software engineering

{{Main|History of software engineering}}

Beginning in the 1960s, software engineering was recognized as a separate field of engineering.

The development of software engineering was seen as a struggle. Problems included software that was over budget, exceeded deadlines, required extensive debugging and maintenance, and unsuccessfully met the needs of consumers or was never even completed.

In 1968, NATO held the first software engineering conference, where issues related to software were addressed. Guidelines and best practices for the development of software were established.{{Cite web|title=The history of coding and software engineering|url=https://www.hackreactor.com/blog/the-history-of-coding-and-software-engineering|access-date=2021-05-06|website=www.hackreactor.com|language=en-US|archive-date=2022-03-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324032759/https://www.hackreactor.com/blog/the-history-of-coding-and-software-engineering/|url-status=dead}}

The origins of the term software engineering have been attributed to various sources. The term appeared in a list of services offered by companies in the June 1965 issue of "Computers and Automation"{{cite web |title=Computers and Automation: The Computer Directory and Buyers' Guide, 1965 |url=http://www.bitsavers.org/magazines/Computers_And_Automation/196506.pdf |website=bitsavers.org |access-date=15 July 2023}} and was used more formally in the August 1966 issue of Communications of the ACM (Volume 9, number 8) in "President's Letter to the ACM Membership" by Anthony A. Oettinger.{{cite web |url=https://bertrandmeyer.com/wp-content/upLoads/ACM-1966-Presidental-letter.pdf |quote=We must recognize ourselves -- not necessarily all of us, and not necessarily any one of us all the time -- as members of an engineering profession, be it hardware engineering or software engineering, a profession without artificial and irrelevant boundaries like that between "scientific" and "business" applications. |title=President's Letter to the ACM Membership |access-date=27 February 2025}}{{cite journal |last1=Oettinger |first1=A. G. |year=1966 |title=President's Letter to the ACM Membership |publisher=Association for Computing Machinery |volume=9 |number=8 |issn=0001-0782 |doi=10.1145/365758.3291288 |journal=Commun. ACM |pages=545–546 |s2cid=53432801 |doi-access = free}}{{cite web

| url = https://bertrandmeyer.com/2013/04/04/the-origin-of-software-engineering/

| title = The origin of "software engineering"

| date = 4 April 2013

| access-date = 17 November 2017}} It is also associated with the title of a NATO conference in 1968 by Professor Friedrich L. Bauer.{{cite web

| url = http://homepages.cs.ncl.ac.uk/brian.randell/NATO/NATOReports/

| title = The 1968/69 NATO Software Engineering Reports

| last = Randall | first = Brian

| access-date = 17 November 2017}} Margaret Hamilton described the discipline of "software engineering" during the Apollo missions to give what they were doing legitimacy.{{cite web |title=Margaret Hamilton: First Software Engineer |author=Lori Cameron |website=Tech News |url=https://www.computer.org/publications/tech-news/events/what-to-know-about-the-scientist-who-invented-the-term-software-engineering |date=October 5, 2008 |publisher=IEEE Computer Society}} At the time, there was perceived to be a "software crisis".{{cite book

|title= Software Engineering

|author=Ian Sommerville

|publisher=Pearson Education Limited

|date= March 24, 2015

|edition=10th

|isbn=978-0-13-394303-0}}{{cite conference|author-first1=Naur|author-last1=Peter|author-first2=Brian |author-last2=Randell|author-link2=Brian Randell| title = Software Engineering: Report of a conference sponsored by the NATO Science Committee| publisher = Scientific Affairs Division, NATO| date = 7–11 October 1968| location = Garmisch, Germany| url = http://homepages.cs.ncl.ac.uk/brian.randell/NATO/nato1968.PDF| access-date = 2008-12-26}}{{cite web | url = http://homepages.cs.ncl.ac.uk/brian.randell/NATO/NATOReports/index.html| title = The 1968/69 NATO Software Engineering Reports| access-date = 2008-10-11 | last = Randell | first = Brian | author-link = Brian Randell|date = 10 August 2001| work = Brian Randell's University Homepage| publisher = The School of the Computer Sciences, Newcastle University| quote = The idea for the first NATO Software Engineering Conference, and in particular that of adopting the then practically unknown term "software engineering" as its (deliberately provocative) title, I believe came originally from Professor Fritz Bauer.}} The 40th International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE 2018) celebrates 50 years of "Software Engineering" with the Plenary Sessions' keynotes of Frederick Brooks{{cite web

| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=StN49re9Nq8&t=67s | title = ICSE 2018 – Plenary Sessions – Fred Brooks | author = 2018 International Conference on Software Engineering celebrating its 40th anniversary, and 50 years of Software engineering | website = YouTube | date = 31 May 2018 | access-date = 9 August 2018}} and Margaret Hamilton.{{cite web

| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZbVOF0Uk5lU | title = ICSE 2018 – Plenary Sessions – Margaret Hamilton | author = 2018 International Conference on Software Engineering celebrating its 40th anniversary, and 50 years of Software engineering | website = YouTube | date = 31 May 2018 | access-date = 9 August 2018}}

In 1984, the Software Engineering Institute (SEI) was established as a federally funded research and development center headquartered on the campus of Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States.{{cite journal

|title=Software engineering institute (SEI)

|author=Linda Hutz Pesante

|journal=Encyclopedia of Computer Science

|publisher=John Wiley and Sons Ltd.

|location=Chichester, West Sussex, UK

|editor1=Anthony Ralston

|editor2=Edwin D. Reilly

|isbn=978-0-470-86412-8

|date=January 1, 2003

|pages=1611–1613

|url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.5555/1074100.1074803

|quote="(1) The institute was competitively awarded to Carnegie Mellon in December 1984 by the US Department of Defense (DoD) to improve the state of the practice of software engineering. ... (2) the SEI moves mature solutions of proven value into widespread use; examples include the Capability Maturity Model (CMM) ..."}} {{free access}}

Watts Humphrey founded the SEI Software Process Program, aimed at understanding and managing the software engineering process. The Process Maturity Levels introduced became the Capability Maturity Model Integration for Development (CMMI-DEV), which defined how the US Government evaluates the abilities of a software development team.

Modern, generally accepted best practices for software engineering have been collected by the ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 7 subcommittee and published as the Software Engineering Body of Knowledge (SWEBOK). Software engineering is considered one of the major computing disciplines.{{cite book |title=Software Engineering 2014: Curriculum Guidelines for Undergraduate Degree Programs in Software Engineering |series=A Volume of the Computing Curricula Series |date=23 February 2015 |author=Joint Task Force on Computing Curricula, IEEE Computer Society, Association for Computing Machinery |publisher=IEEE Computer Society and Association for Computing Machinery |url=https://www.acm.org/binaries/content/assets/education/se2014.pdf}}

Notable definitions of software engineering include:

• "The systematic application of scientific and technological knowledge, methods, and experience to the design, implementation, testing, and documentation of software."—The Bureau of Labor Statistics—IEEE Systems and software engineering – VocabularySystems and software engineering – Vocabulary, ISO/IEC/IEEE std 24765:2010(E), 2010.
• "The application of a systematic, disciplined, quantifiable approach to the development, operation, and maintenance of software."—IEEE Standard Glossary of Software Engineering TerminologyIEEE Standard Glossary of Software Engineering Terminology, IEEE std 610.12-1990, 1990.
• "An engineering discipline that is concerned with all aspects of software production."—Ian Sommerville{{cite book

| last=Sommerville |first=Ian |author-link=Ian Sommerville (academic)

| title=Software Engineering |orig-year=1982

| chapter-url=http://www.pearsoned.co.uk/HigherEducation/Booksby/Sommerville/

| edition=8th |year=2007

| publisher=Pearson Education |location=Harlow, England

| isbn=978-0-321-31379-9 |pages=7 |chapter=1.1.2 What is software engineering?

| quote=Software engineering is an engineering discipline that is concerned with all aspects of software production from the early stages of system specification to maintaining the system after it has gone into use. In this definition, there are two key phrases:
1. Engineering discipline Engineers make things work. They apply theories, methods and tools where these are appropriate [. . .] Engineers also recognize that they must work to organizational and financial constraints. [. . .]
2. All aspects of software production Software engineering is not just concerned with the technical processes of software development but also with activities such as software project management and with the development of tools, methods and theories to support software production.

}}

• "The establishment and use of sound engineering principles in order to economically obtain software that is reliable and works efficiently on real machines."—Fritz Bauer{{cite journal| title= Software Engineering | journal = Information Processing | volume = 71 | pages = 530–538}}
• "A branch of computer science that deals with the design, implementation, and maintenance of complex computer programs."—Merriam-Webster{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/software+engineering|title=Definition of SOFTWARE ENGINEERING|website=www.merriam-webster.com|language=en|access-date=2019-11-25}}
• {{"'}}Software engineering' encompasses not just the act of writing code, but all of the tools and processes an organization uses to build and maintain that code over time. [...] Software engineering can be thought of as 'programming integrated over time.{{'"}}—Software Engineering at Google{{cite book

| last1=Winters | first1 =Titus | last2=Manshrec | first2=Tom | last3=Wright | first3=Hyrum

| title=Software Engineering at Google | year=2020 | publisher= O'Reilly Media, Inc. | isbn=978-1-492-08279-8 | pages=xix–xx, 6–7 |chapter= Preface, Programming Over Time | quote=We propose that "software engineering" encompasses not just the act of writing code, but all of the tools and processes an organization uses to build and maintain that code over time. What practices can a software organization introduce that will best keep its code valuable over the long term? How can engineers make a codebase more sustainable and the software engineering discipline itself more rigorous?}}

The term has also been used less formally:

• as the informal contemporary term for the broad range of activities that were formerly called computer programming and systems analysis{{cite web |url=http://www.micsymposium.org/mics_2002/SALAH.PDF|publisher=35th Annual Midwest Instruction and Computing Symposium|date=2002-04-05|access-date=2006-09-13|author=Akram I. Salah|title=Engineering an Academic Program in Software Engineering}}: "For some, software engineering is just a glorified name for programming. If you are a programmer, you might put 'software engineer' on your business card—never 'programmer' though."
• as the broad term for all aspects of the practice of computer programming, as opposed to the theory of computer programming, which is formally studied as a sub-discipline of computer scienceMills, Harlan D., J. R. Newman, and C. B. Engle, Jr., "An Undergraduate Curriculum in Software Engineering," in {{cite book|title=Software Engineering Education: SEI Conference 1990, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA, April 2–3,...|first = Lionel E.|last=Deimel|year=1990|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-387-97274-9}},[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZuWbyy2blMEC&pg=PA26 p. 26]: "As a practical matter, we regard software engineering as the necessary preparation for the practicing, software development and maintenance professional. The Computer Scientist is preparing for further theoretical studies..."
• as the term embodying the advocacy of a specific approach to computer programming, one that urges that it be treated as an engineering discipline rather than an art or a craft, and advocates the codification of recommended practices{{cite journal |title=Realising evidence-based software engineering

|author1=Barbara Kitchevnham

|author2=David Budgen

|author3=Pearl Brereton

|author4=Stephen Linkman

|journal=ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes

|date=2005

|volume=30

|issue=4

|pages=1–3

|doi=10.1145/1082983.1083175

|quote="We believe that software engineering can only advance as an engineering discipline by moving away from its current dependence upon advocacy and analysis, ..."}}

