steelpan

The modern pan is a chromatically pitched percussion instrument made from 200-litre industrial drums.Stuempfle, Stephen. The steelband movement: The forging of a national art in Trinidad and Tobago (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1995).

Drum refers to the steel drum containers from which the pans are made; the steel drum is more correctly called a steel pan or pan as it falls into the idiophone family of instruments, and so is not a drum (which is a membranophone). Some steelpans are made to play in the Pythagorean musical cycle of fourths and fifths.{{Cite web |date=2020-01-19 |title=About Steel Pans |url=https://steelband.mobi/about-steel-pans/ |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=SteelPan Directory |language=en-GB}}

A pan is played using a pair of straight sticks tipped with rubber; the size and type of rubber tip varies according to the class of pan being played. Some musicians use four pansticks, holding two in each hand.Dudley, Shannon; Music from Behind the Bridge: Steelband Spirit and Politics in Trinidad and Tobago, New York City: Oxford University Press; 2007; {{ISBN|0-19-532123-5}} This grew out of Trinidad and Tobago's early 20th-century Carnival percussion groups known as tamboo bamboo.{{Cite book |last=Stuempfle |first=Stephen |title=The steelband movement: The forging of a national art in Trinidad and Tobago |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |year=1995 |isbn=0812233298 |pages=23–26 |language=English}}

The pan is the national instrument of Trinidad and Tobago and appears on the country's current coat of arms.{{Cite web |date=2024-08-18 |title=Rowley: Steelpan to replace Columbus' ships on Coat of Arms |url=https://trinidadexpress.com/news/rowley-steelpan-to-replace-columbus-ships-on-coat-of-arms/article_bb1896c0-5db3-11ef-a463-7f2a3e78b077.amp.html |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=Trinidad Express Newspapers |language=en}}

Steelpans developed in the early to mid 1900s, but with roots going back much earlier, including the talking drums of West African cultures. The hourglass-shaped drums were used for communicating messages at a distance with drum language. For example, the rhythm and pitch could indicate the location, time, and even type of dancing during an upcoming ceremony.{{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Angela |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EaQj8VZF0w4C&q=The+Origin+of+the+Steelpan+Drums+or+the+Steel+Drums |title=Steel Drums and Steelbands: A History |date=2012-06-07 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-8343-7 |pages=16 |language=en}}

In the 18th century, people from West Africa were exchanged for goods from African traders and transported to the Americas including Trinidad. {{cite web | url=https://ldhi.library.cofc.edu/exhibits/show/africanpassageslowcountryadapt/introductionatlanticworld/trans_atlantic_slave_trade | title=The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade · African Passages, Lowcountry Adaptations · Lowcountry Digital History Initiative }}{{cite web | url=https://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/history-of-slavery/west-africa | title=West Africa }}{{cite web | url=https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/topics/history-transatlantic-slave-trade | title=The history of the transatlantic slave trade | Royal Museums Greenwich }} Persons of the same tribes and languages were deliberately separated and sold to different enslavers in an attempt to eradicate their traditions. In most cases, enslavers did not allow them to speak in their native tongues, forcing them to give up tradition and learn the enslaver's own language.

In the 1780s, French colonists arrived in Trinidad and Tobago and brought street festival traditions. In 1785, plantation owners held the first Carnival in Trinidad. Many white plantation owners masqueraded as slaves (presumably in blackface) {{Citation needed|date=January 2025}} and marched down the streets mocking African slave dress, singing, and dance customs, including banging on talking drums. Though they were mimicked, enslaved Africans were not allowed to join the festivities. In response, the Africans organized underground Carnivals of their own, taking place in cabins and backyards. Inspired by ancient traditions, Africans incorporated masks, feathers, beads, and drumming.

In 1789, Spanish governor of Trinidad José María Chacón issued a directive that all Africans (the majority of the population) would observe Roman Catholic religion and all Christian holy days. The purpose was to further erase West African culture and religious beliefs. However, the enslaved Africans were able to preserve their traditions by camouflaging them within Christian holidays. For example, on Sundays, enslaved people would "put on their best clothes and go to drum dances held in different yards or on the land away from the plantation where they were allowed to grow their own crops...[They] would dance to the music and rhythms of the skin drums and gourd rattles."

In 1834, slaves were emancipated in Trinidad and Tobago following the Slavery Abolition Act 1833, but segregation and indentured servitude continued. After emancipation, Africans annually celebrated Canboulay, a harvest festival involving calypso drumming. In 1881, the Canboulay riots occurred, which were a series of revolts during the festival. After this, stick-fighting and African percussion music were banned throughout the 1880s. They were replaced by bamboo sticks beaten together, which were themselves banned in turn. {{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

In 1937 they reappeared in Laventille, transformed as an orchestra of frying pans, dustbin lids, and oil drums. These steelpans are now a major part of the Trinidadian music scene and are a popular section of the Canboulay music contests. In 1941, the U.S. Navy established a presence in Trinidad. The pannists, who were associated with lawlessness and violence,{{Citation needed|date=February 2016}} helped to popularise steelpan music among the soldiers, which began its international popularisation. At the time of the steelpan's popularity in Trinidad it was seen as being associated with a violent or derelict crowd. It was unacceptable for women to be involved in such activities. Culturally the stigma was focused on the idea that women belonged in the home or with the children and not out in the street with the pan players. As the instrument became more mainstream women were allowed to join and the stigma that went along with playing the instrument subsided.{{Cite web| url=https://etd.ohiolink.edu/rws_etd/document/get/muhonors1111087466/inline | title=Women and Steel Bands in Trinidad | access-date=5 July 2018 | archive-date=5 July 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705180227/https://etd.ohiolink.edu/rws_etd/document/get/muhonors1111087466/inline | url-status=dead}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-18903131|title=A brief history of the steel pan|date=24 July 2012|access-date=19 April 2021|website=Bbc.com}}{{Cite book |last=Stuempfle |title=The Steelbamd Movement |year=1995 |pages=178–183}}

The first instruments developed in the evolution of steelpan were tamboo bamboos, tunable sticks made of bamboo wood. These were hit onto the ground and with other sticks in order to produce sound.{{cite web |url=http://www.pan-jumbie.com/sam/steelband-evolution.htm |title=Another Look at the History of the Steel Band No. 1 The Evolution of the Steel Band |access-date=2008-02-22 |last=Saldenha |first=Robert |date=January 2002 |work=Sam's Newsletter | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070807235814/http://pan-jumbie.com/sam/steelband-evolution.htm| archive-date = 7 August 2007}} Tamboo bamboo bands included percussion of a (gin) bottle and spoon. By the mid-1930s, bits of metal percussion were being used in the tamboo bamboo bands, the first probably being either the automobile brake hub "iron" or the biscuit drum "boom". The former replaced the gin bottle-and-spoon, and the latter the "bass" bamboo that was pounded on the ground.{{Citation needed|date=February 2022}} In 1939 the first all-steel band, Alexander's Ragtime Band, emerged,{{Cite book|last=Johnson|first=Kim|title=From tin pan to TASPO: steelband in Trinidad, 1939–1951|publisher=University of the West Indies Press|year=2011|isbn=978-976-640-254-9|location=Kingston, Jamaica|pages=29–37|chapter='If yuh iron good you is king', 1939|oclc=733093608}} and by 1940 it had become the preferred carnival accompaniment of young underprivileged men.{{Citation needed|date=February 2016}}

The 55-gallon oil drum was used to make steelpans from around 1947.{{Citation needed|date=February 2016}} The Trinidad All-Steel Pan Percussion Orchestra (TASPO), formed to attend the Festival of Britain in 1951, was the first steelband whose instruments were all made from oil drums. They performed July 26, thus introducing the steelpan and a new music genre to the world. 2022 Google Doodle commemorated the event.{{Cite web |title=Celebrating Steelpan |url=https://doodles.google/doodle/celebrating-steelpan/ |access-date=2022-07-26 |website=www.google.com |language=en}} Members of TASPO included Ellie Mannette and Winston "Spree" Simon. Hugh Borde led the National Steel Band of Trinidad & Tobago at the Commonwealth Arts Festival in England, as well as the Esso Tripoli Steel Band, which played at the World's Fair in Montreal, Canada, and later toured with Liberace. They were featured on an album with him.[http://vandykeparks.com/esso.html Van Dyke Parks: The Esso Trinidad Tripoli Steel Band]; En hed is heel zwaar

Three steel pans were used onstage in the 1954 Broadway musical House of Flowers. When Trinidadian-born dancer Geoffrey Holder was hired for its cast, he suggested the incorporation of three drummers from his dance company, Michael Alexander (who made the instruments), Roderick Clavery, and Alphonso Marshall; the three doubled as dancers in the show.Holder, Jeffrey. "Drumming on Steel Barrel-Heads." Music Journal 13:5 (May–June 1955), 9.

