sun tanning

{{Short description|Darkening of skin in response to ultraviolet light}}

{{Redirect|Sunbather|the 2013 album by Deafheaven|Sunbather (album)}}

File:Tan lines on human female chest.jpg on a woman whose skin has been darkened by ultraviolet exposure, except where covered]]

Sun tanning or tanning is the process whereby skin color is darkened or tanned. It is most often a result of exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from sunlight or from artificial sources, such as a tanning lamp found in indoor tanning beds. People who deliberately tan their skin by exposure to the sun engage in a passive recreational activity of sun bathing. Some people use chemical products that can produce a tanning effect without exposure to ultraviolet radiation, known as sunless tanning.

Impact on skin health

File:Skin tanning.JPG File:Photoaging.jpg of a woman]]

=Moderate exposure=

Moderate exposure to direct sunlight contributes to the production of melanin and vitamin D by the body.{{Cite journal |author=Mead, MN |title=Benefits of sunlight: a bright spot for human health |journal=Environ Health Perspect |date=April 2008 |volume=116 |issue=4 |pages=A160-7 |doi=10.1289/ehp.116-a160 |pmid=18414615 |pmc=2290997}}

=Excessive exposure=

Excessive exposure to ultraviolet rays has negative health effects, including sunburn. Some people tan or sunburn more easily than others. This may be the result of different skin types and natural skin color, and these may be a result of genetics.{{Cite web|last=Marshall|first=Jessica|title=Gene behind tanning comes out of hiding|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn11342-gene-behind-tanning-comes-out-of-hiding/|access-date=2020-10-28|website=New Scientist|language=en-US|archive-date=25 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125031810/https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn11342-gene-behind-tanning-comes-out-of-hiding/|url-status=live}}{{cite news |title=Scientists find why some people tan and some people burn |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/skin-tan-sunburn-genes-found-dna-kings-college-biobank-a8341856.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220525/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/skin-tan-sunburn-genes-found-dna-kings-college-biobank-a8341856.html |archive-date=25 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |work=The Independent |date=8 May 2018 |language=en}} The term "tanning" has a cultural origin, arising from the color tan. Its origin lies in the Western culture of Europe when it became fashionable for young women to seek a less pale complexion (see Cultural history below).

==Long-term==

Excessive exposure may in the long-term increase the risk of skin cancer,{{cite web|url=http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancercauses/radiationexposureandcancer/uvradiation/index|title=Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation|access-date=27 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906082226/http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancercauses/radiationexposureandcancer/uvradiation/index|archive-date=6 September 2015|df=dmy-all}} as well as depressed immune system function and accelerated aging of the skin.{{Cite journal|last1=Amaro-Ortiz|first1=Alexandra|last2=Yan|first2=Betty|last3=D’Orazio|first3=John A.|date=2014-05-15|title=Ultraviolet Radiation, Aging and the Skin: Prevention of Damage by Topical cAMP Manipulation|journal=Molecules|volume=19|issue=5|pages=6202–6219|doi=10.3390/molecules19056202 |pmc=4344124|pmid=24838074|doi-access=free }}

Tanning process

File:Melanin production as a result of tanning.jpg to overcome DNA damage caused by UV radiation]]

