spotted lanternfly

{{Short description|Species of planthopper indigenous to Southeast Asia}}

{{Speciesbox

| image = Spotted lanternfly in BBG (42972).jpg

| image_caption = At Brooklyn Botanic Garden, New York

| genus = Lycorma

| species = delicatula

| authority = (White, 1845)

| subdivision_ranks = Subspecies

| subdivision_ref = {{cite web |title=Lycorma delicatula ({{small|White, 1845}}) |editor-last=Bourgoin |editor-first=Thierry |department=Fulgoromorpha lists on the web (FLOW) |website=hemiptera-databases.org |url=https://www.hemiptera-databases.org/flow/?page=explorer&db=flow&lang=en&card=taxon&rank=species&id=9387 |url-status=dead |access-date=26 April 2020 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801035756/https://www.hemiptera-databases.org/flow/?page=explorer&db=flow&lang=en&card=taxon&rank=species&id=9387 }}

| subdivision = *L. d. delicatula {{small|Stal, 1863}}

L. d. jole {{small|Stal, 1863}}
L. d. operosa {{small|Walker 1858}}

| synonyms = * Aphaena delicatula {{small|White, 1845}}

}}

The spotted lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula) is a planthopper indigenous to parts of China and Vietnam. It has spread invasively to Japan, South Korea, and the United States, where it is often referred to by the acronym "SLF".{{cite web |title=Spotted lanternfly (SLF) |website=California Department of Food and Agriculture (CDFA) (cdfa.ca.gov) |url=https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/pdcp/board/spottedlanternfly.html |access-date=2024-10-04 }} Its preferred host is the tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima), but it also feeds on other trees, and on crops including soybean, grapes, stone fruits, and Malus spp. In its native habitat, L. delicatula populations are regulated by parasitic wasps.

The spotted lanternfly's life cycle is often centered on its preferred host, Ailanthus altissima, but L. delicatula can associate with more than 173 plants. Early life stages (instars) of the spotted lanternfly are characterized by spotted black and white nymphs that develop a red pigmentation and wings as they mature. Early life instars have a large host range that narrows with maturation. Adult spotted lanternflies have a black head, grey wings, and red hind wings. Adults do not have any specialized feeding associations with herbaceous plants but cause extensive damage to crops and ornamental plants. The piercing wounds caused by their mouthparts and the honeydew waste they excrete are harmful to the health of host plants. They feed on the sap of host plants, including the tree of heaven, an invasive tree.{{cite web |first=Amy |last=Duke |date=4 January 2022 |title=Spotted lanternfly lore: Penn State experts clear up falsehoods about pest |website=psu.edu |publisher=Penn State University |url=https://www.psu.edu/news/agricultural-sciences/story/spotted-lanternfly-lore-penn-state-experts-clear-falsehoods-about-pest |access-date=2024-09-22 }} The damage to native hardwood forests which was feared at the outset did not come to pass.{{cite web |first=Sara |last=LaJeunesse |date=5 September 2023 |title=Invasive spotted lanternfly may not damage hardwood trees as previously thought |publisher=Penn State University |url=https://www.psu.edu/news/research/story/invasive-spotted-lanternfly-may-not-damage-hardwood-trees-previously-thought |access-date=2024-09-22}} Unlike some insects, the spotted lanternfly does not pose direct danger to humans through biting or stinging. Spotted lanternflies lay egg masses containing 30–50 eggs, often covered with a grayish mud-like coating.{{cite press release |title=Spotted lanternfly |department=Pest alert |publisher=U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) |url=https://www.aphis.usda.gov/publications/plant_health/alert-spotted-lanternfly.pdf |website=USDA-APHIS |url-status=live |access-date=23 January 2023 |archive-date=23 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123200315/https://www.aphis.usda.gov/publications/plant_health/alert-spotted-lanternfly.pdf }}

The species was introduced into South Korea in 2006 and Japan in 2009, and has since been considered a pest. In September 2014, L. delicatula was first recorded in the United States, and {{as of|2022|lc=y|post=,}} it is considered an invasive species in much of the Northeastern United States and is rapidly spreading south and west.{{cite web |title=Spotted lanternfly map |website=Stop SLF |publisher=USDA |url=https://www.stopslf.org/where-is-slf/slf-map/ |access-date=23 January 2023 |archive-date=23 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123200314/https://www.stopslf.org/where-is-slf/slf-map/ |url-status=live }} L. delicatula's egg masses are the primary vector of spread, with Ailanthus altissima populations seen as a risk factor for further infestation globally. Ongoing pest control efforts have sought to limit population growth, due to the threat L. delicatula poses to global agricultural industries. Parts of the United States are undergoing massive pest control efforts to cull the spotted lanternfly's population. However, this process indirectly harms other species.{{Cite web |last=Djajapranata |first=Cliff |date=2023-11-20 |title=Unearthing a Better Way to Use Pesticides |url=https://www.georgetown.edu/news/unearthing-a-better-way-to-use-pesticides-with-an-environmental-toxicologist/#:~:text=%E2%80%9CAll%20pesticides%20have%20the%20potential,a%20more%20sustainable%20agricultural%20ecosystem. |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=Georgetown University |language=en-US}}

Taxonomy and discovery

File:Spotted lanternfly displaying underwing.jpgLycorma delicatula is a species in the genus Lycorma, in the planthopper family Fulgoridae, subfamily Aphaeninae. Species within this genus are found in Asia.{{cite report |last1=Barringer |first1=Lawrence |title=Lycorma delicatula (spotted lanternfly) |date=17 December 2021 |type=data sheet |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/110524#totaxonomicTree |access-date=9 January 2022 |website=www.cabi.org |archive-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111091709/https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/110524#totaxonomicTree |url-status=live }} L. delicatula was originally described by Adam White in 1845 as Aphaena delicatula, and the first scientific collections were made outside of Nanking, China.{{cite journal|first1=Adam|last1=White|year=1845|title=Descriptions of a new genus and some new species of homopterous insects from the East in the collection of the British Museum|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2248355|journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History|volume=15|issue=95|pages=34–37|doi=10.1080/037454809495244|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=5 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005171324/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2248355|url-status=live}} White described the species as similar to Aphaena variegata, another planthopper species native to Asia, and referenced prior descriptions by George Tradescant Lay in his initial classification of the spotted lanternfly.

In 1863, the species was reclassified by Carl Stål as Lycorma delicatula delicatula, with two additional subspecies described: Lycorma delicatula jole and Lycorma delicatula operosa.{{cite web |last=Thierry |first=Bourgoin |year=2015 |title=Lycorma delicatula jole ({{small|Stål, 1863}}) |website=Catalogue of Life (catalogueoflife.org) |url=https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/7HDFK |url-status=live |access-date=25 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125044816/https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/7HDFK |archive-date=25 January 2022 }}{{cite journal |last=Stål |first=C. |year=1863 |title=Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Fulgoriden. Entomologische Zeitung. Herausgegeben von dem entomologischen Vereine zu Stettin |lang=de |journal=Stettin |volume=24 |pages=230–251 }} Taxonomic classification places two other species (L. imperialis and L. meliae) as closely related to the spotted lanternfly.{{cite journal |last1=Lin |first1=You-Sheng |display-authors=etal |year=2023 |title=Lanternflies (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) of Taiwan." |journal=Zoological Studies |volume=62 |issue=7 |pages=e7 |doi= 10.6620/ZS.2023.62-07|pmid=37223434 |pmc=10201347 |bibcode= |issn= }}{{full citation|date=October 2024}}{{cite report |last1=Mauchline |first1=C. |last2=McKenna |first2=C. |year=2019 |title=BS1847: Spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula ({{small|White 1845}}) review: Biology, ecology and pest management with reference to kiwifruit |url=https://kvh.org.nz/vdb/document/104808 |journal=Plant & Food Research |url-status=live |access-date=9 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128154306/https://kvh.org.nz/vdb/document/104808 |archive-date=28 January 2022 }} The name Lycorma delicatula derives from lyc/lyco, meaning "lamp" and delicatula, meaning "luxurious".{{Cite journal |first1=Jennifer |last1=Gagnon |journal=Virginia Forest Landowner |volume=30 |issue=2 |date=Spring 2016 |title=You Ain't From Around Here! Exotic Invasive of the Quarter: Spotted Lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula) |url=https://forestupdate.frec.vt.edu/content/dam/forestupdate_frec_vt_edu/newsletter/archives/2016/30_2/Spottedlanternfly.pdf |access-date=19 January 2022 |archive-date=22 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122155847/https://forestupdate.frec.vt.edu/content/dam/forestupdate_frec_vt_edu/newsletter/archives/2016/30_2/Spottedlanternfly.pdf |url-status=live }} L. delicatula is also referred to as the spot clothing wax cicada ("chu-ki" or "banyi-la-chan" in Chinese) and the Chinese blistering cicada ("ggot-mae-mi" 꽃매미 in Korean).{{Cite journal |last1=Dara |first1=Surendra K. |last2=Barringer |first2=Lawrence |first3=Arthurs |last3=Steven P. |year=2015 |title=Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae): A New Invasive Pest in the United States |url=https://academic.oup.com/jipm/article/6/1/20/2936989 |journal=Journal of Integrated Pest Management |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=1–6 |doi=10.1093/jipm/pmv021 |doi-access=free |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408125446/https://academic.oup.com/jipm/article/6/1/20/2936989 |url-status=live }}{{Cite journal |last1=Han |first1=Jung Min |last2=Kim |first2=Hyojoong |last3=Lim |first3=Eun Ji |last4=Lee |first4=Seunghwan |last5=Kwon |first5=Yong-Jung |last6=Cho |first6=Soowon |year=2008 |title=Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Fulgoridae: Aphaeninae) finally, but suddenly arrived in Korea |url=http://delphacid.s3.amazonaws.com/8713.pdf |journal=Entomological Research |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=281–296 |doi=10.1111/j.1748-5967.2008.00188.x |s2cid=86593102 |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-date=22 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122155717/http://delphacid.s3.amazonaws.com/8713.pdf |url-status=live }}

