sponge cake

The earliest known recipe for sponge cake (or biscuit bread) from Gervase Markham's The English Huswife (1615) is prepared by mixing flour and sugar into eggs, then seasoning with anise and coriander seeds.{{cite book |last=Humble |first=Nicola |title=Cake: A Global History}} 19th-century descriptions of "avral bread" (funeral biscuits) vary from place to place but it was sometimes described as "sponge biscuits" or a "crisp sponge" with a light dusting of sugar".Oxford Companion of Sugar and Sweets Traditional American sponge recipes diverged from earlier methods of preparation by adding ingredients like vinegar, baking powder, hot water or milk.

The basic recipe is also used for madeleines, ladyfingers, and trifles, as well as some versions of strawberry shortcakes.

Although sponge cake is usually made without butter, its flavour is often enhanced with buttercream, pastry cream or other types of fillings and frostings.{{cite book |last=Braker |first=Flo |title=The Simple Art of Perfect Baking |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dOxyeNq4__YC&pg=PA87|isbn=9780811841092 |year=2003 |publisher=Chronicle Books }} The sponge soaks up flavours from fresh fruits, fillings and custard sauces.{{cite book |last=Byrn |first=Anne |title=American Cake: From Colonial Gingerbread to Classic Layer, the Stories and Recipes Behind More Than 125 of Our Best-Loved Cakes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hTR9DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA326|isbn=9781623365431 |date=2016-09-06 |publisher=Rodale }} Sponge cake covered in boiled icing was very popular in American cuisine during the 1920s and 1930s. The delicate texture of sponge and angel food cakes, and the difficulty of their preparation, made them more expensive than daily staple pies. The historic Frances Virginia Tea Room in Atlanta served sponge cake with lemon filling and boiled icing. New York City's Crumperie served not only crumpets but toasted sponge cake as well.{{cite book|title=Tea at the Blue Lantern Inn: A Social History of the Tea Room Craze in America|publisher= St. Martin's Press|date= 2002|page= 44}}

The basic whisked sponge cake contains no fat. It is made by whisking egg whites and caster sugar and gently folding in flour. The process of whisking egg whites incorporates air bubbles to create a foam by agitating the protein albumen to create a partially coagulated membrane, making the egg whites stiffer and increasing their volume.{{cite book |last1=Hanneman |first1=L. J. |title=Patisserie |date=2005 |publisher=Elsevier |page=81}} This type of cake, also called foam cake, depends on aeration of eggs and heat to rise. Some types of sponges are baked in ungreased pans to improve the cake's rise by allowing the batter to adhere and climb the sides of the pan. To maintain the moisture of the cake it is sometimes made with potato flour.{{cite book|title=The Technology of Cake Making|author=Bennion, E. B. |publisher=Springer|date=1997|page=15}}

Variations on the basic sponge sometimes add butter or egg yolks to moisten the cake. For Genoise cake, flour and melted butter are added to the egg mixture for a moister cake.Mary Berry's Ultimate Cake Book. 1995 printing. The "biscuit" sponge from early American cuisine is made by beating egg yolks with sugar, then alternately folding in whisked egg whites and flour. Anne Willan says both types of sponge cake are represented in French cuisine. According to Willan "sponge may have some butter added, but not much or it will not rise". Cream of tartar or baking soda is recommended by some turn-of-the-20th-century cookbooks to make Swiss rolls more pliable and easier to roll.{{cite book |title=The Bulawayo Cookery Book |date=1909 |page=114}}

For some cakes, like the Victoria sponge, fat and sugar are creamed before eggs and flour are incorporated into the batter, similar to pound cake. In British English, layer cakes like the Victoria sponge are called "sandwich sponge". This type of buttery cake was not possible without baking powder, which was discovered by English food manufacturer Alfred Bird in 1843, allowing the sponge to rise higher.{{cite news|last=Cloake|first=Felicity|title=How to make the perfect Victoria sponge cake|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/wordofmouth/2013/may/16/how-bake-perfect-victoria-sponge-cake|access-date=17 May 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|date=16 May 2013}}[https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/incoming/alfred-bird-egg-free-custard-inventor-8040314 "Alfred Bird: Egg-free custard inventor and chemist"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226032503/https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/incoming/alfred-bird-egg-free-custard-inventor-8040314 |date=2018-02-26 }}. Birmingham Mail. Retrieved 25 February 2018.

{{See also|Mamón|Malay sponge cake}}

File:HK Sheung Wan 寶湖金宴 Treasure Lake Seafood Restaurant food Chinese Steamed Sponge Cake 馬拉糕 Mah Lai Goh Jan-2013.JPG

In the Philippines, sponge cakes and chiffon cakes were introduced during the Spanish period. They are known collectively as {{lang|fil|mamón}}. They are typically baked as cupcakes ({{lang|fil|torta}}), as loaves ({{lang|fil|taisan}}), or as cake rolls ({{lang|fil|pianono}}). Traditionally they are simply served with just butter (or margarine) and white sugar. Variants of {{lang|fil|mamón}} also use unique ingredients, the most common being purple yam and pandan leaves which result in the ube cake and the buko pandan cake.{{cite book|author=Polistico, Edgie |title =Philippine Food, Cooking, & Dining Dictionary|publisher =Anvil Publishing, Incorporated|year=2017|isbn=9786214200870|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iz8_DwAAQBAJ&q=Arroz+caldo}}{{cite web|title=Mamon Recipe|url=https://www.foxyfolksy.com/mamon-recipe/|website=Foxy Folksy|date=21 June 2017|access-date=7 December 2018}}{{cite web|last=Agbanlog|first=Liza |title=Mamon (Filipino Sponge Cake)|url=https://salu-salo.com/mamon-filipino-sponge-cake/|website=Salu Salo Recipes|date=29 October 2014|access-date=7 December 2018}} Crispy cookie-like versions are known as {{lang|fil|mamón tostado}} and {{lang|fil|broas}}.{{cite news|title='Broas,' Baclayon's more famous attraction|url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/751969/broas-baclayons-more-famous-attraction|newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer|date=2 January 2016|access-date=19 November 2022}}{{cite web|title=Mamon tostado(filipino cookie)|url=https://en.petitchef.com/recipes/dessert/mamon-tostadofilipino-cookie-fid-1424773 |website=PetitChef|access-date=7 December 2018}}{{cite web|title=Mamon Tostado|url=https://www.atbp.ph/2016/06/25/mamon-tostado/|website=Atbp.ph|date=25 June 2016|access-date=7 December 2018}}

Steamed sponge cakes like the {{lang|ms|ma lai gao}} are commonly found in Malaysia. Chinese almond sponge is steamed and topped with boiled icing, chocolate, vegetables or fresh fruit. Korean sponge called {{transliteration|ko|saeng}} is usually made with rice flour and topped with whipped topping and fruit. Some Vietnamese varieties may have fresh herbs like mint, lemongrass or basil added to the batter, and be topped with caramelized tropical fruit. Milk and jaggery are added to sponge cake in India which is served with the creamy Sri Lankan speciality "avocado crazy". Western-style sponge cakes topped with whipped cream and strawberries are popular in Japan where sponge is also used as a base for cheesecakes.

{{Main|Angel food cake}}

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Angel food cake is a 19th-century American cake that contains no egg yolks or butter. The cake is leavened using only egg whites and baking powder. This recipe can be traced to 18th-century American cookbooks. The delicate cake is baked in an ungreased pan and cooled upside down.

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{{Main|Boston cream pie}}

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Boston cream pie, the official state dessert of Massachusetts, is a chocolate-glazed, layered yellow sponge cake filled with pastry cream. It may be based on the Washington pie, originally two layers of yellow sponge cake with jam filling and a dusting of icing sugar. The first known written recipe from the 1878 Granite Iron Ware Cook Book uses baking powder for the sponge. Maria Parloa published several recipes for a cream pie, including one for a chocolate cream pie. Parloa's recipe is the closest to the modern Boston Cream Pie.{{cite journal |last=Patent |first=Greg |title=Boston Cream Pie}}

{{Main|Chiffon cake}}

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Chiffon cake is a light and moist cake which, in contrast to sponge cake, contains both vegetable oil and baking powder. It is similar to angel food cake and was commonly served with grapefruit at the Brown Derby in Hollywood during the 1930s.

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{{Main|Genoise}}

French pastry chefs created a cake texture that more resembled pound cake than traditional sponge cake. Techniques were developed to make the cake lighter, including beating the eggs over heat or beating the egg yolks and whites separately.{{cite book |last=Krondl |first=Michael |title=Sweet Invention: A History of Dessert |date=2011 |page=152}}

The {{lang|es|Pan di Spagna}} evolved from the Genoise cake as an attempt to simplify the original recipe.

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A relative of the Genoise, the Joconde sponge cake (or Biscuit Joconde) is a thin sponge cake made with ground almonds.{{Cite book |last=Segnit |first=Niki |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1019930826 |title=Lateral cooking |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-4088-5689-5 |location=London |oclc=1019930826}}{{Cite book |last=Gisslen |first=Wayne |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/53021627 |title=Professional baking |date=2005 |publisher=John Wiley |isbn=0-471-46427-9 |edition=4th |location=Hoboken, N.J. |pages=354 |oclc=53021627}} It can be used as a layer in a layer cake (for example an opera cake), or for decorative purposes as Joconde imprime.{{Cite book |last=Charles |first=Gilles |title=La cuisine expliquée |publisher=Editions BPI |year=2009 |isbn=9782857087250 |pages=497}}

{{main|Pão de Ló}}

File:Pão-de-ló.jpg

This sponge variation from Portuguese cuisine is flavoured with lemon or orange peel. It is served plain, and day-old cake may be incorporated into other desserts like puddings. The {{lang|pt|pão-de-Ló de Alfeizerão}} is lightly baked to a pudding-like consistency, much like the {{lang|pt|pão-de-Ló de Ovar}}, and flavoured with brandy. Anecdotal legends about the cake's origin associate it with a secret recipe passed down by nuns to the village of Alfeizerão. The manufacture of commercial markets began during the Portuguese Revolution of 1910.{{cite web |title=Pão-de-Ló de Alfeizerão |website= DGADR |url=https://tradicional.dgadr.gov.pt/pt/cat/doces-e-produtos-de-pastelaria/192-pao-de-lo-de-alfeizerao}}

The {{lang|pt|Pão-de-Ló}} evolved from the old French {{Lang|fr|pain de lof}}, which in turn was a Dutch borrowing from {{lang|nl|loef}}.{{Cite web|url=https://dicionario.priberam.org/ló|title=Consulte o significado / definição de ló no Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa, o dicionário online de português contemporâneo.|first=Priberam Informática|last=S.A|website=dicionario.priberam.org}} All variants {{lang|pt|loef}}, {{lang|pt|lof}} and {{lang|pt|ló}} are related to the English word luff, and refer to the windward (aka luffward / loofward) side of a nautical sail.{{cite web |url=https://www.academiagalega.org/images/etimologias.pdf |title= ETIMOLOGIAS|website=www.academiagalega.org|access-date=2020-07-13}} The French make a very similar cake called Gâteau de Savoie.{{Cite book |last=Group |first=Octopus Publishing |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lIRnPwAACAAJ |title=Larousse Gastronomique |date=2001 |publisher=Octopus Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-600-60688-8 |language=en}} In Italy, the cake was known as {{Lang|it|pan di spagna}}. Also in Portugal, the term {{lang|pt|pão de Hespanha/pão de Castella}} was used around the 16th century. Introduced to Japan by Portuguese traders in the 16th century, the Japanese variations on the cake are known as castella, {{transliteration|ja|kasutera}} or simply {{transliteration|ja|pan}}.{{Cite web|url=https://portuguese-american-journal.com/kasutera-the-cake-introduced-in-japan-by-the-portuguese-in-the-16th-century-heritage/|title=Kasutera: The cake introduced in Japan by the Portuguese in the 16th century – Heritage|date=May 16, 2012}}

Plava is a sponge cake that is found in Jewish cuisine and is usually eaten during Pesach. The batter is leavened with egg whites and frequently includes flavourings like lemon zest or almond essence.{{cite book |last=Phillips |first=Denise |title=The Gourmet Jewish Cookbook |page=239}}

File:Swiss roll 003.jpg

A Swiss roll is a thin sponge cake that is spread with a layer of filling and rolled as a roulade (into a log shape).

