solar eclipse of May 1, 1185

The shadow axis passed between the Earth's center and the north pole. The minimum distance from the center of the Earth to the Moon's shadow cone axis was 3,357 kilometers.{{cite web |url=http://www.secl.ru/eclipse_catalog/1185_5_1.html |title=Catalog of Solar Eclipses/The total solar eclipse of May 1, 1185 |author= |date=2015 |website= Russian |access-date=April 2, 2015}} The average length of the Moon's shadow was 373,320 kilometers. The distance from the Earth to the Moon on 1 May 1185 was 347,727 kilometers. The apparent diameter of the Moon was 1.0736 times that of the Sun. The shadow had a maximum width of 280 kilometers.{{cite web |url= http://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEpath/1101-1200/SE1185May01Tpath.html|title=Path of the Total Solar Eclipse of 1185 May 01 |last1= Espenak|first1= Fred |date=2015 |website=EclipseWise.com |publisher=Fred Espenak |access-date=April 2, 2015}} It began on the west coast of Central America and crossed the Atlantic Ocean in a northeasterly direction. The shadow passed through present-day Nicaragua and Haiti. The maximum duration of the eclipse occurred in the middle of the North Atlantic at coordinates 46°N, 37.2°W.

The maximum duration of totality was 5 minutes and 10 seconds.{{cite web |url=http://www.secl.ru/eclipse_catalog/1185_5_1.html |title=The total solar eclipse of May 1, 1185 |author= |website= Catalog of Solar Eclipses |publisher=Totality Dive |access-date=March 30, 2015}} The eclipse magnitude is 1.0736. The eclipse was preceded two weeks earlier by a partial lunar eclipse on April 16.

A partial eclipse came ashore in Scotland, crossed the North Sea, and entered Norway. According to astronomer Sheridan Williams, there was probably a drop in temperature at the time of the eclipse, around 2 pm in Scotland.{{sfn|Williams|1996|p=5.9}} He says that it was Scotland's fifth longest total eclipse at 4 minutes and 40 seconds.{{sfn|Williams|1996|p=5.9}} Williams also notes that some older observers in Scotland may have also witnessed the previous eclipse, 52 years earlier.{{sfn|Williams|1996|p=5.9}}

After passing through present-day Sweden, the eclipse touched a part of Finland and covered the northern part of the Baltic Sea at the Gulf of Finland. The eclipse then entered Russia. The eclipse's shadow touched part of what would be St. Petersburg, as well as Novgorod and Rostov. As the shadow journeyed in a southeasterly direction, it passed through the modern sites of Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, Ufa, and Magnitogorsk. The eclipse shadow started diminishing when it entered present-day Kazakhstan and extinguished completely about 30 miles before reaching Astana.{{cite web |url=http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEsearch/SEsearchmap.php?Ecl=11850501 |title= Total Solar Eclipse of 1185 May 01 path|author= |date= 15 Jan 2015 |website=NASA Eclipse Website |publisher=NASA |access-date=March 30, 2015}}{{sfn|Williams|1996| p=5–9}}Svyatskiy D.O. "Astronomical Phenomena in Russian chronicles with scientific and critical perspective" in Svyatskiy D.O. Астрономия Древней Руси (Astronomy in Ancient Russia). Moscow: Panorama, 2007, pp. 45–49 {{in lang|ru}}.{{cite web |url=http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEpubs/5MCSE.html |title=NASA Technical Publication TP-2006-214141 |author=Fred Espenak and Jean Meeus |date=2006 |website=FirstGov |publisher=Heliophysics Science Division, Code 670 / NASA Goddard Space Flight Center / Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA |access-date=March 30, 2015}}

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| image1 = Sun dims on Igor's Campaign 1.png

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| footer = The sun dimming on Igor's campaign, as illustrated by Ivan Blinov (1912) in the first artistic representation of the epic.{{cite web|url=https://ruvera.ru/articles/starina_ot_boga|website=ruvera.ru|last=Valerievna Maslova|first=Yulia|title=Старина — от Бога, новина — от сатаны… — Русская вера |date=2016-01-18}}}}