In 2019, the genome of L. delicatula was fully sequenced,{{Cite web |last1=Kaplan |first1=Kim |title=First Genome of Spotted Lanternfly Built from a Single Insect |publisher=USDA ARS |url=https://www.ars.usda.gov/news-events/news/research-news/2019/first-genome-of-spotted-lanternfly-built-from-a-single-insect/ |date=16 October 2019 |access-date=9 January 2022 |website=www.ars.usda.gov |archive-date=9 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109072812/https://www.ars.usda.gov/news-events/news/research-news/2019/first-genome-of-spotted-lanternfly-built-from-a-single-insect/ |url-status=live }} with Aphaena amabilis, and Pyrops candelaria both being classified as close relatives.{{Cite journal |title=Ecology and genetic structure of the invasive spotted lanternfly Lycorma delicatula in Japan where its distribution is slowly expanding |at=Figure 5 |first1=Ayano |last1=Nakashita |first2=Yayun |last2=Wang |first3=Sihan |last3=Lu |first4=Keisuke |last4=Shimada |first5=Tsutomu |last5=Tsuchida |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=12 |number=1543 (2022) |date=February 2022 |doi=10.1038/s41598-022-05541-z |pmid=35105894 |pmc=8807778 |bibcode=2022NatSR..12.1543N |language=en}}

Description

File:Spotted lanternfly in BBG (42982).jpg

Adult L. delicatula measure about {{convert|25|mm|in|0}} long and {{convert|12|mm|in|frac=2}} wide. Adult lanternflies have a black head and gray-brown forewings adorned with black spots. White's original account identified L. delicatula as having a minimum of 20 black spots, with six spots located on the anterior margin of the forewings.

When resting, the crimson hind wings are partially visible through the semi-translucent forewings, giving the lanternfly a red cast. Neatly spaced black rectangular markings color the tips of the forewings in a pattern sometimes likened to brick and mortar. In flight, the spotted lanternfly displays red hind wings with black spots on the proximal third, a white wedge in the middle of the wing, and a solid black wing tip. The abdomen is yellowish with black and white bands on the top and bottom. L. delicatula displays orange, bulbous antennae covered in needle-like tips.{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Rong-Rong |last2=Liu |first2=Jia-Jia |last3=Li | first3=Xin-Yu |last4=Liang |first4=Ai-Ping |last5=Bourgoin |first5=Thierry |date=27 March 2018 |title=Relating antennal sensilla diversity and possible species behaviour in the planthopper pest Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoridae) |journal=PLoS One |volume=13 |issue=3 |page=e0194995 |pmid=29584780 |pmc=5871016 |bibcode=2018PLoSO..1394995W |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0194995 |doi-access=free }}

The spotted lanternfly is sexually dimorphic. Females have a set of red valvifers at the distal end of the abdomen, which males lack. When gravid (mated), the females' abdomens swell to the point where they have difficulty moving.{{cite web |title=Life cycle, identification, and dispersion |department=Spotted lanternfly biology |series=New York State Integrated Pest Management, C.U. College of Agriculture and Life Sciences |publisher=Cornell University |place=Ithaca, NY |url=https://nysipm.cornell.edu/environment/invasive-species-exotic-pests/spotted-lanternfly/spotted-lanternfly-ipm/biology-life-cycle-identification-and-dispersion/ |url-status=live |access-date=26 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124172905/https://nysipm.cornell.edu/environment/invasive-species-exotic-pests/spotted-lanternfly/spotted-lanternfly-ipm/biology-life-cycle-identification-and-dispersion/ |archive-date=24 January 2022 }} Adult females, when measured from head to wing tip, have a body length of {{convert|20 to 27|mm|in|frac=16}} while males are a smaller size, between {{convert|21 and 22|mm|in|frac=64}}. Females also have longer legs as compared to those of their male counterparts.{{Cite web|first1=Jennifer L.|last1=Gillett-Kaufman|first2=Taryn B.|last2=Griffith|date=August 2018|title=Spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula (White)|url=https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/ORN/TREES/spotted_lanternfly.html#:~:text=The%20hindwings%20are%20brightly%20colored,2015).|access-date=26 January 2022|website=entnemdept.ufl.edu|publisher=University of Florida|archive-date=29 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129082143/https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/ORN/TREES/spotted_lanternfly.html#:~:text=The%20hindwings%20are%20brightly%20colored,2015).|url-status=live}}

The lanternfly is a planthopper, and uses its wings to assist these jumps rather than making sustained flights.{{cite news |url=http://phys.org/news/2014-11-entomologists-vigilance-newly-lanternfly.html |publisher=Science X network |website=phys.org |title=Entomologists hope vigilance, research stop newly discovered spotted lanternfly |date=17 November 2014 |first=Chuck |last=Gill |access-date=24 December 2014|archive-date=1 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201235245/https://phys.org/news/2014-11-entomologists-vigilance-newly-lanternfly.html |url-status=live}} The spotted lanternfly will perform a number of "successive collisions" upon jumping, employing both passive and active righting as it falls. This bouncing provides nymphs, and to a lesser extent adults, multiple opportunities to repeatedly attempt righting themselves following a jump. Additionally, the spotted lanternfly will also perform aerial reorientation and terrestrial righting as means to right itself, collectively giving the spotted lanternfly the ability to land on a variety of surfaces and spread rapidly through an environment.{{Cite journal|last1=Kane|first1=Suzanne Amador|last2=Bien|first2=Theodore|last3=Contreras-Orendain|first3=Luis|last4=Ochs|first4=Michael F.|last5=Tonia Hsieh|first5=S.|date=11 August 2021|title=Many ways to land upright: novel righting strategies allow spotted lanternfly nymphs to land on diverse substrates|journal=Journal of the Royal Society Interface|volume=18|issue=181|pages=20210367|doi=10.1098/rsif.2021.0367|pmc=8355684|pmid=34376093}}

Host associations

File:Young Spotted Lanternflies on Fox Grapes in Berks County, Pennsylvania.jpg in Berks County, Pennsylvania, United States, in early July 2018]]Ailanthus altissima is a tree native to China but is invasive to many other areas worldwide. It is considered to be the key host for L. delicatula and plays an important role in the lanternfly life cycle.{{cite journal|last1=Barringer|first1=Lawrence E.|last2=Donovall|first2=Leo R.|last3=Spichiger|first3=Sven-Erik|last4=Lynch|first4=Daniel|last5=Henry|first5=David|date=June 2015|title=The First New World Record of Lycorma delicatula (Insecta: Hemiptera: Fulgoridae)|journal=Entomological News|volume=125|issue=1|pages=20–23|doi=10.3157/021.125.0105|s2cid=86233694|issn=0013-872X}}{{cite journal|last1=Park|first1=Ji-Doo|last2=Kim|first2=Min-Young|last3=Lee|first3=Sang-Gil|last4=Shin|first4=Sang-Chul|last5=Kim|first5=Jun-Heon|last6=Park|first6=Il-Kwon|date=30 March 2009 |title=Biological Characteristics of Lycorma delicatula and the Control Effects of Some Insecticides|journal=Korean Journal of Applied Entomology|volume=48|issue=1|pages=53–57 |doi=10.5656/ksae.2009.48.1.053 |issn=1225-0171|doi-access=free}} This tree is the preferred host at all documented locations where the lanternfly and A. altissima co-occur. The spotted lanternfly has a host range of over 173 plant species worldwide, including grape vines, fruit trees, ornamental trees, and woody trees, including apple trees and several Rosaceae with stone fruits.{{cite news |title=Spotted lanternfly – a new threat to grapes, stone fruit? |date=10 November 2014 |newspaper=Western Farm Press |publisher=Penton Agriculture Market |place=St. Charles, IL |url=http://westernfarmpress.com/grapes/spotted-lanternfly-new-threat-grapes-stone-fruit |url-status=dead |access-date=24 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830075128/https://www.westernfarmpress.com/grapes/spotted-lanternfly-new-threat-grapes-stone-fruit |archive-date=30 August 2018 }} Depending on the life stage of L. delicatula is in, it may prefer other hosts, such as Juglans nigra, instead of A. altissima.{{cite journal |last1=Murman |first1=Kelly |last2=Setliff |first2=Gregory P. |last3=Pugh |first3=Cathryn V. |last4=Toolan |first4=Michael J. |last5=Canlas |first5=Isaiah |last6=Cannon |first6=Stefani |last7=Abreu |first7=Leslie |last8=Fetchen |first8=Miranda |last9=Zhang |first9=Longwa |last10=Warden |first10=Melissa L. |last11=Wallace |first11=Matthew |last12=Wickham |first12=Jacob |last13=Spichiger |first13=Sven-Erik |last14=Swackhamer |first14=Emelie |last15=Carrillo |first15=Daniel |display-authors=6 |date=2020-12-14 |title=Distribution, survival, and development of spotted lanternfly on host plants found in North America |url=https://academic.oup.com/ee/article/49/6/1270/5947504 |journal=Environmental Entomology |lang=en |volume=49 |issue=6 |pages=1270–1281 |doi=10.1093/ee/nvaa126 |pmid=33128562 |issn=0046-225X |access-date=16 March 2023 |archive-date=16 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316022852/https://academic.oup.com/ee/article/49/6/1270/5947504 |url-status=live }}

The spotted lanternfly has feeding behavior associated with 103 plant taxa, accounting for 33 families and 17 orders, with 56 of these plants occurring in the United States. This host range includes many agricultural crops – most significantly soybean (Glycine max)

{{cite journal

|first1=Lawrence |last1=Barringer

|first2=Claire M. |last2=Ciafré

|year=2020

|title=Worldwide feeding host plants of spotted lanternfly, with significant additions from North America

|journal=Environmental Entomology

|volume=49 |issue=5 |pages=999–1011

|doi=10.1093/ee/nvaa093

|pmid=32797186

}}

{{endash}} and common forest plants, as the nymphs are known to associate with other plants beyond A. altissima. The lanternfly has also been recorded causing serious damage on at least 12 ornamental plants such as Parthenocissus quinquefolia, Phellodendron amurense, and Toona sinensis. In the United States, high populations are seen infesting common forest trees, such as maple, birch, and walnut; in Pennsylvania alone, L. delicatula has been found on more than 20 newly recorded host species of woody plants.

L. delicatula feeds on woody and nonwoody plants, piercing the phloem tissue of foliage and stems with specialized mouthparts, and sucking the sap; it does not eat the fruit or the leaves per se. The sugary waste fluid they produce can coat leaves and stems, which encourages mold growth and can impede photosynthesis.{{cite news |first=Bill |last=Chapell |date=3 November 2014 |title=Invasive bug prompts quarantine in Pennsylvania townships |department=The Two-way |publisher=National Public Radio |type=blog |url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2014/11/03/361244442/invasive-bug-prompts-quarantine-in-pennsylvania-townships|website=NPR |url-status=live |access-date=4 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225015545/http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2014/11/03/361244442/invasive-bug-prompts-quarantine-in-pennsylvania-townships? |archive-date=25 December 2014 }} Lycorma delicatula feed on sap from the trunk or branches of their host plants; because they can appear in such large numbers on a single plant, they can directly cause substantial damage to, and effectively kill parts or the whole of the host.{{cite web |title=Spotted lanternfly |website=Penn State extension service (extension.psu.edu) |publisher=Pennsylvania State University |place=University Park, PA |url=https://extension.psu.edu/spotted-lanternfly |url-status=live |access-date=19 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017213252/https://extension.psu.edu/spotted-lanternfly |archive-date=17 October 2022 }}

L. delicatula also indirectly affects the health and productivity of their hosts and nearby plants through the production of large amounts of honeydew, the lanternfly's sugary secretions of excess waste and sap, as well as by leaving feeding scars in the host plant's branches that continue to drip sap.{{cite web |title=Spotted Lanternfly |date=n.d. |website=First Detector (firstdetector.org) |publisher=First Detection Program |url=https://www.firstdetector.org/spotted-lantern-fly |url-status=dead |access-date=25 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225035448/https://www.firstdetector.org/spotted-lantern-fly |archive-date=25 December 2021 }} The accumulation of this thick honeydew and tree sap on leaves below the host plant canopy can lower plants' photosynthetic potential and affect their health; this reduction is even more pronounced by the possible growth of molds over the sugary compound, which further limits light available to affected plants. The accumulation of sap and honeydew also attracts many species of ants, bees, and wasps; infestations of L. delicatula may thus be hinted at by unusual amounts of molds or stinging insects around specific plants.{{Cite web|last=|date=31 July 2020|title=Spotted Lanternfly in New Jersey: What you need to know|url=https://www.mendhamgardencenter.com/blog/spotted-lanternfly-in-new-jersey-what-you-need-to-know/|access-date=25 December 2021|website=Mendham Garden Center|archive-date=1 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201000032/https://www.mendhamgardencenter.com/blog/spotted-lanternfly-in-new-jersey-what-you-need-to-know/|url-status=live}} Bees often use spotted lanternfly honeydew to produce late-season honey.{{cite magazine |last=Cunningham |first=Caroline |date=2020-11-23 |df=dmy-all |title=Finally, something spotted lanternflies are good for: Honey |magazine=Philadelphia Magazine |lang=en-US |url=https://www.phillymag.com/foobooz/2020/11/23/spotted-lanternfly-honey-pennsylvania/ |url-status=live |access-date=2023-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019190640/https://www.phillymag.com/foobooz/2020/11/23/spotted-lanternfly-honey-pennsylvania/ |archive-date=19 October 2023 }}{{cite web |title=Spotted lanternflies and beekeeping |website=Penn State extension service (extension.psu.edu) |lang=en |url=https://extension.psu.edu/spotted-lanternflies-and-beekeeping |url-status=live |access-date=2023-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230913073851/https://extension.psu.edu/spotted-lanternflies-and-beekeeping |archive-date=13 September 2023 }}

Life cycle

File:Spotted lanternfly Life Cycle.jpg ({{convert|24.26|mm|in|1|abbr=on|adj=ri0|disp=comma}})]]

Nymphs typically hatch from their egg cases starting in late April or early May, marking the beginning of the lanternfly's developmental stages. A nymph passes through several immature stages, all of which are wingless. In the first instar, it is black with white spots. Later instars have red patches in addition to the white spots. The final nymphal instar has red wing pads and a red upper body, before molting to the adult form, with a black head and grayish wings with black spots. Nymphs hop or crawl to search for plants on which to feed. Young nymphs (first through third instars) appear to have a wider host range early on, which narrows as they grow older.{{cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=Jae Geun |last2=Lee |first2=Eun-Hyuk |last3=Seo |first3=Yeo-Min |last4=Kim |first4=Na-Yeon |date=8 June 2011 |title=Cyclic behavior of Lycorma delicatula (Insecta: Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) on host plants |journal=Journal of Insect Behavior |volume=24 |issue=6 |pages=423–435 |doi=10.1007/s10905-011-9266-8 |bibcode=2011JIBeh..24..423K |s2cid=44841539 |issn=0892-7553}} Though lanternflies have been recorded feeding on several herbaceous plants, this is most likely due to early-instar nymphs climbing or falling onto these plants; late-instar nymphs and adult lanternflies have no reliable association with herbaceous plants.

As early as July, adults can be seen, and they mate and lay eggs from late September through the onset of winter. During mating periods, spotted lanternflies will perform migratory flights. During these migrations, adult L. delicatula will perform a brief courtship and copulation which will last for up to 4 hours.{{cite web |title=Lycorma delicatula (spotted lanternfly) |date=November 2021 |website=CAB International (cabi.org) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/110524 |url-status=live |access-date=26 January 2022|archive-date=11 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111091709/https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/110524 }} In their native Indomalayan habitat, they lay their eggs preferably on tree of heaven (A. altissima), which is a poisonous invasive species that was introduced to North America. This host choice is thought to have evolved as a mechanism of protection from natural enemies.

The spotted lanternfly has been found to be capable of reproducing using hosts other than A. altissima, but they generally fail to reach high populations unless A. altissima is present. Many hypotheses are given as to why L. delicatula may have preferences for feeding on certain plants. Two examples of possible factors being investigated are the contribution of the overall sugar composition in the plant{{cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=Jeong-Eun |last2=Moon |first2=Sang-Rae|last3=Ahn |first3=Hee-Geun |last4=Cho |first4=Sun-Ran |last5=Yang |first5=Jeong-Oh |last6=Yoon |first6=Chang-Mann|last7=Kim |first7=Gil-Hah |date=30 December 2009 |title=Feeding behavior of Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) and response on feeding stimulants of some plants|journal=Korean Journal of Applied Entomology|volume=48|issue=4|pages=467–477|doi=10.5656/ksae.2009.48.4.467|issn=1225-0171|doi-access=free}} and the presence of toxic chemicals. The lanternfly lays eggs upon any smooth-trunked tree, stone, or vertical smooth surface, including man-made items such as vehicles, yard furniture, farm equipment, or other items stored outside.

