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sophora

{{Short description|Genus of plants}}

{{Automatic taxobox

|image = Starr 081014-0282 Sophora chrysophylla.jpg

|image_caption = Sophora chrysophylla flowers and leaves

|taxon = Sophora

|authority = L. (1753)

|type_species = Sophora tomentosa

|type_species_authority = L.{{cite web |url=http://tropicos.org/Name/40002086 |title=Sophora L. |work=TROPICOS |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden |access-date=2010-01-28}}

|subdivision_ranks = Species

|subdivision = 59–116; see text

|synonyms =

  • Ammothamnus {{small|Bunge (1847)}}
  • Cephalostigmaton (Yakovlev) Yakovlev (1967)
  • Echinosophora Nakai (1923)
  • Edwardsia Salisb. (1808)
  • Edwarsia {{small|Dumort. (1829), orth. var.}}
  • Goebelia Bunge ex Boiss. (1872)
  • Keyserlingia Bunge ex Boiss. (1872)
  • Patrinia Raf. (1819), nom. illeg.
  • Pseudosophora (DC.) Sweet (1830), nom. superfl.
  • Radiusia Rchb. (1828)
  • Vexibia Raf. (1825)
  • Vibexia Raf. (1832)
  • Zanthyrsis Raf. (1838)

|synonyms_ref = [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30012214-2 Sophora L.] Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 8 August 2023.{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?11294 |title=Genus: Sophora L. |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |date=2006-11-03 |access-date=2009-11-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528152340/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?11294 |archive-date=2010-05-28 }}

}}

Sophora is a genus of about 45 species of small trees and shrubs in the pea family Fabaceae. The species have a pantropical distribution.{{cite web |url=http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=SONU&photoID=sose8_001_avd.tif |title=PLANTS Profile Sophora nuttalliana B.L. Turner silky sophora |work=USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |access-date=2011-03-20}}{{cite web |url=http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=SOTO3 |title=PLANTS Profile Sophora tomentosa L.yellow necklacepod |work=USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |access-date=2011-03-20}} The generic name is derived from sophera, an Arabic name for a pea-flowered tree.{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NJ6PyhVuecwC |title=The Names of Plants |first=D. |last=Gledhill |edition=4th |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-86645-3 |year=2008 |page=356}}

The genus formerly had a broader interpretation including many other species now treated in other genera, notably Styphnolobium (pagoda tree genus), which differs in lacking nitrogen fixing bacteria (rhizobia) on the roots, and Dermatophyllum (the mescalbeans). Styphnolobium has galactomannans as seed polysaccharide reserve, in contrast Sophora contains arabinogalactans, and Dermatophyllum amylose.

The New Zealand Sophora species are known as kowhai.{{cite journal |vauthors=Heenan PB, de Lange PJ, Wilton AD | year = 2001 | title = Sophora (Fabaceae) in New Zealand: taxonomy, distribution, and biogeography | journal = New Zealand J Bot | volume = 39 | issue = 1 | pages = 17–53 | doi = 10.1080/0028825X.2001.9512715 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2001NZJB...39...17H }}

The seeds of species such as Sophora affinis and Sophora chrysophylla are reported to be poisonous.{{cite book|last=Little|first=Elbert L.|title=The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees: Eastern Region|publisher=Knopf|location=New York|year=1980|isbn=0-394-50760-6|page=529}}

Fossil record

One Sophora fossil seed pod from the middle Eocene epoch has been described from the Miller clay pit in Henry County, Tennessee, United States.The Fossil History of Leguminosae from the Eocene of Southeastern North America by Patrick S. Herendeen, Advances in Legume Systematics: Part 4, The Fossil Record, Ed. P.S. Herendeen & Dilcher, 1992, The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, {{ISBN|0 947643 40 0}}

