space Western

File:Space Western 40 pg00 fc.jpg

Space Western is a subgenre of science fiction that uses the themes and tropes of Westerns within science-fiction stories in an outer space setting.{{Cite book |last=Broughton |first=Lee |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hKnqDAAAQBAJ |title=Critical Perspectives on the Western: From A Fistful of Dollars to Django Unchained |date=2016-09-19 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-7243-9 |pages=29 |language=en}} Subtle influences may include exploration of new, lawless frontiers, while more overt influences may feature actual cowboys in outer space who use rayguns and ride robotic horses. Although initially popular, a strong backlash against perceived hack writing caused the genre to become a subtler influence until the 1980s, when it regained popularity. A further critical reappraisal occurred during the 2000s due to critical acclaim for Firefly.

Setting

The space Western is a science fiction story that contains Western genre elements within an outer space setting.{{rp|1–3}} These Western themes can be explicit, such as cowboys in outer space, or they can be a more subtle influence in space opera.{{cite book |last=Green |first=Paul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nyu6CwAAQBAJ |title=Encyclopedia of Weird Westerns: Supernatural and Science Fiction Elements in Novels, Pulps, Comics, Films, Television and Games, 2d ed. |publisher=McFarland Publishing |year=2009 |isbn=9780786458004}}{{rp|3–4}} The genre can be contrasted with science fiction Western, which generally relies on traditional Western frontier settings. while the space Western, having its roots in science fiction, contains plots, tropes, or archetypes of the Western genre, but is generally set in outer space in a futuristic setting.{{Cite book |last=Marotta |first=Melanie A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pdnKDwAAQBAJ |title=Women's Space: Essays on Female Characters in the 21st Century Science Fiction Western |date=2020-01-17 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-1-4766-3672-6 |pages= |language=en}}{{Rp|page=1}}{{Cite book |last=Blichert |first=Frederick |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hNZSDwAAQBAJ |title=Joss Whedon's Big Damn Movie: Essays on Serenity |date=2018-03-19 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-1-4766-3269-8 |pages=70 |language=en}}

Gene Roddenberry described Star Trek: The Original Series as a space Western (or, more poetically, as "Wagon Train to the stars").{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/07/22/arts/a-first-showing-for-star-trek-pilot.html|title=A First Showing for 'Star Trek' Pilot|author=|work=The New York Times|date=July 22, 1986|access-date=March 13, 2014}} Firefly and its cinematic follow-up Serenity literalized the Western aspects of the genre popularized by Star Trek: it used frontier towns, horses, and the styling of classic John Ford Westerns.{{cite web|url=https://www.avclub.com/firefly-serenity-1798173008|title=Firefly: "Serenity"|last1=Murray|first1=Noel|last2=Bowman|first2=Donna|work=The A.V. Club|date=June 1, 2012|access-date=March 13, 2014}}{{cite magazine|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/gallery/0,,20302134_20738454_30025733,00.html#30025733|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122183858/http://www.ew.com/ew/gallery/0,,20302134_20738454_30025733,00.html#30025733|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 22, 2014|title=The Simultaneous Deconstruction and Reconstruction of Clichés|last=Franich|first=Darren|magazine=Entertainment Weekly|date=September 24, 2013|access-date=March 13, 2014}} Worlds that have been terraformed may be depicted as presenting similar challenges as that of a frontier settlement in a classic Western.{{cite book|title=The Routledge Companion to Science Fiction|last=Sawyer|first=Andy|editor1-last=Bould|editor1-first=Mark|editor2-last=Butler|editor2-first=Andrew|editor3-last=Roberts|editor3-first=Adam|display-editors = 3 |editor4-last=Vint|editor4-first=Sherryl|publisher=Routledge|year=2009|page=508|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y7CNAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA508|isbn=9781135228361}} Six-shooters and horses may be replaced by ray guns and rockets.