The egg masses contain 30–50 eggs{{cite press release |title=The spotted lanternfly, a new insect pest detected in Pennsylvania |date=10 November 2014 |periodical=Entomology News |publisher=Pennsylvania State University |series=Department of Entomology, College of Agricultural Sciences |url=http://ento.psu.edu/news/2014/the-spotted-lanternfly-a-new-insect-pest-detected-in-pennsylvania |url-status=dead |access-date=24 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150105223904/http://ento.psu.edu/news/2014/the-spotted-lanternfly-a-new-insect-pest-detected-in-pennsylvania |archive-date=5 January 2015 }} covered in a yellowish-brown, waxy deposit, often referred to as an egg case. L. delicatula eggs undergo diapause during embryonic development, requiring two weeks of warm temperatures following winter before hatching is induced. Eggs overwintered for five months or longer demonstrate higher hatch rates and more synchronous hatching, suggesting that cold temperatures increase overall egg survival rates. The majority of adults die off by the end of December.File:Spotted lanternfly, wing detail 2017-06-08-18.04 (35006929440).jpgTesting has been done to determine how overwintering affects the eggs of this species. The highest temperature that will still kill eggs was estimated by South Korean researchers to be between {{cvt|−12.7|and|−3.4|C|1}} on the basis of mean daily temperatures during their winter of 2009–2010.{{cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=Jung-Su |last2=Kim |first2=Il-Kwon |last3=Koh |first3=Sang-Hyun |last4=Cho |first4=Sung Jong |last5=Jang |first5=Suk-Jun |last6=Pyo |first6=Seung-Hyeon |last7=Choi |first7=Won Il |date=January 2011 |title=Impact of minimum winter temperature on Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) egg mortality |journal=Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=123–125 |doi=10.1016/j.aspen.2010.09.004 |bibcode=2011JAsPE..14..123L }} This estimate contrasts with eggs having survived the much colder winter 2013–2014 temperatures in Pennsylvania, United States. Another study done at Rutgers University suggested that {{cvt|-25|C|0}} is about the temperature at which no eggs are hatched, while {{cvt|-15|C|0}} still had limited hatching, depending upon how long they were chilled and where they were kept.{{cite journal |last=Kreitman |first=Devin |year=2021 |title=Effects of temperature on development and survival of nymphal Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) |journal=Environmental Entomology |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=183–191 |doi=10.1093/ee/nvaa155 |pmid=33269378|url=https://www.fs.fed.us/nrs/pubs/jrnl/2020/nrs_2020_kreitman_001.pdf |access-date=25 December 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122155907/https://www.fs.fed.us/nrs/pubs/jrnl/2020/nrs_2020_kreitman_001.pdf |archive-date=22 January 2022 }}

Distribution

= Native range =

The spotted lanternfly is native to subtropical regions of Southeast Asia. Fossil evidence indicates L. delicatula evolved between 55 and 51.6 myr, during the Ypresian Era.{{Cite journal|last=Jacek Szwedo|first=Adam Stroin´ski|date=August 2012|title=The oldest known Lophopidae planthopper (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha) from the European Palaeocene|url=https://www.hemiptera-databases.org/flowpdf/2940.pdf|journal=Geobios|volume=45|issue=4|pages=413–420|doi=10.1016/j.geobios.2011.10.007|bibcode=2012Geobi..45..413S }}{{Cite web|title=Spotted Lanternfly - Encyclopedia of Life|url=https://eol.org/pages/241504|access-date=24 January 2022|website=eol.org|publisher=National Museum of Natural History|archive-date=27 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227064841/https://eol.org/pages/241504|url-status=live}} Phylogenomic analysis has shown that L. delicatula originally evolved in southwest China, eventually diverging into six phylogeographic lineages. One of these lineages then moved northward, following the Yangtze River during the late Pleistocene Era.{{cite journal |last1=Du |first1=Zhenyong |last2=Wu |first2=Yunfei |last3=Chen |first3=Zhuo |last4=Cao |first4=Liangming |last5=Ishikawa |first5=Tadashi |last6=Kamitani |first6=Satoshi |last7=Sota |first7=Teiji |last8=Song |first8=Fan |last9=Tian |first9=Li |last10=Cai |first10=Wanzhi |last11=Li|first11=Hu |display-authors=6 |year=2021 |title=Global phylogeography and invasion history of the spotted lanternfly revealed by mitochondrial phylogenomics |journal=Evolutionary Applications |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=915–930 |doi=10.1111/eva.13170 |issn=1752-4571 |pmc=8061274 |pmid=33897812 |bibcode=2021EvApp..14..915D }}

In the 1930s, L. delicatula was known to inhabit the Northern Provinces of Shanxi, Shandong and Hebei. Since then, it has expanded its range to include Anhui, Beijing, Guangdong, Henan, Jiangsu, Sichuan, Yunnan and Zhejiang. In traditional Chinese medicine, the spotted lanternfly is believed to be poisonous, and has been used since the 1100s for topical relief from swelling. L. delicatula has also been reported in Taiwan, Vietnam, and India, but ongoing research has yet to conclude whether the species is native to these regions.

= Accidental introduction =

File:Potential Global Distribution of Spotted Lanternfly.jpg

Lycorma delicatula normally uses A. altissima for feeding and laying eggs, but if it is not present, the insect can lay its eggs on any stationary object, natural or man-made, and feeds on a wide variety of plants. Eggs can easily be moved from place to place without being noticed, giving them an easy way to spread to new areas. Its initial introduction to the United States is believed to have been through this pathway, hitchhiking on an object imported from Asia into Pennsylvania. Adults of L. delicatula jump around the area to find new host plants. As nymphs, they feed on whatever host plant the egg was laid on before moving to another in the area. L. delicatula is capable of surviving and completing its life cycle in environments without its preferred host, A. altissima, albeit with greatly reduced fitness.{{cite journal |last1=Uyi |first1=Osariyekemwen |last2=Keller |first2=Joseph A. |last3=Johnson |first3=Anne |last4=Long |first4=David |last5=Walsh |first5=Brian |last6=Hoover |first6=Kelli |date=17 October 2020 |title=Spotted lanternfly (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) can complete development and reproduce without access to the preferred host, Ailanthus altissima |journal=Environmental Entomology |volume=49 |issue=5 |pages=1185–1190 |issn=0046-225X |pmid=32725170 |doi=10.1093/ee/nvaa083 |doi-access=free |url=https://academic.oup.com/ee/article/49/5/1185/5877751 |access-date=7 December 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617151814/https://academic.oup.com/ee/article/49/5/1185/5877751 |archive-date=17 June 2022 }}

==In South Korea==

In 2006, the spotted lanternfly was introduced in Korea, and has been considered a pest since about 2007. It has since expanded its host range, attacking at least 65 plant species, uninhibited by natural predators. The distribution of L. delicatula has since been predicted using a modeling approach, which showed that this pest has the potential to occur in the majority of South Korea.{{cite journal|last1=Jung|first1=Jae-Min|last2=Jung|first2=Sunghoon|last3=Byeon|first3=Dae-hyeon|last4=Lee|first4=Wang-Hee|date=December 2017|title=Model-based prediction of potential distribution of the invasive insect pest, spotted lanternfly Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae), by using CLIMEX|journal=Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity |volume=10|issue=4|pages=532–538|doi=10.1016/j.japb.2017.07.001|issn=2287-884X|doi-access=free}}

A correlation seems to exist between the widespread distribution of A. altissima and overall damage to grapevines. The tree is commonly found growing on the peripheries of Korean vineyards and L. delicatula has been documented as a pest to grapevines, leading to a decline in the total number and overall quality of the harvested grapes. No quantitative data has been published supporting this correlation, but it has been widely hypothesized.{{cite journal |last1=Kim|first1=Hyojoong |last2=Kim |first2=Minyoung |last3=Kwon |first3=Deok Ho |last4=Park |first4=Sangwook |last5=Lee |first5=Yerim |last6=Huang |first6=Junhao |last7=Kai |first7=Shi |last8=Lee |first8=Heung-Sik |last9=Hong |first9=Ki-Jeong|last10=Jang |first10=Yikweon |last11=Lee |first11=Seunghwan |display-authors=6 |date=December 2013 |title=Molecular comparison of Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) isolates in Korea, China, and Japan |journal=Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=503–506 |doi=10.1016/j.aspen.2013.07.003 |bibcode=2013JAsPE..16..503K |issn=1226-8615 }}

== In Japan ==

In 2009, Japan reported its first confirmed presence of the spotted lanternfly, in Komatsu city (Ishikawa Prefecture). In 2013, it was confirmed to have spread into the Fukui Prefecture. Researchers have estimated that the spotted lanternfly may have been entering the country sporadically since the 1930s, but only established a reproducing population around the beginning of the twenty-first century. Specimens found in Japan are genetically identical to populations in Beijing, Tianjin, Qingdao, and Shanghai, China.{{cite report |last=Burne |first=Allan |date=17 March 2020 |title=Pest risk assessment: Lycorma delicatula (Spotted lanternfly) |type=risk-assessment |series=Biosecurity New Zealand |publisher=Ministry for Primary Industries |place=Wellington, NZ |isbn=978-1-99-001754-4 |url=https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/39962-Pest-risk-assessment-Lycorma-delicatula-Spotted-lanternfly-Technical-paper |url-status=live |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518043406/https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/39962-Pest-risk-assessment-Lycorma-delicatula-Spotted-lanternfly-Technical-paper |archive-date=18 May 2023 }}

==In the United States==

File:Spotted Lanternflies Red Maple 2019-10-17.jpg in Berks County, Pennsylvania, in mid-October 2019]]

On 29 September 2014, the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture (PDA) and the Pennsylvania Game Commission first confirmed the presence of the spotted lanternfly in Berks County, northwest of Philadelphia.{{cite news |last=Montague |first=Zach |date=21 May 2018 |title=Lanternflies eat everything in sight; the U.S. is looking delicious |newspaper=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/21/science/lanternflies-pennsylvania-crops.html |url-status=live |access-date=13 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215134324/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/21/science/lanternflies-pennsylvania-crops.html |archive-date=15 December 2019 }} Based on its host affinities, it presents a threat to the state's grape, fruit tree, and logging industries. The greatest risk of spread was seen in transportation of materials containing egg masses laid on smooth bark, stone, and other vertical surfaces.

The Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture banned the transport of items that could harbor the egg masses, including firewood, lawn mowers, outdoor chairs, trucks, and recreational vehicles from seven municipalities on 1 November 2014.{{cite web|title=Spotted Lanternfly|publisher=Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture|url=https://www.agriculture.pa.gov/Plants_Land_Water/PlantIndustry/Entomology/spotted_lanternfly/Pages/default.aspx|date=n.d.|access-date=17 June 2020|archive-date=20 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620071133/https://www.agriculture.pa.gov/Plants_Land_Water/PlantIndustry/Entomology/spotted_lanternfly/Pages/default.aspx|url-status=live}} Considering the old egg masses that were found, it was estimated that the spotted lanternfly might have been in the United States since at least 2012 (thought to have arrived as egg masses on a stone shipment in 2012), and had survived the unusually cold 2013–2014 winter.{{cite news |first=Kris |last=Maher |date=18 November 2014 |title=New invasive pest has Pennsylvania towns on alert |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |edition=online |url=https://online.wsj.com/articles/new-invasive-pest-has-pennsylvania-towns-on-alert-1416335733 |url-status=live |access-date=5 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141203110616/http://online.wsj.com/articles/new-invasive-pest-has-pennsylvania-towns-on-alert-1416335733 |archive-date=3 December 2014 }} By March 2021, lanternflies had been found in 34 of the 67 counties in Pennsylvania.{{Cite web |title=Spotted lanternfly |department=Profile and resources |date=n.d. |website=invasivespeciescentre.ca |publisher=Invasive Species Centre |place=Sault Ste. Marie, ON |lang=en-CA |url=https://www.invasivespeciescentre.ca/invasive-species/meet-the-species/invasive-insects/spotted-lanternfly/ |access-date=24 December 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910195436/https://www.invasivespeciescentre.ca/invasive-species/meet-the-species/invasive-insects/spotted-lanternfly/ |archive-date=10 September 2021 }}{{cite news |last=Harrison |first=Courtney |date=22 March 2021 |title=Spotted lanternfly spreading farther into our area |website=WNEP |url=https://www.wnep.com/article/news/local/wayne-county/spotted-lanternfly-spreading-farther-into-our-area/523-3841fb1f-bd2e-4a6a-8f28-3d5b782f7111 |url-status=live |access-date=5 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105033230/https://www.wnep.com/article/news/local/wayne-county/spotted-lanternfly-spreading-farther-into-our-area/523-3841fb1f-bd2e-4a6a-8f28-3d5b782f7111 |archive-date=5 January 2022 }}

In 2019, Pennsylvania State University estimated statewide costs of the spotted lanternfly to be $99 million in agricultural losses, and $236 million to the forestry industry, annually. Models of the spotted lanternfly's spread projected an annual loss of $554 million, with an additional loss of 4,987 jobs, should it continue to spread to the entirety of Pennsylvania.{{cite report |first1=Lynn F. |last1=Kime |first2=Jayson K. |last2=Harper |first3=William |last3=Stone |first4=Timothy W. |last4=Kelsey |date=December 2019 |title=Potential economic impact of the spotted lanternfly on agriculture and forestry in Pennsylvania |url=https://cpb-us-w2.wpmucdn.com/sites.udel.edu/dist/a/9656/files/2021/01/Harper-et-al-2019-Potential-Economic-Impact-of-the-Spotted-Lanternfly-on-Agriculture-and-Forestry-in-Pennsylvania.pdf |publisher=Pennsylvania State University |access-date=30 December 2021 |archive-date=10 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410233408/https://cpb-us-w2.wpmucdn.com/sites.udel.edu/dist/a/9656/files/2021/01/Harper-et-al-2019-Potential-Economic-Impact-of-the-Spotted-Lanternfly-on-Agriculture-and-Forestry-in-Pennsylvania.pdf |url-status=live }} A national working group led by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, consisting of Penn State Researchers and USDA scientists, was organized "to determine what is known about the lanternfly and what research is needed, including DNA analysis to pinpoint where the infestation originated."