Melanin is a natural pigment produced by cells called melanocytes in a process called melanogenesis.{{cite journal |last1=Zolghadri |first1=Samaneh |last2=Beygi |first2=Mohammad |last3=Mohammad |first3=Tasneem F. |last4=Alijanianzadeh |first4=Mahdi |last5=Pillaiyar |first5=Thanigaimalai |last6=Garcia-Molina |first6=Pablo |last7=Garcia-Canovas |first7=Francisco |last8=Munoz-Munoz |first8=Jose |last9=Saboury |first9=Ali Akbar |title=Targeting tyrosinase in hyperpigmentation: Current status, limitations and future promises |journal=Biochemical Pharmacology |date=June 2023 |volume=212 |pages=115574 |doi=10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115574 }} Melanocytes produce two types of melanin: pheomelanin (red) and eumelanin (very dark brown). Melanin protects the body by absorbing ultraviolet radiation. Excessive UV radiation causes sunburn along with other direct and indirect DNA damage to the skin, and the body naturally combats and seeks to repair the damage and protect the skin by creating and releasing further melanin into the skin's cells. With the production of the melanin, the skin color darkens. The tanning process can be triggered by natural sunlight or by artificial UV radiation, which can be delivered in frequencies of UVA, UVB, or a combination of both.{{Cite journal|last1=Garone|first1=Michael|last2=Howard|first2=John|last3=Fabrikant|first3=Jordan|date=Feb 2015|title=A Review of Common Tanning Methods|journal=The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology|volume=8|issue=2|pages=43–47 |pmc=4345932|pmid=25741402}} The intensity is commonly measured by the UV Index.{{cite book |title=Encyclopædia Britannica almanac 2010 |date=2009 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |location=Chicago |isbn=978-1615353293}}

There are two different mechanisms involved in the production of a tan by UV exposure: Firstly, UVA radiation creates oxidative stress, which in turn oxidizes existing melanin and leads to rapid darkening of the melanin. UVA may also cause melanin to be redistributed (released from melanocytes where it is already stored), but its total quantity is unchanged. Skin darkening from UVA exposure does not lead to significantly increased production of melanin or protection against sunburn.{{cite journal | doi = 10.1111/j.1755-148X.2010.00764.x | volume=24 | issue=1 | title=The deceptive nature of UVA tanning versus the modest protective effects of UVB tanning on human skin | journal=Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research | pages=136–147 | pmid=20979596 | pmc=3021652 | date=February 2011 |author=Miyamura Y |author2=Coelho SG |author3=Schlenz K |display-authors=etal }} In the second process, triggered primarily by UVB, there is an increase in production of melanin (melanogenesis),{{cite web |author=Amy Thorlin |url=http://www.lookingfit.com/articles/indoor_tanning/729_621feat2.html |title=The Tanning Process |publisher=Lookingfit.com |date=5 February 2006 |access-date=15 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090722080405/http://www.lookingfit.com/articles/indoor_tanning/729_621feat2.html |archive-date=22 July 2009 |df=dmy-all }} which is the body's reaction to direct DNA photodamage (formation of pyrimidine dimers) from UV radiation. Melanogenesis leads to delayed tanning, and typically becomes visible two or three days after exposure. The tan that is created by increased melanogenesis typically lasts for a few weeks or months, much longer than the tan that is caused by oxidation of existing melanin, and is also actually protective against UV skin damage and sunburn, rather than simply cosmetic. Typically, it can provide a modest Sun Protection Factor (SPF) of 3, meaning that tanned skin would tolerate up to 3 times the UV exposure as pale skin.{{cite web |url=http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/calls/prevent-skin-cancer/call-to-action-prevent-skin-cancer.pdf |publisher=U.S. Department of Health and Human Services |title=The Surgeon General's Call to Action to Prevent Skin Cancer |date=2014 |page=20 |quote=A UVB-induced tan provides minimal sun protection, equivalent to an SPF of about 3. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141126233100/http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/calls/prevent-skin-cancer/call-to-action-prevent-skin-cancer.pdf |archive-date=26 November 2014 |df=dmy-all }} However, in order to cause true melanogenesis-tanning by means of UV exposure, some direct DNA photodamage must first be produced, and this requires UVB exposure (as present in natural sunlight, or sunlamps that produce UVB).{{Citation needed|date=May 2019}} The ultraviolet frequencies responsible for tanning are often divided into the UVA and UVB ranges.