Species

Sophora comprises the following species:{{cite journal |vauthors=((Tsoong P-C)), ((Ma C-Y)) | year = 1981 | title = A study on the genus Sophora Linn. | url = http://www.plantsystematics.com/qikan/manage/wenzhang/FL19-1-1.pdf | journal = Acta Phytotaxon Sin | volume = 19 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–22 }}{{cite journal |vauthors=((Tsoong P-C)), ((Ma C-Y)) | year = 1981 | title = A study on the genus Sophora Linn. (Cont.) | url = http://www.plantsystematics.com/qikan/manage/wenzhang/FL19-2-1.pdf | journal = Acta Phytotaxon Sin | volume = 19 | issue = 2 | pages = 143–167 }}{{cite journal |vauthors=Hurr KA, Lockhart PJ, Heenan PB, Penny D | year = 1999 | title = Evidence for the recent dispersal of Sophora (Leguminosae) around the Southern Oceans: molecular data | journal = J Biogeogr | volume = 26 | issue = 3 | pages = 565–577 | doi = 10.1046/j.1365-2699.1999.00302.x | jstor = 2656144 | bibcode = 1999JBiog..26..565H | s2cid = 84721754 }}{{cite journal |vauthors=Michell AB, Heenan PB | year = 2002 | title = Sophora sect. Edwardsia (Fabaceae): further evidence from nrDNA sequence data of a recent and rapid radiation around the Southern Oceans | journal = Bot J Linn Soc | volume = 140 | issue = 4 | pages = 435–441 | doi = 10.1046/j.1095-8339.2002.00101.x | doi-access = free }}{{cite web | url = http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb?version~10.01&genus~Sophora&species~ | title = ILDIS LegumeWeb entry for Sophora | author = Staff writer(s); no by-line. | website = International Legume Database & Information Service | publisher = Cardiff School of Computer Science & Informatics | access-date = 18 May 2014 }}{{cite web | url = http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?11294 | title = GRIN species records of Sophora | author = USDA | author-link = USDA | author2 = ARS | author2-link = Agricultural Research Service | author3 = National Genetic Resources Program | website = Germplasm Resources Information Network—(GRIN) [Online Database] | publisher = National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland | access-date = 18 May 2014 }}{{cite web | url = http://www.theplantlist.org/1.1/browse/A/Leguminosae/Sophora/ | title = The Plant List entry for Sophora | date = 2013 | website = The Plant List | publisher = Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and the Missouri Botanical Garden | access-date = 18 May 2014 }}

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Species names with uncertain taxonomic status

The status of the following species is unresolved:

{{div col|colwidth=300px}}

  • Sophora angustifolia {{small|Q.Q.Liu & H.Y.Ye}}
  • Sophora biflora {{small|Houtt.}}
  • Sophora biflora {{small|Retz.}}
  • Sophora buxifolia {{small|Retz.}}
  • Sophora chathamica {{small|Cockayne}}
  • Sophora coerulea {{small|Moench}}
  • Sophora cuneifolia {{small|Steud.}}
  • Sophora davidii {{small|(Franch.) Skeels}}
  • Sophora donihuensis {{small|Ravenna}}
  • Sophora genistaefolia {{small|Salisb.}}
  • Sophora genistoides {{small|L.}}
  • Sophora glabra {{small|Moench}}
  • Sophora glabra {{small|Hassk.}}
  • Sophora godleyi {{small|Heenan & de Lange}}
  • Sophora grandiflora {{small|(Salisb.) Skottsb.}}
  • Sophora grisea {{small|O.Deg. & Sherff}}
  • Sophora hirsuta {{small|Aiton}}
  • Sophora houghiana {{small|Wall.}}
  • Sophora howinsula {{small|(W.R.B. Oliv.) P. Green}}
  • Sophora jabandas {{small|Montrouz.}}
  • Sophora juncea {{small|Schrad.}}
  • Sophora ludovice-Adecim-Asexta {{small|Buc'hoz}}
  • Sophora mangarevaensis {{small|H.St.John}}
  • Sophora mecosperma {{small|J.St.-Hil.}}
  • Sophora molloyi {{small|Heenan & de Lange}}
  • Sophora molokaiensis {{small|O. Degener & I. Degener}}
  • Sophora mutabilis {{small|Salisb.}}
  • Sophora myrtillifolia {{small|Retz.}}
  • Sophora oblongata {{small|P.C.Tsoong}}
  • Sophora oblongifolia {{small|Ruiz & Pav.}}
  • Sophora oligophylla {{small|Baker}}
  • Sophora pendula {{small|Spach}}
  • Sophora pentaphylla {{small|Desv.}}
  • Sophora persica {{small|(Boiss. & Buhse) Rech.f.}}
  • Sophora praetorulosa {{small|Chun & T.C. Chen}}
  • Sophora raivavaeensis {{small|H.St.John}}
  • Sophora rapaensis {{small|H.St.John}}
  • Sophora robinoides {{small|Walp.}}
  • Sophora senegalensis {{small|Deless. ex DC.}}
  • Sophora sibirica {{small|Holub}}
  • Sophora sinica {{small|Rosier}}
  • Sophora sinuata {{small|Larrañaga}}
  • Sophora sororia {{small|Hance}}
  • Sophora sumatrana {{small|Yakovlev}}
  • Sophora sylvatica {{small|Burch.}}
  • Sophora tetraptera {{small|J. Miller}}
  • Sophora tiloebsis {{small|Blume ex Miq.}}
  • Sophora tiloensis {{small|Blume ex Miq.}}
  • Sophora trifolia {{small|Steud.}}
  • Sophora triphylla {{small|Sweet}}
  • Sophora vanioti {{small|H. Lév.}}
  • Sophora vestita {{small|Nakai}}
  • Sophora viciifolis {{small|Hance}}

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References

{{Reflist|3}}

External links

  • {{Commons category-inline|Sophora|Sophora}}
  • {{Wikispecies-inline|Sophora|Sophora}}
  • [http://www.chilebosque.cl/shrb/smacr.html Sophora macrocarpa pictures from Chilebosque]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q309213}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Fabaceae genera

Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus