stab wound

Stab wounds can result in various internal and external injuries. These wounds are typically caused by low-velocity weapons, meaning the damage is usually confined to the weapon's path, unlike gunshot wounds which often affect surrounding tissues.{{cite journal | title=Missile and explosive wounds |author1=Christopher McLean |author2=Jonathan Hull | journal=Surgery |date=June 2006 | volume=22 | issue=6 | pages=194–7 | doi=10.1383/surg.2006.24.6.194}} The abdomen is the most commonly injured area in cases of stab wounds. Interventions that may be needed depending on severity of the injury include airway, intravenous access, and control of hemorrhage.{{cite book |author=Campbell, John Creighton |title=Basic trauma life support for paramedics and other advanced providers |publisher=Brady/Prentice Hall Health |location=Upper Saddle River, N.J |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-13-084584-9 }} The length and size of the knife blade, as well as its trajectory, are critical factors in assesssing and predicting which internal structures may have been damaged. There are also special considerations to take into effect as given the nature of injuries, there is a higher likelihood that persons with these injuries might be under the influence of drugs which can make it harder to obtain a complete medical history.{{Cite book|title = Marx|year = 2014|pages = 462}} Special precautions should also be taken to prevent further injury from a perpetrator to the victim in a hospital setting.{{cite journal |vauthors=Bird J, Faulkner M |title=Emergency care and management of patients with stab wounds |journal=Nurs Stand |volume=23 |issue=21 |pages=51–7; quiz 58 |year=2009 |pmid=19248451 |doi= 10.7748/ns2009.01.23.21.51.c6769|s2cid=7688093 }} Similarly to treating shock, it is important to keep the systolic pressure above 90mmHg, maintain the person's core body temperature, and for prompt transport to a trauma center in severe cases.{{Cite book|title = Marx|year = 2014|pages = 292}}{{cite web | url=http://www.jems.com/article/patient-care/patient-suffers-multiple-stab-wounds | title=Patient Suffers Multiple Stab Wounds: A 19-year-old male was stabbed multiple times in the chest | publisher=Elsevier Inc. | work=Journal of Emergency Medical Services | date=June 7, 2012 | access-date=July 17, 2012 | author=Edgerly, Dennis}}

To determine if internal bleeding is present a focused assessment with sonography (FAST) or diagnostic peritoneal lavage (DPL) can be used. Other diagnostic tests such as a computed tomography scan or various contrast studies can be used to more definitively classify the injury in both severity and location.{{cite book | title=ATLS: Advanced Trauma Life Support for Doctors | publisher=American College of Surgeons | year=2008 | pages=113–9 | isbn=978-1880696316}} Local wound exploration is also another technique that may be utilized to determine how far the object penetrated.{{Cite book|title = Marx|year = 2014|pages = 469}} Observation can be used in place of surgery as it can substitute an unnecessary surgery, which makes it the preferred treatment of penetrating trauma secondary to a stab wound when hypovolemia or shock is not present.{{cite book |title=PHTLS: Prehospital Trauma Life Support |publisher=Mosby/JEMS |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-323-06502-3 }} Laboratory diagnostic studies such as a hematocrit, white blood cell count and chemical tests such as liver function tests can also help to determine the efficiency of care.{{Cite book|title = Marx|year = 2014|pages = 464}}

Surgical intervention may be required, but it depends on what organ systems are affected by the wound and the extent of the damage. It is important for care providers to thoroughly check the wound site in as much as a laceration of an artery often results in delayed complications sometimes leading to death. In cases where there is no suspicion of bleeding or infection, there is no known benefit of surgery to correct any present injuries.{{Cite journal|last1=Oyo-Ita|first1=Angela|last2=Chinnock|first2=Paul|last3=Ikpeme|first3=Ikpeme A.|date=2015-11-13|title=Surgical versus non-surgical management of abdominal injury|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|issue=11|pages=CD007383|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD007383.pub3|issn=1469-493X|pmid=26568111|pmc=11179156}} Typically a surgeon will track the path of the weapon to determine the anatomical structures that were damaged and repair any damage they deem necessary.{{cite book |author=Kenneth D. Boffard |title=Manual of definitive surgical trauma care |publisher=Hodder Arnold |location=London |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-340-94764-7 }} Surgical packing of the wounds is generally not the favored technique to control bleeding as it can be less useful than fixing the directly affected organs.{{Cite book|title = Moore|year = 2012|pages = 517}} In severe cases when homeostasis cannot be maintained the use of damage control surgery may be utilized.{{cite book |author1=Garth Meckler |author2=Cline, David |author3=Cydulka, Rita K. |author4=Thomas, Stephen R. |author5=Dan Handel |title=Tintinalli's Emergency Medicine Manual 7/E |publisher=McGraw-Hill Professional |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-07-178184-8 }}

File:Hilt wound.jpg

Stab wounds are one of the most common forms of penetrating trauma globally, but account for a lower mortality compared to blunt injuries due to their more focused impact on a person. Stab wounds can result from self-infliction, accidental nail gun injuries,{{cite journal|last1=Jodati|first1=A.|last2=Safaei|first2=N.|last3=Toufan|first3=M.|last4=Kazemi|first4=B.|title=A unique nail gun injury to the heart with a delayed presentation|journal=Interactive Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery|volume=13|issue=3|year=2011|pages=363–365|issn=1569-9293|doi=10.1510/icvts.2011.272120|pmid=21636580|doi-access=free}}{{cite journal | vauthors = Kaljusto ML, Tønnessen T | title = How to mend a broken heart: a major stab wound of the left ventricle | journal = World J Emerg Surg | volume = 7 | issue = 1 | pages = 17 | date = May 2012 | pmid = 22640705 | pmc = 3467162 | doi = 10.1186/1749-7922-7-17 | doi-access = free }} and stingray injuries,{{cite journal | vauthors = Parra MW, Costantini EN, Rodas EB, Gonzalez PJ, Salamen OJ, Catino JD, Taber PM, Puente I | title = Surviving a transfixing cardiac injury caused by a stingray barb | journal = The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery | volume = 139 | issue = 5 | pages = e115–6 | date = May 2010 | pmid = 19660402 | doi = 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2009.02.052 |issn=0022-5223 | doi-access = free }} however, most stab wounds are caused by intentional violence, as the weapons used to inflict such wounds are readily available compared to guns.{{cite book | title=Knife crime : review of evidence and policy | publisher=Centre for Crime and Justice Studies | author=Eades, Chris | year=2007 | location=London | isbn=978-1906003067}} Stabbings are a relatively common cause of homicide in Canada and the United States. Typically death from stab wounds is due to organ failure or blood loss. They are the mechanism of approximately 2% of suicides.{{cite book|vauthors = Riviello RJ|title=Manual of forensic emergency medicine : a guide for clinicians|year=2010|publisher=Jones and Bartlett Publishers|location=Sudbury, Mass.|isbn=978-0-7637-4462-5|pages=18}}

In Canada, homicides by stabbing and gunshot occur relatively equally (1,008 to 980 for the years 2005 to 2009).{{cite web |url=http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/legal01-eng.htm |title=Homicides by method |access-date=2012-01-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110203802/http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/legal01-eng.htm |archive-date=2012-01-10 }} Homicides by method In the United States guns are a more common method of homicide (9,484 versus 1,897 for stabbing or cutting in 2008).{{cite web |url=https://www.infoplease.com/us/crime/murder-victims-weapons-used |title=Murder Victims, by Weapons Used |author= |website=Infoplease |publisher=Sandbox Networks Inc |access-date=2015-07-18 }}

Stab wounds occur four times more than gunshot wounds in the United Kingdom, but the mortality rate associated with stabbing has ranged from 0–4% as 85% of injuries sustained from stab wounds only affect subcutaneous tissue.{{cite journal |vauthors=Hanoch J, Feigin E, Pikarsky A, Kugel C, Rivkind A |title=Stab wounds associated with terrorist activities in Israel |journal=JAMA |volume=276 |issue=5 |pages=388–90 |date=August 1996 |pmid=8683817 |doi= 10.1001/jama.1996.03540050048022}} In Belgium, most assaults resulting in a stab wound occur to and by men and persons of ethnic minorities.{{cite journal |vauthors=El-Abdellati E, Messaoudi N, Van Hee R |title=Assault induced stab injuries: epidemiology and actual treatment strategy |journal=Acta Chirurgica Belgica |volume=111 |issue=3 |pages=146–54 |year=2011 |pmid=21780521 |doi= 10.1080/00015458.2011.11680726|s2cid=41051105 }}

Some of the first principles of wound care come from Hippocrates who promoted keeping wounds dry except for irrigation.{{cite journal |vauthors=Manring MM, Hawk A, Calhoun JH, Andersen RC |title=Treatment of war wounds: a historical review |journal=Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research |volume=467 |issue=8 |pages=2168–91 |date=August 2009 |pmid=19219516 |pmc=2706344 |doi=10.1007/s11999-009-0738-5 }} Guy de Chauliac would promote removal of foreign bodies, rejoining of severed tissues, maintenance of tissue continuity, preservation of organ substance, and prevention of complications. The first successful operation on a person who was stabbed in the heart was performed in 1896 by Ludwig Rehn, in what is now considered the first case of heart surgery.{{Cite journal|title = Laceration of the Heart: Repair and Recovery: 1877|last = Sharpe|first = William|date = June 17, 1961|journal = Journal of the American Medical Association|doi = 10.1001/jama.1961.63040240024023|volume=176|issue = 11|pages=964}} In the late 1800s it was hard to treat stab wounds because of poor transportation of victims to health facilities and the low ability for surgeons to effectively repair organs. However, the use of laparotomy, which has been developed a few years earlier, had provided better patient outcomes than had been seen before.{{cite journal|title=Gun Shot Wounds of the Abdomen with Report of Fifty Eight Cases | journal=Academy of Medicine of Cincinnati |date=1899-01-09|first =J.C.|last=Oliver | pages=354–75|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iEFYAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA353|access-date=2012-02-04}} After its inception, the use of exploratory laparotomies was highly encouraged for "all deep stab wounds" in which surgeons were to stop active bleeding, repair damage, and remove "devitalized tissues".{{Cite journal|title = Essential immediate treatment of trauma|last = DeBrun|first = Harry|date = December 1926|journal = The American Journal of Surgery|doi = 10.1016/S0002-9610(26)80009-1|pages = 376–385|volume = 1|issue = 6}} Because laparotomies were seen to benefit patients, they were used on most every person with an abdominal stab wound until the 1960s when doctors were encouraged to use them more selectivity in favor of observation.{{Cite book|title = Marx|year = 2014|pages = 459}} During the Korean War, a greater emphasis was put on the use of pressure dressings and tourniquets to initially control bleeding.

• Ballistic trauma

{{Reflist}}

• {{cite book |author1=Feliciano, David V. |author2=Mattox, Kenneth L. |author3=Moore, Ernest J |title=Trauma, Seventh Edition (Trauma (Moore)) |publisher=McGraw-Hill Professional |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-07-166351-9}}
• {{cite book|last=Marx|first=John A. Marx|title=Rosen's emergency medicine : concepts and clinical practice|date=2014|publisher=Elsevier/Saunders|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-1455706051|pages=Chapter |edition=8th}}

{{Medical resources

| DiseasesDB =

| ICD10 = {{ICD10|X|99||x|85}}

| ICD9 = {{ICD9|E966}}

| ICDO =

| OMIM =

| MedlinePlus =

| eMedicineSubj = search

| eMedicineTopic = stab%20wound

| MeshID =

| GeneReviewsName =

}}

{{Trauma|state=autocollapse}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Injuries

Category:Causes of death