Individual commentators have disagreed sharply on how to define software engineering or its legitimacy as an engineering discipline. David Parnas has said that software engineering is, in fact, a form of engineering.{{cite journal | last = Parnas| first = David L.| author-link = David Parnas| year = 1998| title = Software Engineering Programmes are not Computer Science Programmes| journal = Annals of Software Engineering| volume = 6| pages = 19–37| doi = 10.1023/A:1018949113292| s2cid = 35786237| url=http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/parnas98software.html}}, p. 19: "Rather than treat software engineering as a subfield of computer science, I treat it as an element of the set, {Civil Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Electrical Engineering,....}."{{cite journal | last = Parnas| first = David L.| year = 1998| title = Software Engineering Programmes are not Computer Science Programmes| journal = Annals of Software Engineering| volume = 6

| pages = 19–37| doi = 10.1023/A:1018949113292| s2cid = 35786237| url=http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/parnas98software.html}}, p. 20: "This paper argues that the introduction of accredited professional programs in software engineering, programmes that are modelled on programmes in traditional engineering disciplines will help to increase both the quality and quantity of graduates who are well prepared, by their education, to develop trustworthy software products."

Steve McConnell has said that it is not, but that it should be.{{cite book| last = McConnell| first = Steve| author-link = Steve McConnell| date = August 2003| title = Professional Software Development: Shorter Schedules, Better Projects, Superior Products, Enhanced Careers| publisher = Addison-Wesley| location = Boston, MA| isbn = 0-321-19367-9| url-access = registration| url = https://archive.org/details/professionalsoft00mcco_0}}, p. 39: "In my opinion, the answer to that question is clear: Professional software development should be engineering. Is it? No. But should it be? Unquestionably, yes. " Donald Knuth has said that programming is an art and a science.{{cite journal|last=Knuth | first=Donald| author-link=Donald Knuth |year = 1974| title= Computer Programming as an Art | journal = Communications of the ACM | volume = 17 | issue = 12 | pages = 667–673 | url=http://disciplinas.lia.ufc.br/matdis061/arquivos/knuth-turingaward.pdf | doi=10.1145/361604.361612| s2cid=207685720| doi-access=free }}Transcript of the 1974 Turing Award lecture. Edsger W. Dijkstra claimed that the terms software engineering and software engineer have been misused in the United States.{{cite web| url = http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/EWD/transcriptions/EWD11xx/EWD1165.html| title = There is still a war going on (manuscript Austin, 3 December 1993)| access-date = February 17, 2007 | last = Dijkstra | first = Edsger W| author-link = Edsger Dijkstra| author2=transcribed by Mario Béland | orig-year = First published December 3, 1993| date = November 23, 2004| work = E. W. Dijkstra Archive| publisher = The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Computer Sciences| quote = When the term was coined in 1968 by F.L. Bauer of the Technological University of Munich, I welcomed it. [. . .] I interpreted the introduction of the term "software engineering" as an apt reflection of the fact that the design of software systems was an activity par excellence for the mathematical engineer. [. . .]. As soon the term arrived in the USA, it was relieved of all its technical content. It had to be so for in its original meaning it was totally unacceptable [. . .] In the meantime, software engineering has become an almost empty term, as was nicely demonstrated by Data General who overnight promoted all its programmers to the exalted rank of "software engineer"! }}

{{Main|Outline of software engineering}}

{{Main|Software requirements}}

Requirements engineering is about elicitation, analysis, specification, and validation of requirements for software. Software requirements can be functional, non-functional or domain.

Functional requirements describe expected behaviors (i.e. outputs). Non-functional requirements specify issues like portability, security, maintainability, reliability, scalability, performance, reusability, and flexibility. They are classified into the following types: interface constraints, performance constraints (such as response time, security, storage space, etc.), operating constraints, life cycle constraints (maintainability, portability, etc.), and economic constraints. Knowledge of how the system or software works is needed when it comes to specifying non-functional requirements. Domain requirements have to do with the characteristic of a certain category or domain of projects.{{Cite web|date=2018-06-19|title=Software Engineering {{!}} Classification of Software Requirements|url=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/software-engineering-classification-of-software-requirements/|access-date=2021-05-06|website=GeeksforGeeks|language=en-us}}

{{Main|Software design}}

Software design is the process of making high-level plans for the software. Design is sometimes divided into levels:

• Interface design plans the interaction between a system and its environment as well as the inner workings of the system.
• Architectural design plans the major components of a system, including their responsibilities, properties, and interfaces between them.
• Detailed design plans internal elements, including their properties, relationships, algorithms and data structures.{{Cite web|date=2019-05-24|title=Software Engineering {{!}} Software Design Process|url=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/software-engineering-software-design-process/|access-date=2021-05-06|website=GeeksforGeeks|language=en-us}}

{{Main|Software construction}}

Software construction typically involves programming (a.k.a. coding), unit testing, integration testing, and debugging so as to implement the design."Software testing is related to, but different from, ... debugging".

Testing during this phase is generally performed by the programmer and with the purpose to verify that the code behaves as designed and to know when the code is ready for the next level of testing.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}

{{Main|Software testing}}

Software testing is an empirical, technical investigation conducted to provide stakeholders with information about the quality of the software under test.

When described separately from construction, testing typically is performed by test engineers or quality assurance instead of the programmers who wrote it. It is performed at the system level and is considered an aspect of software quality.

{{Main|Program analysis}}

Program analysis is the process of analyzing computer programs with respect to an aspect such as performance, robustness, and security.

{{Main|Software maintenance}}

Software maintenance refers to supporting the software after release. It may include but is not limited to: error correction, optimization, deletion of unused and discarded features, and enhancement of existing features.

Usually, maintenance takes up 40% to 80% of project cost.{{Cite web|title=What is Software Maintenance? Definition of Software Maintenance, Software Maintenance Meaning|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/definition/software-maintenance|access-date=2021-05-06|website=The Economic Times}}

{{Globalize|date=November 2010}}

Knowledge of computer programming is a prerequisite for becoming a software engineer. In 2004, the IEEE Computer Society produced the SWEBOK, which has been published as ISO/IEC Technical Report 1979:2005, describing the body of knowledge that they recommend to be mastered by a graduate software engineer with four years of experience.{{cite book |editor1=Alain Abran |editor2=James W. Moore |editor3=Pierre Bourque |editor4=Robert Dupuis |editor5=Leonard L. Tripp |title=Guide to the Software Engineering Body of Knowledge |publisher=IEEE Computer Society |date=2005 |url=http://www.computer.org/portal/web/swebok |access-date = 2010-09-13 |orig-year= 2004 |chapter=Chapter 1: Introduction to the Guide |chapter-url=http://www.computer.org/portal/web/swebok/html/ch1 |quote=The total volume of cited literature is intended to be suitable for mastery through the completion of an undergraduate education plus four years of experience. |archive-date=2016-05-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509154355/https://www.computer.org/portal/web/swebok |url-status= dead}}

Many software engineers enter the profession by obtaining a university degree or training at a vocational school. One standard international curriculum for undergraduate software engineering degrees was defined by the Joint Task Force on Computing Curricula of the IEEE Computer Society and the Association for Computing Machinery, and updated in 2014. A number of universities have Software Engineering degree programs; {{As of|2010|lc=on}}, there were 244 Campus Bachelor of Software Engineering programs, 70 Online programs, 230 Masters-level programs, 41 Doctorate-level programs, and 69 Certificate-level programs in the United States.

In addition to university education, many companies sponsor internships for students wishing to pursue careers in information technology. These internships can introduce the student to real-world tasks that typical software engineers encounter every day. Similar experience can be gained through military service in software engineering.

Half of all practitioners today have degrees in computer science, information systems, or information technology.{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}} A small but growing number of practitioners have software engineering degrees. In 1987, the Department of Computing at Imperial College London introduced the first three-year software engineering bachelor's degree in the world; in the following year, the University of Sheffield established a similar program.Cowling, A. J. 1999. The first decade of an undergraduate degree program in software engineering. Ann. Softw. Eng. 6, 1–4 (Apr. 1999), 61–90. In 1996, the Rochester Institute of Technology established the first software engineering bachelor's degree program in the United States; however, it did not obtain ABET accreditation until 2003, the same year as Rice University, Clarkson University, Milwaukee School of Engineering, and Mississippi State University.{{cite web|url=http://www.abet.org/accrediteac.asp|title=ABET Accredited Engineering Programs|date=April 3, 2007|access-date=April 3, 2007|archive-date=June 19, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619233414/http://abet.org/accrediteac.asp|url-status=dead}} In 1997, PSG College of Technology in Coimbatore, India was the first to start a five-year integrated Master of Science degree in Software Engineering.{{citation needed|date=May 2012}}

Since then, software engineering undergraduate degrees have been established at many universities. A standard international curriculum for undergraduate software engineering degrees, SE2004, was defined by a steering committee between 2001 and 2004 with funding from the Association for Computing Machinery and the IEEE Computer Society. {{As of|2004}}, about 50 universities in the U.S. offer software engineering degrees, which teach both computer science and engineering principles and practices. The first software engineering master's degree was established at Seattle University in 1979. Since then, graduate software engineering degrees have been made available from many more universities. Likewise in Canada, the Canadian Engineering Accreditation Board (CEAB) of the Canadian Council of Professional Engineers has recognized several software engineering programs.

In 1998, the US Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) established the first doctorate program in Software Engineering in the world.{{Citation needed|date=June 2007}} Additionally, many online advanced degrees in Software Engineering have appeared such as the Master of Science in Software Engineering (MSE) degree offered through the Computer Science and Engineering Department at California State University, Fullerton. Steve McConnell opines that because most universities teach computer science rather than software engineering, there is a shortage of true software engineers.McConnell, Steve (July 10, 2003). Professional Software Development: Shorter Schedules, Higher Quality Products, More Successful Projects, Enhanced Careers. {{ISBN|978-0-321-19367-4}}. ETS (École de technologie supérieure) University and UQAM (Université du Québec à Montréal) were mandated by IEEE to develop the Software Engineering Body of Knowledge (SWEBOK), which has become an ISO standard describing the body of knowledge covered by a software engineer.

{{main|Software engineering professionalism|Regulation and licensure in engineering}}

Legal requirements for the licensing or certification of professional software engineers vary around the world. In the UK, there is no licensing or legal requirement to assume or use the job title Software Engineer. In some areas of Canada, such as Alberta, British Columbia, Ontario,{{cite conference | first = N.S.W. | last = Williams | title = Professional Engineers Ontario's approach to licensing software engineering practitioners | book-title = Software Engineering Education and Training, 2001 Proceedings. 14th Conference on | pages = 77–78 | publisher = IEEE| date = 19–21 February 2001 | location = Charlotte, NC }} and Quebec, software engineers can hold the Professional Engineer (P.Eng) designation and/or the Information Systems Professional (I.S.P.) designation. In Europe, Software Engineers can obtain the European Engineer (EUR ING) professional title. Software Engineers can also become professionally qualified as a Chartered Engineer through the British Computer Society.