Other states began seeing spotted lanternflies as soon as 2018, and by 2021, they were also confirmed to be established in at least parts of Connecticut,{{cite web |title=Spotted lanternfly |date=n.d. |publisher=U.S. Department of Agriculture |series=Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) |website=aphis.usda.gov |url=https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/resources/pests-diseases/hungry-pests/the-threat/spotted-lanternfly/spotted-lanternfly |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120105135/https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/resources/pests-diseases/hungry-pests/the-threat/spotted-lanternfly/spotted-lanternfly |archive-date=20 January 2022 }} Maryland, Massachusetts,{{cite press release |date=September 2020 |title=State agricultural officials urge residents to report signs of invasive spotted lanternfly |website=Mass.gov |publisher=Massachusetts Department of Agricultural Resources |url=https://www.mass.gov/news/state-agricultural-officials-urge-residents-to-report-signs-of-invasive-spotted-lanternfly |url-status=live |access-date=19 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020153050/https://www.mass.gov/news/state-agricultural-officials-urge-residents-to-report-signs-of-invasive-spotted-lanternfly |archive-date=20 October 2020 }} Delaware,{{cite web |date=n.d.|title=Spotted lanternfly |website=agriculture.delaware.gov |publisher=Delaware Department of Agriculture |url=https://agriculture.delaware.gov/plant-industries/spotted-lanternfly/ |url-status=live |access-date=5 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191001121306/https://agriculture.delaware.gov/plant-industries/spotted-lanternfly/ |archive-date=1 October 2019 }} New Jersey,{{cite news |last=Warren |first=Michael |date=30 January 2019 |orig-date=July 2018 |title=These three N.J. counties are now under a spotted lanternfly quarantine |website=nj.com |url=https://www.nj.com/news/2018/07/these_three_nj_counties_are_now_under_a_spotted_la.html |url-status=live |access-date=5 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191005210712/https://www.nj.com/news/2018/07/these_three_nj_counties_are_now_under_a_spotted_la.html |archive-date=5 October 2019 }} New York,{{cite press release |title=New York State announces confirmed finding of spotted lanternfly on Staten Island |date=14 August 2020 |publisher=New York State Department of Agriculture and Markets |url=http://agriculture.ny.gov/news/new-york-state-announces-confirmed-finding-spotted-lanternfly-staten-island |url-status=live |access-date=9 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016235613/https://agriculture.ny.gov/news/new-york-state-announces-confirmed-finding-spotted-lanternfly-staten-island |archive-date=16 October 2020 }} Ohio,{{cite press release |title=Spotted lanternfly found in Jefferson County |date=27 October 2020 |publisher=Ohio Department of Agriculture |url=https://agri.ohio.gov/wps/portal/gov/oda/divisions/plant-health/news-and-events/10-27-20-slf-jefferson-county |url-status=live |access-date=28 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101061316/https://agri.ohio.gov/wps/portal/gov/oda/divisions/plant-health/news-and-events/10-27-20-slf-jefferson-county |archive-date=1 November 2020 }} Indiana,{{cite web |title=Spotted lanternfly |date=26 January 2021 |series=Entomology |website=in.gov |publisher=Indiana Department of Natural Resources |url=https://www.in.gov/dnr/entomology/pests-of-concern/spotted-lanternfly/ |url-status=live |access-date=27 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727175311/https://www.in.gov/dnr/entomology/pests-of-concern/spotted-lanternfly/ |archive-date=27 July 2021 }} Virginia,{{cite news |first1=Mike |last1=McGrath |date=5 October 2018 |title=Invasive spotted lanternfly makes journey into Virginia |website=WTOP |url=https://wtop.com/garden-plot/2018/10/invasive-spotted-lanterfly-makes-journey-into-virginia/ |url-status=live |access-date=5 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005132058/https://wtop.com/garden-plot/2018/10/invasive-spotted-lanterfly-makes-journey-into-virginia/ |archive-date=5 October 2018 }} and West Virginia, with several of these states issuing quarantine orders. In 2022, the species was confirmed to be present in North Carolina,{{cite press release |title=NCDA&CS finds spotted lanternfly in Forsyth County |date=29 June 2022 |website=ncagr.gov |publisher=North Carolina Department of Agriculture & Consumer Services |url=https://www.ncagr.gov/paffairs/release/2022/6-22SLFForsythCo.htm |url-status=live |access-date=2022-07-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629172454/https://www.ncagr.gov/paffairs/release/2022/6-22SLFForsythCo.htm |archive-date=29 June 2022 }} Michigan{{cite press release |title=Forest pest alert: Spotted lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula) |publisher=Michigan Department of Natural Resources |quote=In July 2022, live spotted lanternfly was found in Oakland County. Treatment of the infested area was completed and MDARD is working to contain and limit the spread of this small population. |url=https://www.michigan.gov/invasives/-/media/Project/Websites/invasives/Documents/ID/Insects/FPA_SLF_2018.pdf |url-status=live |access-date=19 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928081012/https://www.michigan.gov/invasives/-/media/Project/Websites/invasives/Documents/ID/Insects/FPA_SLF_2018.pdf |archive-date=28 September 2023 }}{{cite news |first=Andy M. |last=Roberts |date=19 September 2023 |title=Michigan DNR advises residents to be on the lookout for invasive spotted lanternfly |newspaper=White Lake Beacon |url=https://www.shorelinemedia.net/white_lake_beacon/news/michigan-dnr-advises-residents-to-be-on-the-lookout-for-invasive-spotted-lanternfly/article_ecd73dc8-5702-11ee-b34d-071b8864bb17.html |url-status=live |access-date=19 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928080706/https://www.shorelinemedia.net/white_lake_beacon/news/michigan-dnr-advises-residents-to-be-on-the-lookout-for-invasive-spotted-lanternfly/article_ecd73dc8-5702-11ee-b34d-071b8864bb17.html |archive-date=28 September 2023 }} and Rhode Island,.{{cite news |first=Addy |last=Bink |date=17 September 2023 |title=Spotted lanternfly: Should you be worried about them? |website=WREG |quote=Dead lanternflies were found in Michigan as early as 2018 but its first live infestation was confirmed in August 2022, as was Rhode Island's. |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/spotted-lanternfly-worried-them-153036611.html |via=Yahoo News |url-status=live |access-date=19 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928081012/https://www.yahoo.com/news/spotted-lanternfly-worried-them-153036611.html |archive-date=28 September 2023 }} In late September 2023, the state government of Tennessee confirmed the detection of a spotted lanternfly (SLF) in its Davidson County, making Tennessee the 16th state to detect the spotted lanternfly.{{cite press release |title=Spotted lanternfly detected in middle Tennessee |date=28 September 2023 |website=Tennessee Department of Agriculture |url=https://www.tn.gov/agriculture/news/2023/9/28/spotted-lanternfly-detected-in-middle-tennessee.html |url-status=live |access-date=2 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116032430/https://www.tn.gov/agriculture/news/2023/9/28/spotted-lanternfly-detected-in-middle-tennessee.html?fbclid=IwAR1x7cM65XJtzde_tOUlz7KvvnYk0AdGpz57JeYtmR52J4VQ0PPAwwj-xKo |archive-date=16 November 2023 }}

In October 2024, their presence was reported in Northern Kentucky, especially in Covington.{{cite web |url=https://www.wlwt.com/article/spotted-lanternfly-invasive-covington-kentucky/62510168 |website=WLWT5 |title=Spotted Lanternfly: Invasive insect spotted in northern Kentucky |first=Emily |last=Sanderson |date=October 4, 2024}}

A large potential range exists for the spotted lanternfly to become established in almost all of the eastern part of the country, as well as critical wine- and hop-growing valleys of the Pacific coastal states.

Dead spotted lanternfly specimens have been reported in Kansas,{{cite news |first=Jonathan |last=Edwards |date=15 September 2021 |title=A Kansas boy entered a unique insect at the state fair. It triggered a federal investigation |newspaper=The Washington Post |issn=0190-8286 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2021/09/15/kansas-state-fair-spotted-lanternfly/ |url-status=live |access-date=17 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210919062537/https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2021/09/15/kansas-state-fair-spotted-lanternfly/ |archive-date=19 September 2021 }}{{cite news |last=Villarreal |first=Alexandra |date=15 September 2021 |title=Kansas boy's insect entry at state fair wins prize – and triggers federal inquiry |newspaper=The Guardian |edition=US |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/sep/15/kansas-state-fair-lanternfly-triggers-federal-investigation |access-date=15 September 2021 |archive-date=15 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915190911/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/sep/15/kansas-state-fair-lanternfly-triggers-federal-investigation |url-status=live }} Oregon{{cite press release |title=Spotted lanternfly Lycorma delicatula pest alert |department=Fact sheets and pest alerts |publisher=Oregon Department of Agriculture |place=Salem, OR |url=https://www.oregon.gov/oda/shared/Documents/Publications/IPPM/SpottedLanternflyPestAlert.pdf |url-status=live |access-date=25 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225021351/https://www.oregon.gov/oda/shared/Documents/Publications/IPPM/SpottedLanternflyPestAlert.pdf |archive-date=25 December 2021 }} and California,{{cite news |title=Oregon nursery finds destructive spotted lanternfly, first ever reported in Oregon |url=https://odanews.wpengine.com/oregon-nursery-finds-destructive-spotted-lanternfly-first-ever-reported-in-oregon/ |website=Oregon Department of Agriculture News (odanews.wpengine.com) |date=8 October 2020 |access-date=9 October 2020 |archive-date=18 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018074554/https://odanews.wpengine.com/oregon-nursery-finds-destructive-spotted-lanternfly-first-ever-reported-in-oregon/ |url-status=live }} although no live sightings have been reported from these states {{as of|September 2023|lc=y|post=.}} The discoveries of dead specimens have increased concerns for possible accidental introduction of the insect to yet more states where they can potentially become established.{{cite web |title=Spotted lanternfly: A colorful cause for concern |website=MSU College of Agriculture and Natural Resources |date=12 November 2020 |publisher=Michigan State University |place=Ann Arbor, MI |url=http://www.canr.msu.edu/news/spotted-lanternfly-a-colorful-cause-for-concern |url-status=live |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001135233/https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/spotted-lanternfly-a-colorful-cause-for-concern |archive-date=1 October 2020 }}

==In Canada==

Canadian Food Inspection Agency has identified a risk of the SLF entering the country and has previously intercepted adult lanternflies traveling to Ontario in shipping crates. The primary concern is the potential damage the lanternflies could cause to the wine, fruit, and vegetable industries.{{cite journal |last1=Wakie |first1=T.T. |last2=Neven|first2=L.G. |last3=Yee |first3=W.L. |last4=Lu |first4=Z. |date=3 October 2019 |title=The establishment risk of Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) in the United States and globally |journal=Journal of Economic Entomology |volume=113 |issue=1 |pages=306–314 |doi=10.1093/jee/toz259 |doi-access=free |pmid=31579914 |url=http://academic.oup.com/jee/article/113/1/306/5572115 |url-status=live |access-date=8 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723023922/https://academic.oup.com/jee/article/113/1/306/5572115 |archive-date=23 July 2020 }} The Canadian government and agricultural industries are concerned about maintaining quarantine and have expressed hope that quarantine efforts in the United States are successful.{{cite web |last=Ehnes |first=Mandy |date=2020-06-16 |title=Spotted lanternfly: A serious threat to Canada's wine and agricultural industries |website=invasivespeciescentre.ca |publisher=Invasive Species Centre |place=Sault Ste. Marie, ON |lang=en-CA |url=http://www.invasivespeciescentre.ca/spotted-lanternfly-a-serious-threat-to-canadas-wine-and-agricultural-industries/ |access-date=8 October 2020|archive-date=30 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930081108/https://invasivespeciescentre.ca/spotted-lanternfly-a-serious-threat-to-canadas-wine-and-agricultural-industries/|url-status=live}} Although most of Canada is an unsuitable habitat for L. delicatula, southwestern Ontario and southerly parts of other provinces are modeled to have low suitability for inhabitation. L. delicatula has been theorized to be capable of maintaining a small population in the region although no specimens have yet been discovered.