There are many variations. A Christmas-themed chocolate variation is called Yule log.{{Cite book |last=Castella |first=Krystina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z20XOWapBCEC&pg=PA116 |title=A World of Cake: 150 Recipes for Sweet Traditions from Cultures Near and Far; Honey cakes to flat cakes, fritters to chiffons, tartes to tortes, meringues to mooncakes, fruit cakes to spice cakes |date=2012-01-03 |publisher=Storey Publishing, LLC |isbn=978-1-60342-446-2 |pages=116 |language=en}} In the US and some other countries, it may be filled with jam and called a jelly roll. In Spanish-speaking countries, it is often called brazo de reina (queen's arm) or arrollado and filled with dulce de leche,{{Cite web |title=Brazo de Reina Recipe (Swiss Roll) |url=https://www.pbs.org/food/recipes/brazo-de-reina-swiss-roll/ |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=PBS Food |language=en-US}} and a strawberry-filled version may be called rollo de fresa (strawberry roll).{{Cite book |last=Martínez |first=Mely |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7nPLEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22brazo+de+reina%22+%22sponge%22&pg=PA194 |title=Mexico in Your Kitchen: Favorite Mexican Recipes That Celebrate Family, Community, Culture, and Tradition |date=2024-04-30 |publisher=Rock Point |isbn=978-1-63106-937-6 |pages=194 |language=en}}

Isabella Beeton included a recipe for her version of Tipsy cake in Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management where the cake was baked in a decorative mould before it was soaked in sherry and brandy with custard poured over, or broken into smaller pieces and topped with whipped cream like a trifle.

{{Main|Fanta cake}}

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A Soda cake or Fanta cake is a cake that originated in Germany, made with a sponge base. The key ingredient of the sponge base is Fanta or sparkling mineral water; thus, the cake base becomes fluffier than usual sponge-based cakes.{{Cite web |title=Learn About Cake Baking with Soda Pop |url=https://www.bettycrocker.com/bettylab/learn-about-cake-baking-with-soda-pop |access-date=7 October 2023 |website=BettyCrocker.com |language=en |archive-date=4 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104212401/https://www.bettycrocker.com/bettylab/learn-about-cake-baking-with-soda-pop |url-status=live }} It is very popular in Germany, the Southern US, And West Africa.

{{Main|Trifle}}

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The earliest known form of trifle was a simple thickened cream flavored with sugar, rose water and ginger but recipes for egg-thickened custard poured over sponge fingers, almond macaroons and sack-soaked ratafia biscuits are known from the mid-18th century. In 1747 Hannah Glasse added syllabub and currant jelly over the custard. Similar recipes are known for the same time with the sponge soaked in sherry, wine or fruit juice. Eliza Acton's recipe for "Duke's Custard" was made from custard poured over brandied cherries rolled in sugar with sponge fingers (or macaroons) and pink whipped cream. Wyvern complained that trifle "should be made to time-honoured standards, and not debased into a horror of stale cake, mean jam, canned fruits, packet jelly and packet custard."{{cite book |last=Norwak |first=Mary |title=English Puddings: Sweet & Savoury |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DMWIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT56|isbn=9781910690574 |date=2008-04-11 |publisher=Grub Street Publishers }}

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The Victoria sponge, also known as the Victoria sandwich cake, was named after Queen Victoria, who was known to enjoy the small cakes with her afternoon tea. The version Queen Victoria ate would have been filled with jam alone, but modern versions often include cream. The top of the cake is not iced or decorated apart from a dusting of powdered sugar. The recipe evolved from the classic pound cake made with equal proportions of flour, fat, sugar and eggs. The invention of baking powder in 1843 by English food manufacturer Alfred Bird in Birmingham allowed the cake to rise higher than was previously possible.[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/8753182/The-great-Victoria-sandwich.html "The great Victoria sandwich"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413011655/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/8753182/The-great-Victoria-sandwich.html |date=2018-04-13 }}. The Telegraph. Retrieved 25 February 2018. Cookery author Felicity Cloake writes that this invention "was celebrated with a patriotic cake"—the Victoria sponge.