In the United States, the NCEES began offering a Professional Engineer exam for Software Engineering in 2013, thereby allowing Software Engineers to be licensed and recognized.{{cite web| url = http://cdn1.ncees.co/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Exam-specifications_PE-Software-Apr-2013.pdf| title = NCEES Software Engineering Exam Specifications| access-date = 2012-04-01| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130827220334/http://cdn1.ncees.co/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Exam-specifications_PE-Software-Apr-2013.pdf| archive-date = 2013-08-27}} NCEES ended the exam after April 2019 due to lack of participation.{{cite web |title=NCEES discontinuing PE Software Engineering exam |url=https://ncees.org/ncees-discontinuing-pe-software-engineering-exam/ |publisher=National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying |date=13 March 2018 |access-date=6 August 2018}} Mandatory licensing is currently still largely debated, and perceived as controversial.

The IEEE Computer Society and the ACM, the two main US-based professional organizations of software engineering, publish guides to the profession of software engineering. The IEEE's Guide to the Software Engineering Body of Knowledge – 2004 Version, or SWEBOK, defines the field and describes the knowledge the IEEE expects a practicing software engineer to have. The most current version is SWEBOK v4. The IEEE also promulgates a "Software Engineering Code of Ethics".{{cite web |url=http://www.computer.org/cms/Computer.org/Publications/code-of-ethics.pdf |title=Software Engineering Code of Ethics |access-date=2012-03-25 |archive-date=2015-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150123034610/http://www.computer.org/cms/Computer.org/Publications/code-of-ethics.pdf |url-status=dead }}

{{globalize|United States|date=September 2021}}

{{See also|Software engineering demographics}}

There are an estimated 26.9 million professional software engineers in the world as of 2022, up from 21 million in 2016.{{cite web |last1=Labs |first1=Qubit |title=How Many Programmers are there in the World and in the US? [2023] |url=https://qubit-labs.com/how-many-programmers-in-the-world/ |website=Qubit Labs |access-date=7 February 2023 |date=29 November 2022}}{{cite web|url=http://evansdata.com/reports/viewRelease.php?reportID=9|title=Global Developer Population and Demographic Study 2016 V2|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=Evans Data Corporation|accessdate=19 January 2017}}

Many software engineers work as employees or contractors. Software engineers work with businesses, government agencies (civilian or military), and non-profit organizations. Some software engineers work for themselves as freelancers. Some organizations have specialists to perform each of the tasks in the software development process. Other organizations require software engineers to do many or all of them. In large projects, people may specialize in only one role. In small projects, people may fill several or all roles at the same time. Many companies hire interns, often university or college students during a summer break, or externships. Specializations include analysts, architects, developers, testers, technical support, middleware analysts, project managers, software product managers, educators, and researchers.

Most software engineers and programmers work 40 hours a week, but about 15 percent of software engineers and 11 percent of programmers worked more than 50 hours a week in 2008. Potential injuries in these occupations are possible because like other workers who spend long periods sitting in front of a computer terminal typing at a keyboard, engineers and programmers are susceptible to eyestrain, back discomfort, Thrombosis, Obesity, and hand and wrist problems such as carpal tunnel syndrome.{{cite web |url=http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos303.htm#training|title=Computer Software Engineers and Computer Programmers|access-date=2009-12-17}}