Later, in September 2024, lanternflies were found in Ontario.https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/windsor/spotted-lanternfly-windsor-essex-invasive-species-1.7338210

== In Europe ==

The European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization classifies L. delicatula as an A1 pest and anticipates it becoming invasive in Europe.{{Cite journal |first1=Marco |last1=Ciolli |first2=Gianfranco |last2=Anfora |first3=Kim A. |last3=Hoelmer |first4=Robert |last4=Malek |first5=Joe M. |last5=Kaser |first6=Hannah J. |last6=Broadley |first7=Juli |last7=Gould |date=11 October 2019 |title=Footprints and Ootheca of Lycorma delicatula influence Host-Searching and -Acceptance of the Egg-Parasitoid Anastatus orientalis |url=https://academic.oup.com/ee/article/48/6/1270/5585876 |journal=Environmental Entomology |volume=48 |issue=6 |pages=1270–1276 |doi=10.1093/ee/nvz110 |pmid=31603497 |doi-access=free |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220112020710/https://academic.oup.com/ee/article/48/6/1270/5585876 |url-status=live |hdl=10449/57899 |hdl-access=free }} CLIMEX modeling of potential habitats for L. delicatula has found that the United Kingdom, France, Belgium, Switzerland, Spain, and Italy may be capable of supporting small L. delicatula populations.{{cite journal |last1=Jung |first1=Jae-Min |last2=Jung |first2=Sunghoon |last3=Byeon |first3=Dae-hyeon |last4=Lee | first4=Wang-Hee |title=Model-based prediction of potential distribution of the invasive insect pest, spotted lanternfly Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae), by using CLIMEX | journal=Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity |volume=10 |issue=4 |year=2017 |doi=10.1016/j.japb.2017.07.001 |pages=532–538|doi-access=free }} Risk analysis of the spotted lanternfly to become established in Europe has been classified as a moderate to high risk, predominately due to the pervasiveness of A. altissima.{{cite web | title=Lycorma delicatula | website=EPPO PRA | date=30 September 2016 | url=http://pra.eppo.int/organism/LYCMDE | access-date=26 January 2022 | archive-date=26 January 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126180129/https://pra.eppo.int/organism/LYCMDE | url-status=live }} L. delicatula was observed via INaturalist in Madrid, Spain on July 17, 2024.{{Cite web |last=Christian |date=2024-07-18 |title=Spotted Lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula) |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/230083010 |access-date=2024-07-20 |website=iNaturalist |language=en}}

== In Australia ==

Modeling for the life cycle of the spotted lanternfly in Australia has found that development and survival may vary throughout the country, should the spotted lanternfly be introduced. Australia's southwest coastal regions are estimated to have a high viability for the spotted lanternfly but Australian Great Dividing Range and Tasmania were found to have the lowest suitability. Both the pervasiveness of A. altissima and the lack of consistent freezing seasons are considered risk factors in L. delicatula establishing populations in the country.{{citation |last1=Maino |first1=James Louis |last2=Schouten |first2=Rafael |last3=Lye |first3=Jessica C. |last4=Umina |first4=Paul A. |last5=Reynolds |first5=Olivia L. |title=Mapping The Life-History, Development, And Survival of Spotted Lantern Fly In Occupied And Uninvaded Ranges |year=2021 |doi=10.21203/rs.3.rs-400798/v1 |pages=1–18 |s2cid=236227250 |url=https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-400798/v1 |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117055324/https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-400798/v1 |url-status=live }}

Possible pest control

Pest control measures and guidelines have been issued by the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture and its Penn State Extension. These guidelines include killing L. delicatula eggs between the months of October and May by scraping them off surfaces, "double bag them and throw them in the garbage." People can scrape the eggs directly into plastic bags containing alcohol and/or hand sanitizer to kill them. The PDA has recommended removal of preferred spotted lanternfly hosts, such as tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima), saving only male trees to use as "trap" trees, since the spotted lanternfly is attracted to its preferred hosts.{{cite web |last1=Leach |first1=Heather |last2=Biddinger |first2=David |last3=Krawczyk |first3=Greg |last4=Swackhamer |first4=Emelie |last5=Korman |first5=Amy |last6=Walsh |first6=Brian |date=8 May 2020 |title=Spotted lanternfly management for homeowners |website=Penn State extension service (extension.psu.edu) |publisher=Pennsylvania State University |place=University Park, PA |url=https://extension.psu.edu/spotted-lanternfly-management-for-homeowners |url-status=dead |access-date=22 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425013952/https://extension.psu.edu/spotted-lanternfly-management-for-homeowners |archive-date=25 April 2021 }} The remaining male "trap trees" should be wrapped with sticky bands starting in early spring to catch any nymphs. Wildlife experts have warned to cover the sticky bands on trees with chicken wire or another similar wire after many reports of other animals (e.g. birds) becoming trapped on them, resulting in injury and/or death.{{cite web|last=Griffaton|first=Grace|date=15 June 2020|title=Wildlife experts warn spotted lanternfly traps are killing birds, bats, squirrels, and other animals|url=https://www.fox43.com/article/news/local/wildlife-experts-warn-spotted-lanternfly-traps-are-killing-birds-bats-squirrels-and-other-animals/521-f045506c-c9a5-4bda-a980-bfc75b7fb1f7|access-date=27 August 2020|website=fox43.com|archive-date=11 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200911130251/https://www.fox43.com/article/news/local/wildlife-experts-warn-spotted-lanternfly-traps-are-killing-birds-bats-squirrels-and-other-animals/521-f045506c-c9a5-4bda-a980-bfc75b7fb1f7|url-status=live}}

{{As of|2020|post=,}} the PDA recommended several different pesticides to treat infestations, including insecticidal soaps, neem oil, pyrethrins, and essential oils, as well as bifenthrin, carbaryl, dinotefuran as bark spray, imidacloprid, spinosad, tebuconazole, and zeta-cypermethrin. Infested trees can be treated with systemic pesticides from June to August. The PDA recommends tree injection and bark sprays, applied by professional applicators, and soil drench and foliar sprays, which can be applied by homeowners.

In Pennsylvania and Korea, use of brown sticky traps has been effective at capturing nymphs, though adults may be strong enough to escape the adhesive.{{Cite journal |last1=Choi |first1=Duck-Soo |last2=Kim |first2=Do-Ik |last3=Ko |first3=Suk-Ju |last4=Kang |first4=Beom-Ryong |last5=Park|first5=Jong-Dae |last6=Kim |first6=Seon-Gon|last7=Choi |first7=Kyeong-Ju |date=1 December 2012 |title=Environmentally-friendly control methods and forecasting the hatching time Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) in Jeonnam Province |journal=Korean Journal of Applied Entomology |volume=51 |issue=4 |pages=371–376 |doi=10.5656/ksae.2012.09.0.022 |doi-access=free |issn=1225-0171 }} The spotted lanternfly is known to avoid changes in tree texture and obstacles along the tree trunk, and inward facing traps have shown the greatest efficacy with minimized ecological impact.{{cite journal |last1=Francese |first1=Joseph A. |last2=Cooperband |first2=Miriam F. |last3=Murman |first3=Kelly M. |last4=Cannon |first4=Stefani L. |last5=Booth |first5=Everett G. |last6=Devine |first6=Sarah M. |last7=Wallace |first7=Matthew S. |date=14 April 2020 |title=Developing traps for the spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) |journal=Environmental Entomology |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=269–276 |doi=10.1093/ee/nvz166 |pmid=31990325 |issn=0046-225X }} L. delicatula has been found to be attracted to certain kairomones released by their host plants, and adults and second- to fourth-instar nymphs are also attracted to spearmint oil. Such chemicals (like methyl salicylate) may be used to lure them into sticky traps to augment this pest control method.{{cite journal |last1=Cooperband |first1=Miriam F. |last2=Wickham |first2=Jacob |last3=Cleary |first3=Kaitlin |last4=Spichiger |first4=Sven-Erik |last5=Zhang |first5=Longwa|last6=Baker |first6=John |last7=Canlas |first7=Isaiah |last8=Derstine |first8=Nathan |last9=Carrillo |first9=Daniel |display-authors=6 |date=21 March 2019 |title=Discovery of three kairomones in relation to trap and lure development for spotted lanternfly (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) |journal=Journal of Economic Entomology |volume=112 |issue=2 |pages=671–682 |doi=10.1093/jee/toy412 |doi-access=free |issn=0022-0493 |pmid=30753676}}