The idea is that the vast distances of space have formed barriers, forcing people to become independent or even restricted. Popular themes within the genre are new frontiers in the galaxy and trying to "control" the vast expanse of space. The stories focus on the hardship and adventure of the unexplored space frontier.{{cite web |author=nitya.shukla |url=https://toistudent.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/literary-genres/what-is-a-space-western/35060.html |title=What Is A Space Western? |publisher=Toistudent.timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2018-07-03 |accessdate=2022-09-04}}

Definitions by contrast

Space Westerns sometimes intertwine with space opera and military science fiction{{rp|1–3}} and are generally placed within the Space warfare in science fiction sub-genre thematic. Specifically written space Western fiction, movies and TV series are sometimes based on established space opera franchises with the expanded universes of Star Wars and Star Trek.{{cite web|url=https://screenrant.com/tabletop-rpg-space-western-game-settings-like-firefly/|title = Tabletop RPGS with Settings Like Firefly or the Outer Worlds|website = Screen Rant|date = March 10, 2021}} They often consider and view an interstellar war and oppression of a galactic empire as a backdrop, with a focus on lone gunslingers in space wielding a raygun with fantastic fictional technologies in a futuristic space-frontier setting.{{Cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4240753|jstor=4240753|last1=Palmer|first1=Christopher|title=Galactic Empires and the Contemporary Extravaganza: Dan Simmons and Iain M. Banks|journal=Science Fiction Studies|year=1999|volume=26|issue=1|pages=73–90}}

History

Image:GalaxyOct50rearcover.jpg featuring criticism of the space Western subgenre]]

Westerns influenced early science-fiction pulp magazines. Writers would submit stories in both genres,{{cite book|title=The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy|editor-last=Westfahl|editor-first=Gary|editor-link=Gary Westfahl|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=2005|page=888|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3JXnz9x9sO4C&pg=PA888|isbn=9780313329524}} and science-fiction magazines sometimes mimicked Western cover art to showcase parallels. In the 1930s, C. L. Moore created one of the first space Western heroes, Northwest Smith. Buck Rogers and Flash Gordon were also early influences. After superhero comics declined in popularity in 1940s United States, Western comics and horror comics replaced them. When horror comics became untenable with the Comics Code Authority in the mid-1950s, science-fiction themes and space Westerns grew more popular.{{rp|10}}

By the mid-1960s, classic Western films fell out of favor and revisionist Westerns supplanted them. Science-fiction series such as Lost in Space{{cite book|last=Abbott |first=Jon |title=Irwin Allen Television Productions, 1964–1970: A Critical History of Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea, Lost in Space, The Time Tunnel and Land of the Giants |publisher=McFarland Publishing |location=Jefferson, N.C |year=2006 |isbn=0786486627|page=131}} and Star Trek presented a new frontier to be explored. Peter Hyams, director of Outland, said that studio heads in the 1980s were unwilling to finance a Western, so he made a space Western instead.{{cite web|url=https://www.empireonline.com/movies/features/peter-hyams-film-film/|title=Peter Hyams Film By Film|last=Williams|first=Owen|work=Empire|date=July 24, 2014|access-date=July 3, 2019}} Outland took the plot directly from High Noon (1952) and placed it on Jupiter's moon Io.

Space operas such as the Star Wars film series took strong cues from Westerns. Boba Fett, Han Solo and the Mos Eisley cantina, in particular, were based on Western themes. George Lucas attributes the character of Boba Fett to the Man with No Name in the DVD commentary on The Empire Strikes Back.The Empire Strikes Back DVD Commentary Han Solo's original costume and charming rogue gunslinger mannerisms also reflects the Western's influence on Star Wars. These science fiction-films and television series offered the themes and morals that Westerns previously did.{{cite web|url=https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303795304576454180418557322|title=Hollywood Frontiers: Outer Space and the Wild West|last=Steinberg|first=Don|work=The Wall Street Journal|date=July 22, 2011|access-date=March 15, 2014}}