The U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) counted 1,365,500 software developers holding jobs in the U.S. in 2018.{{cite web |title=Software Developers |url=https://www.bls.gov/ooh/computer-and-information-technology/software-developers.htm |work=Occupational Outlook Handbook |publisher=U. S. Bureau of labor Statistics |date=4 September 2019 |access-date=11 December 2019}} Due to its relative newness as a field of study, formal education in software engineering is often taught as part of a computer science curriculum, and many software engineers hold computer science degrees.{{cite web |url=https://www.acm.org/binaries/content/assets/education/computing-disciplines.pdf |title=Computing Disciplines and Majors |publisher=Association for Computing Machinery |access-date=6 September 2019}} The BLS estimates from 2023 to 2033 that computer software engineering would increase by 17%.{{cite web|url=http://www.bls.gov/ooh/computer-and-information-technology/software-developers.htm |title=Software Developers: Occupational Outlook Handbook |publisher=U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics}} This is down from the 2022 to 2032 BLS estimate of 25% for software engineering.{{cite web |title=Computer Software Engineer |url=http://www.bls.gov/k12/computers04.htm |publisher=Bureau of Labor Statistics |date=March 19, 2010 |access-date=July 20, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726002354/http://www.bls.gov/k12/computers04.htm |archive-date=July 26, 2013}} And, is further down from their 30% 2010 to 2020 BLS estimate.{{cite web |title=Software Developers |url=http://www.bls.gov/ooh/computer-and-information-technology/software-developers.htm |date=January 8, 2014 |publisher=Bureau of Labor Statistics |access-date=July 21, 2012}} Due to this trend, job growth may not be as fast as during the last decade, as jobs that would have gone to computer software engineers in the United States would instead be outsourced to computer software engineers in countries such as India and other foreign countries.{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2020-08-04/big-tech-wants-you-to-believe-america-has-a-skills-gap |title=Tech Companies Want You to Believe America Has a Skills Gap |work=Bloomberg |last=Rosenthal |first=Rachel |date=August 4, 2020 |access-date=October 8, 2021 }} In addition, the BLS Job Outlook for Computer Programmers, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Outlook predicts a decline of -7 percent from 2016 to 2026, a further decline of -9 percent from 2019 to 2029, a decline of -10 percent from 2021 to 2031.{{cite web|url=https://www.bls.gov/ooh/computer-and-information-technology/computer-programmers.htm|title=Computer Programmers : Occupational Outlook Handbook: : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics|access-date=17 January 2017|archive-date=3 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503144645/https://www.bls.gov/ooh/computer-and-information-technology/computer-programmers.htm|url-status=live}} and then a decline of -11 percent from 2022 to 2032. Since computer programming can be done from anywhere in the world, companies sometimes hire programmers in countries where wages are lower.{{cite web|url=https://www.bls.gov/opub/btn/archive/publication.htm#regional-reports|title=Archive By Publication : Beyond the Numbers: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics|website=www.bls.gov}}{{cite web|url=https://www.designnews.com/design-hardware-software/soon-be-extinct-embedded-software-engineer|title=The Soon-to-Be-Extinct Embedded Software Engineer|date=May 10, 2018|website=designnews.com}} Furthermore, the ratio of women in many software fields has also been declining over the years as compared to other engineering fields.{{cite web|url=https://developers.hp.com/public/blog/hp-international-womens-week-women-computer-science-dropping-1980s|title=hp's Developer Portal | HP International Women's Week: Women in Computer Science dropping since 1980s|website=developers.hp.com}} Then there is the additional concern that recent advances in Artificial Intelligence might impact the demand for future generations of Software Engineers. {{Cite web |date=2023-04-06 |title=Software engineer jobs in danger due to ChatGPT-like tools? Here's what Google CEO Sundar Pichai has to say |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/technology/news/story/software-engineer-jobs-in-danger-due-to-chatgpt-like-tools-heres-what-google-ceo-sundar-pichai-has-to-say-376341-2023-04-06 |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=Business Today |language=en}} {{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |first2= |last3= |first3= |date=2023-01-25 |title=ChatGPT could make these jobs obsolete |url=https://nypost.com/2023/01/25/chat-gpt-could-make-these-jobs-obsolete/ |access-date=2023-05-12 |language=en-US}} {{Cite web |last=Kay |first=Grace |title=Software engineers are panicking about being replaced by AI |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/software-engineers-tech-panicking-golden-age-over-chatgpt-ai-blind-2023-4 |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}} {{Cite web |last=Fowler |first=Gary |title=Council Post: How Will ChatGPT Affect Jobs? |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesbusinessdevelopmentcouncil/2023/03/16/how-will-chatgpt-affect-jobs/ |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=Forbes |language=en}} {{Cite web |last=Ito |first=Aki |title=ChatGPT spells the end of coding as we know it |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/chatgpt-ai-technology-end-of-coding-software-developers-jobs-2023-4 |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}} {{Cite web |last=Zinkula |first=Aaron Mok, Jacob |title=ChatGPT may be coming for our jobs. Here are the 10 roles that AI is most likely to replace. |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/chatgpt-jobs-at-risk-replacement-artificial-intelligence-ai-labor-trends-2023-02 |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}} {{Cite web |last=Cohen |first=Mikaela |title=These are the tech jobs most threatened by ChatGPT and A.I. |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/04/15/these-are-the-tech-jobs-most-threatened-by-chatgpt-and-ai.html |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=CNBC |date=15 April 2023 |language=en}} However, this trend may change or slow in the future as many current software engineers in the U.S. market flee the profession or age out of the market in the next few decades.

The Software Engineering Institute offers certifications on specific topics like security, process improvement and software architecture.{{cite web |url=http://www.sei.cmu.edu/certification/ |title=SEI certification page |publisher=Sei.cmu.edu |access-date=2012-03-25}} IBM, Microsoft and other companies also sponsor their own certification examinations. Many IT certification programs are oriented toward specific technologies, and managed by the vendors of these technologies.{{cite web |url=http://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=1180991|title=The Top 10 Problems with IT Certification in 2008|last=Wyrostek|first=Warren |date=March 14, 2008|work=InformIT|access-date=2009-03-03}} These certification programs are tailored to the institutions that would employ people who use these technologies.

Broader certification of general software engineering skills is available through various professional societies. {{As of|2006}}, the IEEE had certified over 575 software professionals as a Certified Software Development Professional (CSDP).{{cite web |author=IEEE Computer Society|url=http://www.ifip.org/minutes/GA2006/Tab18b-US-IEEE.pdf|title=2006 IEEE computer society report to the IFIP General Assembly|access-date=2007-04-10}} In 2008 they added an entry-level certification known as the Certified Software Development Associate (CSDA).{{cite web |author=IEEE|url=http://www.computer.org/portal/web/certification/csda|title=CSDA|access-date=2010-04-20}} The ACM had a professional certification program in the early 1980s,{{Citation needed|date=March 2009}} which was discontinued due to lack of interest. The ACM and the IEEE Computer Society together examined the possibility of licensing of software engineers as Professional Engineers in the 1990s,

but eventually decided that such licensing was inappropriate for the professional industrial practice of software engineering. {{cite web |author=Barbara Simons |title=Past ACM Presidents Reflect on Their Service to ACM |series=Celebrating 75 Years of Advancing Computing as a Science & Profession |url=https://www.acm.org/75th-anniversary/past-presidents/barbara-simons |access-date=May 18, 2024 |publisher=Association for Computing Machinery |quote=After the panels' recommendations were submitted, ACM Council concluded that the framework of a licensed professional engineer, originally developed for civil engineers, does not match the professional industrial practice of software engineering and would preclude many of the most qualified software engineers from becoming licensed.}} John C. Knight and Nancy G. Leveson presented a more balanced analysis of the licensing issue in 2002.