The eclipse was mentioned in the Kievan Rus' epic poem Lay of the Host of Igor.{{cite encyclopedia|author=Sviatoslav Hordynsky|author2=Marko Robert Stech|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\S\L\SlovoopolkuIhoreviIT.htm|title=Slovo o polku Ihorevi|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Ukraine|date=2004|access-date=3 April 2015}} It was seen by Prince Igor Svyatoslavich and his army whilst on their campaign against the Polovtsians,{{sfn|Terras|1985|p=425}} and was interpreted as a message from God prophesying trouble,{{cite web|url=http://feb-web.ru/feb/slovo/critics/isl/isl-075-.htm|script-title=ru:Сцена солнечного затмения в "Слове о полку Игореве"|trans-title=Scene of the Solar Eclipse in the "Lay of the Host of Igor"|language=ru|author=V. V. Medvedev|date=1986|publisher=feb-web.ru|access-date=30 March 2015}} frightening Igor's men who thought it a bad omen.{{sfn|Ushinskiĭ|1978|p=543}}{{cite web |url=http://www.rusliterature.org/the-examination-of-the-text-of-the-lay-of-igors-host/#.VQw2CCZFDVI |title=The examination of the text of The Lay of Igor's Host |author= |date=2015 |website= History of Russian Literature |publisher= WordPress Theme by WPZOOM |access-date= March 30, 2015}} According to the Lay, after the eclipse Igor gave a long speech to his retinue to allay their fears before proceeding on his campaign.{{sfn|Nabokov|2009|p=71}}

The eclipse is mentioned in the 14th-century Laurentian Chronicle with the first detailed description of solar prominences.{{cite web |url=http://www.maths.dundee.ac.uk/mhd/Pdfs/wilmotsmith_solar_eclipses.pdf |title=Solar Eclipses – Past, Present and Future |author= |date=2014 |access-date=March 30, 2015 |archive-date=October 20, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020015911/http://www.maths.dundee.ac.uk/mhd/Pdfs/wilmotsmith_solar_eclipses.pdf |url-status=dead }}{{cite web |url= http://www.hao.ucar.edu/education/TimelineB.php |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150102174227/http://www.hao.ucar.edu/education/TimelineB.php |archive-date= 2015-01-02 |title=History of Solar Physics: A Time Line of Great Moments |author= |date=2015 |website=National Center for Atmospheric Research |publisher=National Science Foundation|access-date=March 30, 2015}}{{cite web |url= http://thebookofbeginnings.com/sources/4/HistoryofSolarPhysics.pdf |title= 1185: The first description of solar prominences |author= |date= 2015 |website= History of Solar Physics: A Time Line of Great Moments |access-date= March 30, 2015 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150402122706/http://thebookofbeginnings.com/sources/4/HistoryofSolarPhysics.pdf |archive-date= April 2, 2015 }} They were described as flame-like tongues of live embers:{{cite web |url=http://www.astro.umontreal.ca/~paulchar/grps/histoire/newsite/sp/great_moments_e.html |title= 1185: The first description of solar prominences |author= |date= 2008 |website= Great Moments in the History of Solar Physics|publisher=Université de Montréal |access-date= March 30, 2015}}{{harvnb|Sanderson|Harrington|2006|p=41}}: "1185 - Russian Chronicle of Novgorod describes a solar prominence seen during a total solar eclipse as appearing like 'live embers.' A prominence is a flamelike cloud of glowing gas extending upward from the Sun's surface that is often visible during a total eclipse."

On the first day of the month of May, on the day of the Saint Prophet Jeremiah, on Wednesday, during the evening service, there was a sign in the Sun. It became very dark, even the stars could be seen; it seemed to men as if everything were green, and the Sun became like a crescent of the Moon, from the horns of which a glow similar to that of red-hot charcoals was emanating. It was terrible to see this sign of the Lord.{{cite journal |url=http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SENL/SENL200305.pdf |title=Solar Eclipse Newsletter |volume=8 |number=5|first1=Patrick |last1=Poitevin |first2=Joanne |last2=Edmonds|date=2003 |publisher=Patrick Poitevin|access-date=March 30, 2015}} Original text cited at {{cite web |url=http://litopys.org.ua/lavrlet/lavr22.htm |title=Лаврентьевская летопись |website=Izbornik |access-date=30 March 2015 |page=396 |publisher=USSR Academy of Sciences |location=Leningrad |year=1927}}{{sfn|Stephenson|2008|p=395}}

The Melrose Chronicle claims that "stars appeared" at Melrose in Scotland during the eclipse of 1185, but this is doubted by the writer Thomas Cooper, who notes that scientific calculations indicate that the eclipse was not total at Melrose.{{cite journal |last= Steneck |first=Nicholas |title=Review of 'Robert R. Newton, Medieval Chronicles and the Rotation of the Earth' |journal=Speculum |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume=49 (April, 1974) |issue=2|pages=365–368, 367 |doi= 10.2307/2856073|jstor=2856073 }}

The Brut y Tywysogion, the Welsh Chronicle of the Princes, says of the solar eclipse of 1 May 1185, Yn y ulwyddyn honno dyw Calan Mei y sumudawd yr heul y lliw; ac y dywat rei uot anei diffyc, which translates as: In that year on the day of the Calends of May the Sun changed its colour; and some said that it was under an eclipse. Bryn Jones believes there was a total solar eclipse across the Scottish Highlands, the Western Isles and Orkney.{{cite web |url=http://www.jonesbryn.plus.com/wastronhist/eclipseshist/eclipsesancientwelsh.html |title=The History of Astronomy in Wales |last1=Jones |first1=Bryn |date=2008 |website=References to eclipses in ancient manuscripts |publisher=Bryn Jones |access-date=March 30, 2015 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042457/http://www.jonesbryn.plus.com/wastronhist/eclipseshist/eclipsesancientwelsh.html |url-status=dead }}. The translation is cited there from {{cite book |first1=Thomas |last1=Jones |title=Brut y Tywysogyon, or, the Chronicle of the Princes: Red Book of Hergest version |publisher=University of Wales Press |location=Cardiff |year=1955}}{{cite web |url=http://www.ancientworlds.net/aw/Post/228050 |title=Eclipses in ancient Welsh manuscripts |author= |date=2013 |website=Mesopotamia |publisher=AncientWorlds LLC |access-date=March 30, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012173619/http://www.ancientworlds.net/aw/Post/228050 |archive-date=October 12, 2008 }}

{{reflist|group=upper-alpha}}

{{reflist|30em}}

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• {{cite book|last=Stephenson|first=F. Richard |title=Historical Eclipses and Earth's Rotation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3jTjYMcPF4C&pg=PA395|date=24 March 2008|publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-05633-5}}
• {{cite book|last=Terras|first=Victor |title=Handbook of Russian Literature|url=https://archive.org/details/handbookofrussia00terr|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/handbookofrussia00terr/page/425 425]|year=1985 |location=New Haven |publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-04868-1}}
• {{cite book|last=Ushinskiĭ|first=Konstantin Dmitrievich |title=Man as the Object of Education: An Essay in Pedagogical Anthropology (selected Extracts)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ixcNAQAAIAAJ|year=1978|publisher=Progress Publishers}}
• {{cite book|last= Williams|first=Sheridan|title=UK Solar Eclipses from Year 1: (an Anthology of 3,000 Years of Solar Eclipses)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eZPvAAAAMAAJ|year=1996 |location=Leighton Buzzard, England |publisher=Clock Tower Press|isbn=978-1-85142-093-3}}
• [http://www.secl.ru/eclipse_catalog/1185_5_1.html The total solar eclipse of 1 May 1185] (Russian)
• [http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEsearch/SEsearchmap.php?Ecl=11850501 NASA interactive map of total solar eclipse of 1 May 1185]

• [http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEpubs/5MCSE.html NASA Eclipse Website]
• [http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SENL/SENL200305.pdf Solar eclipse newsletter]
• {{cite web|url=http://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEgmap/1101-1200/SE1185May01Tgmap.html|archive-url=|archive-date=|date=|title=Total Solar Eclipse of 1185 May 01|first1=Fred|last1=Espenak|author-link1=Fred Espenak|access-date=|website=|publisher=eclipsewise.com}}
• [http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEsearch/SEdata.php?Ecl=+11850501 NASA Besselian Elements – Total Solar Eclipse of 1185 May 01]

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