This frontier view of the future is only one of many ways to look at space exploration, and not one embraced by all science-fiction writers. The Turkey City Lexicon, a document produced by the Turkey City science-fiction writers' workshop, condemns the space Western as the "most pernicious" form of a pre-established background that avoids the necessity of creating a fresh world.{{cite web|url=http://www.sfwa.org/2009/06/turkey-city-lexicon-a-primer-for-sf-workshops/|title=A Primer for SF Workshops|last=Sterling|first=Bruce|author-link=Bruce Sterling|editor-last=Shiner|editor-first=Lewis|editor-link=Lewis Shiner|work=Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America|date=June 18, 2009|access-date=March 14, 2014}} Galaxy Science Fiction ran an advertisement on its back cover, "You'll never see it in Galaxy", which gave the beginnings of make-believe parallel Western and science-fiction stories featuring a character named Bat Durston.{{cite journal|title=You'll Never See It in Galaxy|journal=Galaxy Science Fiction|volume=1|issue=1|date=October 1950}} The genre of space Westerns has been informally—and often derisively—known as "Bat Durston" stories since.{{cite web |url=http://www.strangehorizons.com/2009/20091130/lilly-a.shtml |title=The Emancipation of Bat Durston |access-date=April 19, 2010 |archive-date=March 14, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314104907/http://www.strangehorizons.com/2009/20091130/lilly-a.shtml |url-status=dead }} Such scathing attacks on the subgenre, along with further attacks on space operas, caused a perception that all space Westerns were by definition hack writing and not "true" science fiction.{{cite web|url=http://www.strangehorizons.com/2009/20091130/lilly-a.shtml|title=The Emancipation of Bat Durston|last=Lilly|first=Nathan E.|work=Strange Horizons|date=November 30, 2009|access-date=March 14, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314104907/http://www.strangehorizons.com/2009/20091130/lilly-a.shtml|archive-date=March 14, 2014}} Although the underlying themes remained influential, this bias persisted until the 1980s, when the release of the film Outland and children's cartoons such as BraveStarr and The Adventures of the Galaxy Rangers re-popularized explicit themes of cowboys in space.

BraveStarr chronicles the adventures of the Space Marshal, as he seeks to uphold law and order in the 23rd century.{{cite web|url=https://www.denofgeek.com/tv/the-best-of-bravestarr-15-amazing-episodes/|title=The Best of BraveStarr: 15 Amazing Episodes|date=November 25, 2017}} The opening trailer of The Adventures of the Galaxy Rangers shows Texas Rangers–like heroes riding across a prairie landscape on robotic horses. Spaceships and six-guns both feature prominently throughout.{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/starlog_magazine-121|title=Starlog Magazine Issue 121}}

In the 1990s, Japanese manga and anime series such as Trigun (1995 debut), Outlaw Star (1996 debut) and Cowboy Bebop (1997 debut) explored the genre. Several years later, Firefly won acclaim, further causing a critical reassessment of space Westerns.

Games such as StarCraft,{{cite web|url=http://www.spacewesterns.com/articles/116/|title=10 Most Influential Space Westerns | author = N.E. Lilly |date=October 25, 2009 |publisher= SpaceWesterns.com}}{{cite web|author=Nick Cowen |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/gamesblog/2013/jan/23/battlenet-championship-gamers-starcraft-2-shanghai |title=Battle.net Championship wows the masses as gamers play to the crowds | Technology |work=The Guardian |date=January 23, 2013 |access-date=December 27, 2016}} The Outer Worlds,{{cite web|url=https://www.escapistmagazine.com/v2/how-the-space-western-evolved-from-star-trek-to-the-outer-worlds/|title = How the Space Western Evolved from Star Trek to the Outer Worlds|date = November 2, 2019}} and the Borderlands series{{cite news|url=http://www.theweek.co.uk/games/49071/borderlands-2-cult-hit-space-western-game-returns|title=Borderlands 2: the cult hit space western game returns|author=|work=The Week|date=September 18, 2012|access-date=October 22, 2014}} have also popularized the space Western theme. Films like The Chronicles of Riddick have continued the space Western theme.{{cite web|url=https://www.rappler.com/entertainment/movies/riddick-sci-fi-western-movie-review|title = 'Riddick': Sci-fi Western|date = September 24, 2013}}

space Western

Setting

Definitions by contrast

History

References

Further reading