{{cite journal |author1=John C. Knight

|author2=Nancy G. Leveson

|title=Should software engineers be licensed?

|journal=Communications of the ACM

|volume=45

|issue=11

|pages=87–90

|doi=10.1145/581571.581601

|date=November 1, 2002}}

In the U.K. the British Computer Society has developed a legally recognized professional certification called Chartered IT Professional (CITP), available to fully qualified members (MBCS). Software engineers may be eligible for membership of the British Computer Society or Institution of Engineering and Technology and so qualify to be considered for Chartered Engineer status through either of those institutions. In Canada the Canadian Information Processing Society has developed a legally recognized professional certification called Information Systems Professional (ISP).{{cite web |author=Canadian Information Processing Society|url=http://www.cips.ca/standards/isp|title=I.S.P. Designation|access-date=2007-03-15}} In Ontario, Canada, Software Engineers who graduate from a Canadian Engineering Accreditation Board (CEAB) accredited program, successfully complete PEO's (Professional Engineers Ontario) Professional Practice Examination (PPE) and have at least 48 months of acceptable engineering experience are eligible to be licensed through the Professional Engineers Ontario and can become Professional Engineers P.Eng.{{cite web |url=http://www.peo.on.ca |title=Professional Engineers Ontario: Welcome to PEO's website |publisher=Peo.on.ca |access-date=2012-03-25}} The PEO does not recognize any online or distance education however; and does not consider Computer Science programs to be equivalent to software engineering programs despite the tremendous overlap between the two. This has sparked controversy and a certification war. It has also held the number of P.Eng holders for the profession exceptionally low. The vast majority of working professionals in the field hold a degree in CS, not SE. Given the difficult certification path for holders of non-SE degrees, most never bother to pursue the license.

The initial impact of outsourcing, and the relatively lower cost of international human resources in developing third world countries led to a massive migration of software development activities from corporations in North America and Europe to India and later: China, Russia, and other developing countries. This approach had some flaws, mainly the distance / time zone difference that prevented human interaction between clients and developers and the massive job transfer. This had a negative impact on many aspects of the software engineering profession. For example, some students in the developed world avoid education related to software engineering because of the fear of offshore outsourcing (importing software products or services from other countries) and of being displaced by foreign visa workers.{{cite web |first=Patrick|last=Thibodaux|url=http://www.computerworld.com/article/2555175/it-careers/as-outsourcing-gathers-steam--computer-science-interest-wanes.html |title=As outsourcing gathers steam, computer science interest wanes |publisher=Computerworld.com |date=2006-05-05 |access-date=2016-12-06}} Although statistics do not currently show a threat to software engineering itself; a related career, computer programming does appear to have been affected.{{cite web |title=Software developer growth slows in North America: Study shows Asia will lead in software developer jobs by 2010 |author=Robert Mullins |date=March 13, 2007 |website=InfoWorld |series=Software Development |url=https://www.infoworld.com/article/2660992/software-developer-growth-slows-in-north-america.html}} Nevertheless, the ability to smartly leverage offshore and near-shore resources via the follow-the-sun workflow has improved the overall operational capability of many organizations.{{cite web |url=http://www.cognizant.com/html/content/news/GartnerMQ_Cognizant.pdf |title=Gartner Magic Quadrant |publisher=Cognizant.com |access-date=2012-03-25 |archive-date=2008-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920182857/http://www.cognizant.com/html/content/news/GartnerMQ_Cognizant.pdf |url-status=dead }} When North Americans leave work, Asians are just arriving to work. When Asians are leaving work, Europeans arrive to work. This provides a continuous ability to have human oversight on business-critical processes 24 hours per day, without paying overtime compensation or disrupting a key human resource, sleep patterns.

While global outsourcing has several advantages, global – and generally distributed – development can run into serious difficulties resulting from the distance between developers. This is due to the key elements of this type of distance that have been identified as geographical, temporal, cultural and communication (that includes the use of different languages and dialects of English in different locations).{{cite journal |last=Casey |first=Valentine |title=Virtual software team project management|journal=Journal of the Brazilian Computer Society |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=83–96 |date=2010-08-20 |doi=10.1007/s13173-010-0013-3 |s2cid=14383734 |url=http://eprints.dkit.ie/116/1/VCaseyRevisedVersion.doc |doi-access=free }} Research has been carried out in the area of global software development over the last 15 years and an extensive body of relevant work published that highlights the benefits and problems associated with the complex activity. As with other aspects of software engineering research is ongoing in this and related areas.

There are various prizes in the field of software engineering:

• ACM-AAAI Allen Newell Award- USA. Awarded to career contributions that have breadth within computer science, or that bridge computer science and other disciplines.
• BCS Lovelace Medal. Awarded to individuals who have made outstanding contributions to the understanding or advancement of computing.
• ACM SIGSOFT Outstanding Research Award, selected for individual(s) who have made "significant and lasting research contributions to the theory or practice of software engineering."{{cite web |title=Outstanding Research Award |website=SIGSOFT |url=https://www2.sigsoft.org/awards/outstandingresearch |access-date=1 April 2024}}
• More ACM SIGSOFT Awards.{{cite web |title=SIGSOFT Awards 2024 |author1=David Lo (SIGSOFT Awards Chair) |author2=Thomas Zimmermann (SIGSOFT Chair) |website=ACM SIGSOFT Blog |url=https://sigsoft.medium.com/sigsoft-awards-2024-ce34b9ee23a6 |date=17 January 2024 |access-date=1 April 2024}}
• The Codie award, a yearly award issued by the Software and Information Industry Association for excellence in software development within the software industry.
• Harlan Mills Award for "contributions to the theory and practice of the information sciences, focused on software engineering".
• ICSE Most Influential Paper Award.{{cite web |title=ICSE Most Influential Paper Award |url=https://www.sigsoft.org/awards/icseMIPAward.html |publisher=ACM SIGSOFT}}
• Jolt Award, also for the software industry.
• Stevens Award given in memory of Wayne Stevens.