A Victoria sponge is made using one of two methods. The traditional method involves creaming caster sugar with fat (usually butter), mixing thoroughly with beaten egg, then folding flour and raising agent into the mixture. The modern method, using an electric mixer or food processor, involves simply whisking all the ingredients together until creamy.Be-Ro flour Home recipes 40th editionDelia Smith's Book of Cakes. Sixth Impression, 1981. Additionally, the modern method typically uses an extra-raising agent, and some recipes call for an extra-soft butter or margarine. This basic "cake" mixture serves as the basis for a wide variety of treats and puddings, including cupcakes, chocolate cake, and Eve's pudding.

A similar cake named after American President George Washington is the Washington pie. The traditional recipe for Washington pie is a yellow sandwich cake with jam filling.{{cite web | url=https://www.tastingtable.com/1093699/a-tale-of-2-very-different-washington-pies-neither-of-which-is-actually-a-pie/ | title=A Tale of 2 Very Different Washington Pies, Neither of Which is Actually a Pie | date=13 November 2022 }}

Since sponge cakes are not leavened with yeast, they are popular dessert choices for the Passover feast.{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE6DA1F3CF93BA15750C0A965958260&n=Top/Reference/Times%20Topics/Subjects/P/Passover |title=FOOD: Healthful Tips for Passover Favorites|author= Fabricant, Florence|work=New York Times|date= March 28, 1993|access-date= October 20, 2007}} Typically, Passover sponges are made with matzo meal, shredded coconut,{{Cite web|title = Raffaello Cake Recipe – Coconut & White Chocolate|url = http://videoculinary.com/recipes/cakes/raffaello-cake-recipe|website = VideoCulinary.com|access-date = 2016-01-04|language = en-GB}} matzo flour, potato flour, or nut flour (almond, hazelnut etc.) since raw wheat products may not be used.{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE6DA1F3FF93BA35757C0A966958260 |title=FOOD: Meeting the Challenge of a Dessert for the Passover Meal|author=Fabricant, Florence|work=New York Times|date= April 8, 1990|access-date= October 20, 2007}} No raising agent may be used due to the strict prohibition of even the appearance of a leavening effect. Therefore, the beating of egg whites in the mix to achieve aeration is an essential characteristic of any Passover sponge recipe. Many families have at least one recipe they pass down through generations, and matzo meal-based cake mixes are available commercially. Several brands are easily found in kosher stores, especially before Passover. Typical flavourings include almonds, apples, dark chocolate, lemon, pecans, and poppy seeds. Apple or orange juice is the liquid ingredient. Milk is avoided because it cannot be included in a dessert to be served after a meat-based meal. The sponge, or a heavier variant in the form of an almond pudding, may be included as an element of the dessert in the Passover meal during the Seder service when it is often combined in serving with a fruit compote.{{cite web|title=Shalom Boston – Traditional Passover Seder Menu|url=http://www.shalomboston.com/Food/Menus/agentType/View/PropertyID/835.aspx |language=en}}{{cite book |last=Nathan |first=Joan |author-link=Joan Nathan |date=1998 |title=Jewish Cooking in America |publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing |isbn=9780375402760}}

The Yule log is a Christmas dessert made from a sheet of sponge cake spread with filling and rolled up. It is topped with chocolate to give the appearance of bark. Decorative elements like mushrooms made of meringue, spun-sugar spiderwebs or crushed pistachios can be added to enhance the cake's finished appearance.

File:Castella,made in nagasaki-city,japan.JPG|Castella cake, a Japanese variety of sponge cake of Portuguese origin. Castella was first cooked in the 16th century, and is based on Portuguese sponge cake recipes that were exchanged when the two nations commenced trade with each other.

File:Sifon pandan.JPG|Pandan cake is a sponge cake of Southeast Asian origin. The cake-making technique was brought into Asia through European trade or colonisation.

File:TresLeche.JPG|Tres leches cake is a sponge cake soaked in three kinds of milk: evaporated milk, condensed milk and heavy cream.

File:Battenbergcake.jpg|Homemade Battenberg cake covered in marzipan and, when cut in cross-section, displaying a distinctive two-by-two check pattern alternately coloured pink and yellow

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