=UVA=

Ultraviolet A (UVA) radiation is in the wavelength range 320 to 400 nm.{{cite web | title = ISO 21348 Definitions of Solar Irradiance Spectral Categories | url = http://www.spacewx.com/pdf/SET_21348_2004.pdf | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131029233428/http://www.spacewx.com/pdf/SET_21348_2004.pdf | archive-date = 29 October 2013 | df = dmy-all }}

=UVB=

Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation is in the wavelength range 280 to 320 nm. Much of this band is blocked by the Earth's ozone layer, but some penetrates. UVB:

triggers the formation of CPD-DNA damage (direct DNA damage), which in turn induces an increased melanin production.{{cite journal |author1=Nita Agar |author2=Antony R. Young |title=Review: Melanogenesis: a photoprotective response to DNA damage? |journal=Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis |volume=571 |issue=1–2 |pages=121–132 |year=2005 |pmid=15748643 |doi=10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2004.11.016|bibcode=2005MRFMM.571..121A }}
is more likely to cause a sunburn than UVA as a result of overexposure. The mechanism for sunburn and increased melanogenesis is identical.{{cite journal |author1=John A. Parrish |author2=Kurt F. Jaenicke |author3=R. Rox Anderson |title=Erythema And Melanogenesis Action Spectra Of Normal Human Skin |journal=Photochemistry and Photobiology |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=187–191 |year=1982 |doi=10.1111/j.1751-1097.1982.tb04362.x |pmid=7122713 }} Both are caused by the direct DNA damage (formation of CPDs).
produces Vitamin D in human skin.
is reduced by virtually all sunscreens in accordance with their SPF.
is thought, but not proven, to cause the formation of moles and some types of skin cancer.
stimulates the production of new melanin, which leads to an increase in the dark-colored pigment within a few days.{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/uv/faq/uvhealtfac/en/index.html |title=The known health effects of UV |publisher=WHO |date=1 December 2010 |access-date=1 August 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804233126/http://www.who.int/uv/faq/uvhealtfac/en/index.html |archive-date=4 August 2012 |df=dmy-all }}

Tanning behavior of different skin colors

A person's natural skin color affects their reaction to exposure to sunlight. An individual's natural skin color can vary from a dark brown to a nearly colorless pigmentation, which may appear white. In 1975, Harvard dermatologist Thomas B. Fitzpatrick devised the Fitzpatrick scale to describe the common tanning behavior of various skin types, as follows:{{cite journal |last1=Fitzpatrick |first1=TB |title=Soleil et peau |trans-title=Sun and skin |journal=Journal de Médecine Esthétique |date=1975 |volume=2 |pages=33-34 |language=fr }}{{cite book

|ref={{harvid|Weller et al|2008}}

|last = Weller

|first = R

|author2=J Hunter |author3=J Savin |author4=M Dahl

|title = Clinical Dermatology

|edition = 4th

|publisher = Blackwell Publishing

|year = 2008

|location = Malden, Massachusetts, USA

|pages = 268

|isbn = 978-1-4051-4663-0}}

Type	Also called	Sunburning	Tanning behavior	von Luschan scale
class="wikitable"
I	Very light or pale	Often	Occasionally	1–5
II	Light or light-skinned	Usually	Sometimes	6–10
III	Light intermediate	Rarely	Usually	11–15
IV	Dark intermediate	Rarely	Often	16–21
V	Dark or "brown" type	No	Sometimes darkens	22–28
VI	Very dark or "black" type	No	Naturally black-brown skin	29–36

Dark skin does provide some protection against the sun’s ultraviolet rays, but people with dark skin are still subject to photoaging and melanoma.{{Cite web |date=2022-04-29 |title=Skin Cancer in People of Color |url=https://www.cuimc.columbia.edu/news/skin-cancer-people-color |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=Columbia University Irving Medical Center |language=en}}

Health aspects

File:Sun burn.JPG peeling]]

