}}

It is from this association with healing that Sobek was considered a protective deity. His fierceness was able to ward off evil while simultaneously defending the innocent. He was thus made a subject of personal piety and a common recipient of votive offerings, particularly in the later periods of ancient Egyptian history. It was not uncommon, particularly in Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt, for crocodiles to be preserved as mummies to present at Sobek's cultic centers.{{sfn|Ikram|2005|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zz5oNwmdaTcC&pg=PA219 219]}} Sobek was also offered mummified crocodile eggs, meant to emphasize the cyclical nature of his solar attributes as Sobek-Ra.{{sfn|Ikram|2005|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zz5oNwmdaTcC&pg=PA225 225]}}

Likewise, crocodiles were raised for religious reasons as living incarnations of Sobek. Upon their deaths, they were mummified in a grand ritual display as sacred, but earthly, manifestations of their patron god. This practice was executed specifically at the main temple of Crocodilopolis.{{sfn|Bresciani|2005|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zz5oNwmdaTcC&pg=PA202 202]}}{{sfn|Bresciani|2005|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zz5oNwmdaTcC&pg=PA203 203]}} These mummified crocodiles have been found with baby crocodiles in their mouths and on their backs. The crocodile is one of the few reptiles seen to diligently care for their young, and often transports its offspring in this manner. The practice of preserving this aspect of the animal's behavior via mummification is likely intended to emphasize the protective and nurturing aspects of the fierce Sobek, as he protects the Egyptian people in the same manner that the crocodile protects its young.{{sfn|Ikram|2005|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zz5oNwmdaTcC&pg=PA219 219]}}

In Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt, a local monograph called the Book of the Faiyum centered on Sobek with a considerable portion devoted to the journey made by Sobek-Ra each day with the movement of the sun through the sky. The text also focuses heavily on Sobek's central role in creation as a manifestation of Ra, as he is said to have risen from the primal waters of Lake Moeris, not unlike the Ogdoad in the traditional creation myth of Hermopolis.O'Connor

Many varied copies of the book exist and many scholars feel that it was produced in large quantities as a "best-seller" in antiquity. The integral relationship between the Faiyum and Sobek is highlighted via this text, and his far reaching influence is seen in localities that are outside the Faiyum as well; a portion of the book is copied on the Upper Egyptian (meaning southern Egyptian) Temple of Kom Ombo.Tait, 183–184.

File:Sobek as crocodile.svg|Sobek as a crocodile on a shrine

File:Sobek-Ra.svg|Sobek-Ra with a sun disk

File:Krokodilsstatue.jpg|Sobek in his crocodile form; 1991-1802 BCE; Staatliche Sammlung für Ägyptische Kunst (Munich, Germany)

File:The Crocodile Museum 0288 b1.jpg|Mummified crocodiles of various ages, in honor of Sobek. Crocodile Museum, Temple of Kom Ombo

File:The Crocodile Museum 0283 d1.jpg|Mummified crocodiles, in the Crocodile Museum

File:Kom Ombo, Sobek 0372.JPG|A wall relief from Kom Ombo showing Sobek with solar attributes

Luxor Museum Statuen Sobek Amenophis III. 02.jpg|Statue of Sobek and Amenhotep III; 1550-1292 BCE; calcite; Luxor Museum (Luxor, Egypt)

File:Plaque with head and shoulders of a priestly figure, opposite side head of priestly figure and most of a figure of crocodile-headed god MET DP236169 (cropped).jpg|Plaque with head and shoulders of a priestly figure and Sobek; 400-30 BCE; limestone; height: 27.5 cm, width: 25.5 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)

File:Relief plaque, upper part of crocodile-headed god MET DP236820 (cropped).jpg|Fragment of a relief of Sobek; 400-30 BCE; limestone; height: 6 cm, width: 8.7 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art

Amulet of Soknopaios LACMA M.80.202.64.jpg|Amulet of Soknopaios; 305-31 BCE; green faience; 2.7 x 7.9 cm; Los Angeles County Museum of Art (Los Angeles, California)

• Ammit, a female crocodile-headed deity in Egyptian mythology

{{reflist|30em}}

{{refbegin}}

• {{cite book |last1=Allen |first1=James P. |author-link=James Peter Allen |last2=Manuelian |first2=Peter Der |title=The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6VBJeCoDdTUC |location=Atlanta |publisher=Society of Biblical Literature |year=2005 |pages=471 |isbn=9781589831827}}
• {{cite book |last=Bresciani |first=Edda |author-link=Edda Bresciani |chapter=Sobek, Lord of the Land of the Lake |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zz5oNwmdaTcC&pg=PA199 |title=Divine Creatures: Animal Mummies in Ancient Egypt |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zz5oNwmdaTcC |pages=199–206 |location=Cairo |publisher=The American University in Cairo Press |year=2005 |isbn=9789774248580}}
• {{cite book |last=Frankfurter |first=David |author-link=David Frankfurter |title=Religion in Roman Egypt: Assimilation and Resistance |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6VJgeU28lQC |location=Princeton |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1998 |pages=314 |isbn=978-0-691-07054-4}}
• {{cite book |last=Ikram |first=Salima |author-link=Salima Ikram |chapter=Protecting Pets and Cleaning Crocodiles: The Animal Mummy Project |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zz5oNwmdaTcC&pg=PA207 |title=Divine Creatures: Animal Mummies in Ancient Egypt |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zz5oNwmdaTcC |pages=207–227 |location=Cairo |publisher=The American University in Cairo Press |year=2005 |isbn=9789774248580}}
• {{cite book |last=Murray |first=Mary Alice |title=The Splendor that was Egypt |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WWI7-qA3pQAC |location=London |publisher=Courier Corporation |year=2004 |pages=256 |isbn=9780486431000}}
• O'Connor, David. "From Topography to Cosmos: Ancient Egypt's Multiple Maps". In Ancient Perspectives: Maps and Their Place in Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, and Rome, edited by Richard J.A. Talbert, 47–79. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012.
• Tait, John. "The 'Book of the Fayum': Mystery in a Known Landscape". In Mysterious Lands, edited by David O'Connor and Stephen Quirke, 183–202. Portland: Cavendish Publishing, 2003.
• {{cite book |last=Zecchi |first=Marco |title=Sobek of Shedet : The Crocodile God in the Fayyum in the Dynastic Period |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tkrQcQAACAAJ |location=Umbria |publisher=Tau Editrice |year=2010 |pages=206 |isbn=9788862441155}}

{{refend}}

• Beinlich, Horst. Das Buch vom Fayum: zum religiösen Eigenverständnis einer ägyptischen Landschaft. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1991.
• Dolzani, Claudia. Il Dio Sobk. Roma: Accademia nazionale dei Lincei, 1961.
• Kockelmann, Holger. Der Herr der Seen, Sümpfe und Flussläufe: Untersuchungen zum Gott Sobek und den ägyptischen Krokodilgötter-Kulten von den Anfängen bis zur Römerzeit. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2018.
• Barney, Quinten. 'Sobek: The Idolatrous God of Pharaoh Amenemhet III.' Journal of the Book of Mormon and Other Restoration Scripture. Vol. 22, No. 2 (2013), pp. 22–27.
• Benjamin Sippel: Gottesdiener und Kamelzüchter: Das Alltags- und Sozialleben der Sobek-Priester im kaiserzeitlichen Fayum. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2020, {{ISBN|978-3-447-11485-1}}

• {{Commons category-inline|Sobek}}

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