File:Steel_pan_notes.svg

Anthony Williams designed the "fourths and fifths" arrangement of notes, known as the circle of fifths. This has become the standard form of note placement for lead pans. Other important developments include the tuning of harmonic overtones in individual notes, developed simultaneously and independently by Bertie Marshall and Alan Gervais.{{Citation needed|date=December 2008}}

In the United States, steelpan instruments were marketed as early as 1961."News to Us: The Trinidad Steel Band Drum." The Instrumentalist, June 1961, 24. Sold by Drum City Enterprises of Hollywood, CA; photographed with Los Angeles studio percussionist Roy Harte.

The Caribbean Research Institute CARIRI investigated possibilities to mass-produce raw forms with the use of pressing machines in the 1970s. Much of this project took place in Sweden in collaboration with the Saab Company. Although first results were promising, the project has been abandoned due to lack of finances and support by local pan tuners in Trinidad.{{Citation needed|date=February 2016}} Another method of shaping the pan was attempted: by spinning. The pan was spun on a lathe-like device, and a roller on the end of a bar was used to sink the pan. While this did create pre-sunk pans, a problem was that there would often be scratches and grooves in the steel.{{Citation needed|date=February 2016}}

A Swiss steelpan manufacturer (PANArt) researched the field of fine-grain sheet steel and developed a deep-drawn raw form which was additionally hardened by nitriding. This process, and the new instruments they called pang, were presented at the International Conference of Steel pan and Science in Port-of-Spain in 2000.{{Cite web|url=http://www.tobago.org/trinidad/pan/archive/r&d/panart/ir_archivecopy_the_pang_instruments.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106192628/http://www.tobago.org/trinidad/pan/archive/r%26d/panart/ir_archivecopy_the_pang_instruments.htm|url-status=dead|title=Pang instruments|archivedate=6 January 2009|access-date=19 April 2021}}

Electronic steelpans have also been developed. One such version is the E-Pan,{{Cite web|url=https://napeinc.com/|title=Steelpan Drums and Steelpan App with access to MIDI Files|date=3 April 2013|website=Napeinc.com|access-date=19 April 2021}} invented by Salmon Cupid, who holds utility patents for it.[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=/netahtml/PTO/srchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7030305.PN.&OS=PN/7030305&RS=PN/7030305 Patent] at US Patent Office website Another is the Percussive Harmonic Instrument (PHI).{{cite web |url=http://panadigm.com/products/PHI/ |title=About the P.H.I.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100714205042/http://panadigm.com/products/PHI/|archive-date=2010-07-14|url-status=dead}}

File:Steel drum tuning.jpg]]

The note's size corresponds to the pitch—the larger the oval, the lower the tone.{{cite web | url= http://www.krystlejmclaughlin.com/filecabinet/harmony_in_the_caribbean-krystlewilliams_2004.doc|title=Harmony in the Caribbean: Making and Breaking the Secrets of the Steel Pan |access-date=2008-02-22 |first=Krystle |last=Williams }}

The size of the instrument varies from one pan to another. It may have almost all of the "skirt" (the cylindrical part of the oil drum) cut off and around 30 soprano-range notes. It may use the entire drum with only three bass notes per pan, in which case one person may play six such pans. The length of the skirt generally corresponds to the tessitura (high or low range) of the drum. The pans are usually either painted or chrome plated. Other processes such as nickel plating, powdercoating, or hardening can also be applied as a finish.

Despite being a relatively new member of the percussion family, steelpan tuning techniques have advanced rapidly.{{Citation needed|date=February 2016}} Strobe tuners are ideally suited for the task. The need to see the first few overtones further makes a strobe tuner a necessity for steelpan tuning. Steelpan makers have used strobe tuners since it was discovered that, by adjusting the overtones (first (fundamental), second, and third partial), the pan's sound seemed to sparkle in a way that it did not previously.{{Citation needed|date=February 2016}}

There are several ways in which a steelpan may become out of tune (most commonly this is caused by playing the steelpan with excessive force and incorrect handling) and it is quite common that steelbands arrange to have their instruments tuned once or twice a year.{{Citation needed|date=October 2016}} A tuner must have great skill in their work to manage to make the notes sound both good and at the correct pitch. Much of the tuning work is performed using hammers.

In the beginning of the steelband movement, players would play a single pan only, now commonly called around the neck instruments. Later on, some steelpans became chromatic by using multiple pans, particularly for the bass registers, which have fewer notes per pan owing to the larger sizes of the lower note areas. Following are some of the most popular instruments:

File:Pan player.jpg

The repertoire of the steelband is extensive. Steelbands in Trinidad have a tradition of re-interpreting the current year's calypsos for carnival performance; rarely will a calypso from a previous year be heard at carnival or the Panorama music competition.{{Citation needed|date=February 2016}} Bands that perform all year round (both in Trinidad and world-wide) have long prided themselves on being able to perform many types of music, particularly Latin and jazz numbers, film music and other popular tunes. Pannists also have a tradition of performing classical music which dates back to 1946, both in calypso tempo (known as "The Bomb") and straight (generally in concert or music festival contexts). In these contexts, accuracy and faithfulness to the original are highly prized.see Dudley (2008) and Thomas (1992)

An international festival, the World Steelband Music Festival, has been held intermittently in Trinidad since 1964, where steelbands perform a test piece (sometimes specially composed, or a selected calypso); a piece of choice (very often a "classic" or European art-music work); and calypso of choice, in a concert-style venue.Stuempfle; The Steelband Movement; 1995; pp.164–7 Panorama, the largest steelband contest in the world, occurs during Carnival celebrations in Trinidad.{{Citation needed|date=October 2016}}{{Cite book |last=Dudley |title=Music From Behind the Bridge |year=2007 |pages=137–150}} In 2020, the world's first online steelpan competition, PanoGrama, was launched by Nevin Roach.{{Cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.tt/article/historymaking-panograma-breathes-life-and-love-into-the-body-of-pan-6.2.1113407.bfb5b9eb1e|title=History-making Panograma breathes life and love into the body of pan|first=Sandra L.|last=Blood|website=Guardian.co.tt|access-date=21 April 2021}} Since 1978 a national Panorama competition has been held in the United Kingdom as part of the annual Notting Hill Carnival celebration.{{Cite web |title=2004 UK PANORAMA |url=https://www.carnaval.com/cityguides/london/2004/2004_UK_panorama_.htm |access-date=2022-07-01 |website=www.carnaval.com}} Brooklyn, NY, home to a large West Indian population, has hosted an annual Steelband Panorama since 1972 as part of its annual Labor Day Carnival festivities.{{Cite book |last=Allen |first=Ray |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1079400580 |title=Jump Up! : Caribbean Carnival Music in New York City |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2019 |isbn=978-0-19-065684-3 |pages=112–142 |oclc=1079400580}}

Steelpans were introduced to the genre of jazz fusion by players such as Dave Samuels and Othello Molineaux in the 1970s, and Jonathan Scales in the 2000s. They are featured in the early fusion album Morning Dance by Spyro Gyra.{{Cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/morning-dance-mw0000188696/credits|title=Morning Dance – Spyro Gyra | Credits | AllMusic|access-date=21 April 2021|website=AllMusic}}

File:Solo steel drummer with backing tracks.jpg

File:JonathanScalesFourchestra.jpg

A pannist (sometimes panist or panman), is a person who plays the steelpan. A professional pannist may perform solo, play with a steel band, or accompany singers or solo instrumentalists.

Pannists may play with their respective bands in large competitions,{{cite web | url=http://www.pan-jumbie.com/sam/steelband-history-2.htm | title=Another Look At The History of The Steel Band (No. 2 1945–1949) |access-date=2008-02-21 |date=May 2005 |last=Saldenha |first=Robert |work=Sam's Newsletter |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808000421/http://pan-jumbie.com/sam/steelband-history-2.htm |archive-date=August 8, 2007 }} and generally memorize everything that they perform.{{cite web | url=http://www.diversitynow.ca/article.jsp;jsessionid=AGJCODFIOJFA?content=20040825_145033_5260 |title=Focal Point: Steelpan – Playing in De Band |access-date=2008-02-21 |last=Woodall |first=Carolyn |year=2008 |work=Diversity Now }}

The pannist's top position in a Panorama steelband is that of the captain. These large ensembles often include section leaders: accomplished pannists that monitor the various voices in the band.{{cite web |url=http://library2.nalis.gov.tt/Default.aspx?PageContentMode=1&tabid=165 |title=Steelband |access-date=2008-02-21 |year=2007 |work=National Library and Information System Authority of Trinidad and Tobago }}

Influential pannists include Ellie Mannette, the "Father of the Modern Steel Drum" and an accomplished panman, and Winston "Spree" Simon, the inventor and a skilled player of the "Ping Pong" pan. Michael Scott played the pan as well.