Researchers using infrared thermography have found that the spotted lanternfly emits long-wavelength infrared (8–14 μm) light during active feeding and rapid hemolymph circulation, indicating a means of early detection.{{cite journal|last1=Liu|first1=Houping|last2=Lusk|first2=Robert|last3=Gallardy|first3=Ross|date=1 March 2021|title=Infrared thermography for insect detection: lighting up the spotted lanternfly in the field|journal=Journal of Pest Science |volume=94|issue=2|pages=231–240|doi=10.1007/s10340-021-01338-7|bibcode=2021JPesS..94..231L |s2cid=234011992|issn=1612-4766}} Trained dogs are capable of detecting winterized egg masses.{{Cite journal |last1=Essler |first1=Jennifer L. |last2=Kane |first2=Sarah A. |last3=Collins |first3=Amanda |last4=Ryder |first4=Kaley|last5=de Angelo |first5=Annemarie |last6=Kaynaroglu |first6=Patricia |last7=Otto |first7=Cynthia M. |date=3 May 2021 |title=Egg masses as training aids for spotted lanternfly Lycorma delicatula detection dogs |journal=PLoS One |volume=16 |issue=5 |pages=e0250945 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0250945 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=8092771 |pmid=33939739 |bibcode=2021PLoSO..1650945E }}

{{As of|2013|post=,}} researchers are investigating another method of controlling lanternfly populations through reduction of Ailanthus altissima populations; the use of a fungal pathogen, Verticillium nonalfalfae, has been found to effectively kill the invasive trees by causing vascular wilt.{{Cite journal|last1=Rebbeck|first1=J.|last2=Malone|first2=M. A.|last3=Short|first3=D. P. G.|last4=Kasson|first4=M. T.|last5=O'Neal|first5=E. S.|last6=Davis|first6=D. D.|date=July 2013|title=First Report of Verticillium Wilt Caused by Verticillium nonalfalfae on Tree-of-Heaven (Ailanthus altissima) in Ohio|journal=Plant Disease|volume=97|issue=7|pages=999|doi=10.1094/PDIS-01-13-0062-PDN|pmid=30722582|issn=0191-2917|doi-access=free}} It is thought that lanternflies, which feed on this host plant by piercing and sucking the sap from its vasculature, may be able to "aid" in the ongoing removal of A. altissima by functioning as a vector for the V. nonalfalfae pathogen between different individuals of the insects' preferred host. Researchers have not yet found this to be an effective method, and more research is needed to confirm if this is possible in field settings with V. nonalfalfae or other pathogens.{{cite journal |first1=Rachel K. |last1=Brooks |first2=Ashley |last2=Toland |first3=Andrew C. |last3=Dechaine |first4=Thomas |last4=McAvoy |first5=Scott |last5=Salom |year=2020 |title=The inability of spotted lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula) to vector a plant pathogen between its preferred host, Ailanthus altissima, in a laboratory setting |journal=Insects |volume=11 |issue=8 |page=515 |doi=10.3390/insects11080515 |doi-access=free |pmid=32784902 |pmc=7469210 |hdl=10919/99821 |hdl-access=free }}

Four species of fungal entomopathogens native to the United States have been identified to cause co-epizootics in the spotted lanternfly.{{cite journal |last1=Clifton |first1=Eric H. |last2=Castrillo |first2=Louela A. |last3=Hajek |first3=Ann E. |date=1 November 2021 |title=Discovery of two hypocrealean fungi infecting spotted lanternflies, Lycorma delicatula: Metarhizium pemphigi and a novel species, Ophiocordyceps delicatula|journal=Journal of Invertebrate Pathology |volume=186|pages=107689|doi=10.1016/j.jip.2021.107689|pmid=34774856|s2cid=244070660|issn=0022-2011|doi-access=free|bibcode=2021JInvP.18607689C }} Beauveria bassiana, Batkoa major, Metarhizium pemphigi and Ophiocordyceps delicatula (in the family Entomophthoraceae) have been found to parasitize and kill the spotted lanternfly, with Beauveria bassiana having also shown an ability to kill spotted lanternflies in biopesticide trials.{{cite journal |last1=Clifton |first1=Eric H. |last2=Castrillo |first2=Louela A. |last3=Gryganskyi |first3=Andrii |last4=Hajek |first4=Ann E. |date=7 May 2019 |title=A pair of native fungal pathogens drives decline of a new invasive herbivore |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=116 |issue=19 |pages=9178–9180 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1903579116 |doi-access=free |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=6511058 |pmid=31010927 |bibcode=2019PNAS..116.9178C }}{{cite news|last=Buffone|first=John|date=30 August 2019|title=There's fungus among us, and it might kill off the spotted lanternfly in Pa.|newspaper=York Daily Record|publisher=USA Today Network|url=https://www.ydr.com/story/news/2019/08/30/biopesticide-being-tested-battle-spotted-lanternfly-pa-pesticide-penn-state-cornell/2149638001/|access-date=10 September 2019|archive-date=1 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901172925/https://www.ydr.com/story/news/2019/08/30/biopesticide-being-tested-battle-spotted-lanternfly-pa-pesticide-penn-state-cornell/2149638001/|url-status=live}}

A few natural predators have been identified in the lanternfly's native habitat in China, but are not yet used in biocontrol. Dryinus sinicus, a dryinidae wasp, and Ooencyrtus kuvanae, a chalcid wasp, have been found to parasitize spotted lanternfly eggs and nymphs.{{cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Houping |last2=Mottern |first2=Jason |date=January 2017 |title=An old remedy for a new problem? Identification of Ooencyrtus kuvanae (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), an egg larasitoid of Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) in North America |journal=Journal of Insect Science |volume=17 |issue=1 |page=18 |doi=10.1093/jisesa/iew114 |pmid=28069731 |pmc=5270392 |url=https://academic.oup.com/jinsectscience/article/17/1/18/2875340 |url-status=live |access-date=30 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230015136/https://academic.oup.com/jinsectscience/article/17/1/18/2875340 |archive-date=30 December 2021 }}{{cite journal |last1=Xin |first1=Bei |last2=Wang |first2=Xiao-yi |last3=Cao |first3=Liang-ming |last4=Zhang |first4=Yan-long |last5=Gould |first5=Juli |last6=Broadley |first6=Hannah |last7=Hoelmer |first7=Kim |date=February 2021 |title=Exploratory survey of spotted lanternfly (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) and its natural enemies in China |journal=Environmental Entomology |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=36–45 |pmid=33301027 |doi=10.1093/ee/nvaa137 |doi-access=free |url=https://academic.oup.com/ee/article/50/1/36/6029751?login=true |url-status=live |access-date=30 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230022145/https://academic.oup.com/ee/article/50/1/36/6029751?login=true |archive-date=30 December 2021 }} Ooencyrtus kuvanae was previously introduced into the United States in 1908 for population control of Lymantria dispar dispar and was first documented to parasitize spotted lanternfly egg masses in 2017. Another biocontrol predator being tested is the eupelmid wasp Anastatus orientalis, due to its high rates of parasitism of eggs. This wasp is under investigation in South Korea{{cite journal |last1=Choi |first1=Man-Young |last2=Yang |first2=Zhong-Qi |last3=Wang |first3=Xiao-Yi |last4=Tang |first4=Yan-Long |last5=Hou |first5=Zhen-Rong |last6=Kim |first6=Jeong Hwan |last7=Byeon |first7=Young Woong |date=1 June 2014 |title=Parasitism rate of egg parasitoid Anastatus orientalis (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae) on Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) in China |journal=Korean Journal of Applied Entomology |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=135–139 |issn=1225-0171 |doi=10.5656/ksae.2014.01.1.075 |doi-access=free }} and in the United States, where it is being evaluated under quarantine until researchers are certain it will not become an invasive species and attack other insects.{{cite news |last=Charles |first=Dan |date=16 September 2019 |title=Vineyards facing an insect invasion may turn to aliens for help |publisher=NPR |format=radio brdcst. rec. & transc. |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2019/09/16/760147903/vineyards-facing-an-insect-invasion-may-turn-to-aliens-for-help |url-status=live |access-date=20 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220094040/https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2019/09/16/760147903/vineyards-facing-an-insect-invasion-may-turn-to-aliens-for-help |archive-date=20 February 2020 }}

Photos

File:Lycorma delicatula 331111274.jpg|Spotted lanternfly eggs on the bark of a tree

File:Lanternfly nymph - 06.13.22.jpg|Spotted lanternfly early-instar nymph on a grape leaf

File:Spotted Lanternfly Berks County PA Late July 2018.jpg|Late-instar nymphs of spotted lanternfly on Vitis labrusca in Berks County, Pennsylvania, in late July 2018

File:Spotted lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula).jpg|Spotted lanternfly late-instar nymph

File:Spotted lanternflies in BBG (42943).jpg|Adult spotted lanternflies in Brooklyn Botanic Garden in September 2021

File:Spotted Lanternfly in Web.jpg|Adult spotted lanternfly caught and eaten by a spider in Delaware County, Pennsylvania, in September 2020

File:Lanternfly Nymph.jpg|4th instar nymph in South Korea.