Some call for licensing, certification and codified bodies of knowledge as mechanisms for spreading the engineering knowledge and maturing the field.{{cite journal

|title=Viewpoint: taking the lead in licensing software engineers

|author=Donald J. Bagert

|journal=Communications of the ACM

|date= April 1999

|volume=42

|issue=4

|pages=27–29

|doi=10.1145/299157.299163}}

{{open access}}

Some claim that the concept of software engineering is so new that it is rarely understood, and it is widely misinterpreted, including in software engineering textbooks, papers, and among the communities of programmers and crafters.{{cite journal

|author=Barry Boehm

|title=Software engineering is a value-based contact sport

|journal=IEEE Software

|volume=19

|number=5

|pages=95–96

|date=September–October 2002

|doi=10.1109/MS.2002.1032863}}

Some claim that a core issue with software engineering is that its approaches are not empirical enough because a real-world validation of approaches is usually absent, or very limited and hence software engineering is often misinterpreted as feasible only in a "theoretical environment."

Edsger Dijkstra, a founder of many of the concepts in software development today, rejected the idea of "software engineering" up until his death in 2002, arguing that those terms were poor analogies for what he called the "radical novelty" of computer science:

{{quotation |

A number of these phenomena have been bundled under the name "Software Engineering". As economics is known as "The Miserable Science", software engineering should be known as "The Doomed Discipline", doomed because it cannot even approach its goal since its goal is self-contradictory. Software engineering, of course, presents itself as another worthy cause, but that is eyewash: if you carefully read its literature and analyse what its devotees actually do, you will discover that software engineering has accepted as its charter "How to program if you cannot."{{cite web | url=http://www.cs.utexas.edu/~EWD/transcriptions/EWD10xx/EWD1036.html| title=On the cruelty of really teaching computing science| last = Dijkstra| first = E. W.| author-link = Edsger Dijkstra| year=1988 | access-date=2014-01-10}}}}

{{Commons category|Software engineers}}

• Computer science
• Data engineering
• Software craftsmanship
• Software development
• Release engineering

• Programmer
• Systems analyst
• Systems architect

• Bachelor of Science in Information Technology
• Bachelor of Software Engineering
• List of software engineering conferences
• List of computer science journals (including software engineering journals)
• Software Engineering Institute

{{reflist}}

{{refbegin}}

• {{cite book |title= Guide to the Software Engineering Body of Knowledge Version 3.0 (SWEBOK) |editor1=Pierre Bourque |editor2=Richard E. (Dick) Fairley |date=2014 |url=https://www.computer.org/web/swebok/v3 |publisher=IEEE Computer Society}}
• {{cite book |editor1=Alain Abran |editor2=James W. Moore |editor3=Pierre Bourque |editor4=Robert Dupuis |editor5=Leonard L. Tripp |title=Guide to the Software Engineering Body of Knowledge |publisher=IEEE Computer Society |date=2004 |url=http://www.computer.org/portal/web/swebok |access-date = 2010-09-13 |archive-date=2016-05-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509154355/https://www.computer.org/portal/web/swebok |url-status= dead}}
• {{cite book

|title= Software Engineering

|author=Ian Sommerville

|publisher=Pearson Education Limited

|date= March 24, 2015

|edition=10th

|isbn=978-0-13-394303-0}}

{{refend}}

• {{cite book |title= Guide to the Software Engineering Body of Knowledge Version 3.0 (SWEBOK) |editor1=Pierre Bourque |editor2=Richard E. (Dick) Fairley |date=2014 |url=https://www.computer.org/web/swebok/v3 |publisher=IEEE Computer Society}}
• {{cite book

|title=Software Engineering: A Practitioner's Approach

|author1=Roger S. Pressman

|author2=Bruce Maxim

|edition=8th

|date=January 23, 2014

|isbn=978-0-07-802212-8

|publisher=McGraw-Hill

}}

• {{cite book

|title= Software Engineering

|author=Ian Sommerville

|publisher=Pearson Education Limited

|date= March 24, 2015

|edition=10th

|isbn=978-0-13-394303-0}}

• {{Cite book|last= Jalote|first=Pankaj|author-link=Pankaj Jalote

| title = An Integrated Approach to Software Engineering |orig-year = 1991

| url = https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9780387208817

| edition = 3rd | year = 2005

| publisher = Springer

| isbn = 978-0-387-20881-7 }}

• {{Cite book|last1=Bruegge|first1=Bernd|author-link1=Bernd Bruegge|last2=Dutoit|first2=Allen|edition=3rd|year=2009|title=Object-oriented software engineering : using UML, patterns, and Java|publisher=Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-606125-0|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/objectorientedso0000brue}}
• {{cite book |last1=Oshana |first1=Robert |title=Software engineering for embedded systems : methods, practical techniques, and applications |publisher=Kidlington, Oxford, United Kingdom |isbn=978-0-12-809433-4 |edition=Second|date=2019-06-21 }}

{{Commons category}}

{{wikiversity}}

• Pierre Bourque; Richard E. Fairley, eds. (2004). Guide to the Software Engineering Body of Knowledge Version 3.0 (SWEBOK), https://www.computer.org/web/swebok/v3. IEEE Computer Society.
• [http://opensdlc.org/ The Open Systems Engineering and Software Development Life Cycle Framework] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100718114646/http://opensdlc.org/ |date=2010-07-18}} OpenSDLC.org the integrated Creative Commons SDLC
• [http://www.sei.cmu.edu/ Software Engineering Institute] Carnegie Mellon

{{Software engineering|state=expanded}}

{{Systems engineering}}

{{Engineering fields}}

{{Computer science}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Engineering disciplines