{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|

• Ellie Mannette
• Winston "Spree" Simon
• Ray Holman
• Liam Teague
• Len "Boogsie" Sharpe
• Russ Henderson
• Andy Akiho
• Othello Molineaux
• Jonathan Scales
• Yann Tomita
• Ralph MacDonald
• Robert Greenidge}}
• Andy Narell
• Tracy Thornton

Musicians Jimmy Buffett and Lord Kitchener are known for composing music later adapted to the steel pan. Noted pan tuners and producers include Darren Dyke, Mappo, Bertrand Kelman, and Herman Guppy.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}

• Hang (instrument) – a similar instrument with a convex rather than concave surface
• Handpan – a musical instruments created from Hang

{{Reflist}}21 New Yorker Magazine page 17 December 20. 2021

• Aho, William R. "Steel Band Music in Trinidad and Tobago: The Creation of a People's Music", Latin American Music Review 8 (1): 26–56, 1987.
• Blake, Felix I. R. The Trinidad and Tobago Steel Pan: History and Evolution. {{ISBN|0-9525528-0-9}}
• Dudley, Shannon; Music from Behind the Bridge: Steelband Spirit and Politics in Trinidad and Tobago, New York City: Oxford University Press; 2007; {{ISBN|0-19-532123-5}}
• Dudley, Shannon K. "Judging 'By the beat': Calypso versus soca", Ethnomusicology 40 (2): 269–98, 1996.
• Dudley, Shannon K. Making music for the Nation: Competing identities and Esthetics in Trinidad and Tobago's Panorama Steelband Competition. PhD dissertation; University of California Berkeley, 353pp., 1997.
• Dudley, Shannon K. "Dropping the Bomb: Steelband Performance and Meaning in 1960's Trinidad", Ethnomusicology 46 (1): 135–64, 2002.
• Grant, Cy. Ring of Steel – Pan Sound and Symbol. Macmillan Education, London, 1999. {{ISBN|0-333-66128-1}}
• Helmlinger, Aurélie. [http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/43/77/44/PDF/CMT14_Helmlinger.pdf Geste individuel, mémoire collective: Le jeu du pan dans les steelbands de Trinidad et Tobago], Cahiers de musiques traditionnelles 14 : 181–202, 2001.
• Helmlinger, Aurélie. Mémoire et jeu d'ensemble ; La mémorisation du répertoire dans les steelbands de Trinidad et Tobago. PhD dissertation; Université Paris X Nanterre, Paris, 2005.
• Helmlinger, Aurélie. "The influence of the group for the memorization of repertoire in Trinidad and Tobago steelbands". 9th International Conference on Musical Perception and Cognition proceedings, ed. by M. Baroni, A.R. Addessi, R. Caterina, M. Costa, Bologna, 2006.
• Helmlinger, Aurélie. Les steelbands de Trinidad et Tobago : Ethnomusicologie cognitive d'une mémoire d'orchestre, In Intellectica 48 (1) : 81–101, 2008.
• Helmlinger, Aurélie. [http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/53/57/57/PDF/2010_FYSSEN_24_HELMLINGER.pdf Mémoriser à plusieurs. Expérience sur l’effet du groupe dans les steelbands (Trinidad et Tobago). Memorizing together. Group effect experiments in steelbands (Trinidad and Tobago)]. Annales Fyssen 24 : 216–235, 2010.
• Helmlinger, Aurélie. [http://ateliers.revues.org/8798 La virtuosité comme arme de guerre psychologique], Ateliers d'anthropologie, 35, 2011.
• Kronman, Ulf. Steel Pan Tuning – a Handbook for Steel Pan Making and Tuning. Part of the series, Musikmuseets skrifter, 1992. ISSN 0282-8952
• Manuel, Peter. Caribbean Currents: Caribbean Music from Rumba to Reggae, 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2006. {{ISBN|1-59213-463-7}}
• Seeger, P. Steel drums – how to play them and make them, Oak. Publ. New York, 1964.
• Stuempfle, Stephen. The steelband movement. The forging of a national art in Trinidad and Tobago, University of Pennsylvania Press, 287 pp., 1995.
• Thomas, Jeffrey. Forty Years of Steel: An Annotated Discography of Steelband and Pan Recordings, 1951–1991. Connecticut, USA: Greenwood Press, 1992.

{{Commons category|Steelpans}}

• [http://www.pantrinbago.co.tt/ Pan Trinbago]
• [https://triniinxisle.com/2023/03/26/from-oil-drums-to-musical-instruments-the-evolution-of-steelpan-in-trinidad/ Oil Drums to Pan]
• [http://www.pan-jumbie.com/ Pan Jumbie]
• [http://www.pano-grama.com/ PanoGrama]
• [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Su35kRo5sDo&t Different Timbres], 1980, Archives of Ontario YouTube Channel
• {{cite AV media |people=Sheppard, Chas (interviewer); Phillip, Jimi (pan tuner) |date=14 April 2023 |title=Transforming an Oil Drum Into an Instrument: Jimi Phillip Making Steel Pans |type=Documentary interview |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i0kZgt6tTE0 |access-date=2023-04-27 |location=Chaguanas, Trinidad |via=YouTube }}

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Category:Trinidad and Tobago musical instruments