File:Disappearing sun tan.jpg

The most common risk of exposure to ultraviolet radiation is sunburn, the speed and severity of which vary among individuals. This can be alleviated at least to some extent by the prior application of a suitable-strength sunscreen, which also hinders the tanning process due to the blocking of UV light. Overexposure to ultraviolet radiation is known to cause skin cancer,{{Cite web|url=http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/pubhealth/roc/listings/index.html#U|title=Reviewed Substances|website=ntp.niehs.nih.gov|access-date=13 December 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161216144524/http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/pubhealth/roc/listings/index.html#U|archive-date=16 December 2016|df=dmy-all}} make skin age and wrinkle faster,{{cite journal |vauthors=Fisher GJ, Wang ZQ, Datta SC, Varani J, Kang S, Voorhees JJ |title=Pathophysiology of premature skin aging induced by ultraviolet light |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=337 |issue=20 |pages=1419–28 |date=November 1997 |pmid=9358139 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199711133372003 |doi-access=free }} mutate DNA,{{cite journal |vauthors=Sinha RP, Häder DP |title=UV-induced DNA damage and repair: a review |journal=Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=225–36 |date=April 2002 |pmid=12661961 |doi=10.1039/B201230H |bibcode=2002PhPhS...1..225S }} and impair the immune system.{{cite journal |author=Baadsgaard O |title=In vivo ultraviolet irradiation of human skin results in profound perturbation of the immune system. Relevance to ultraviolet-induced skin cancer |journal=Arch Dermatol |volume=127 |issue=1 |pages=99–109 |date=January 1991 |pmid=1824747 |doi=10.1001/archderm.1991.01680010109019 |df=dmy-all }} Frequent tanning bed use triples the risk of developing melanoma, the deadliest form of skin cancer, according to a 2010 study. The study suggests that the melanoma risk is linked more closely to total exposure than it is to the age at which an individual first uses a tanning bed.Peeples, Lynne. [http://edition.cnn.com/2010/HEALTH/05/27/tanning.booth.melanoma/ Study: Frequent tanning-bed use triples melanoma risk.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100530101354/http://edition.cnn.com/2010/HEALTH/05/27/tanning.booth.melanoma/ |date=30 May 2010 }} CNN, 27 May 2010. Frequent tanning also has behavioural reinforcing effects,{{Cite journal |last1=Kaur |first1=Mandeep |last2=Liguori |first2=Anthony |last3=Lang |first3=Wei |last4=Rapp |first4=Stephen R. |last5=Fleischer |first5=Alan B. |last6=Feldman |first6=Steven R. |date=2006-04-01 |title=Induction of withdrawal-like symptoms in a small randomized, controlled trial of opioid blockade in frequent tanners |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology |volume=54 |issue=4 |pages=709–711 |doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2005.11.1059 |pmid=16546596 }} following UVA radiation epidermal keratinocytes synthesize POMC inducing the production of β-Endorphins, which are opioid agonists. An opioid blockade also then causes withdrawal signs after habitual UV exposure leading to many tanners meeting the DSM-IV criteria for addiction.{{Cite web |title=Side effects of naltrexone observed in frequent tanners: Could frequent tanners have ultraviolet-induced high opioid levels? |url=https://pdfslide.us/documents/side-effects-of-naltrexone-observed-in-frequent-tanners-could-frequent-tanners.html |access-date=2022-03-07 |website=pdfslide.us |language=en |archive-date=7 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307120727/https://pdfslide.us/documents/side-effects-of-naltrexone-observed-in-frequent-tanners-could-frequent-tanners.html |url-status=live }} Several organizations, such as the World Health Organization (WHO), the American Cancer Society and the US Surgeon General have issued guidelines warning about sun tanning and UV radiation exposure, either from the sun or from indoor tanning.{{Cite book |last=IARC |url=https://publications.iarc.fr/Book-And-Report-Series/Iarc-Handbooks-Of-Cancer-Prevention/Sunscreens-2001 |title=Sunscreens |isbn=978-92-832-3005-2 |language=en}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancercauses/sunanduvexposure/skin-cancer-facts|title=Skin Cancer|website=www.cancer.org|access-date=9 February 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170117194657/http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancercauses/sunanduvexposure/skin-cancer-facts|archive-date=17 January 2017|df=dmy-all}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/calls/prevent-skin-cancer/|title=The Surgeon General's Call to Action to Prevent Skin Cancer|last=General|first=Office of the Surgeon|website=www.surgeongeneral.gov|language=en-us|access-date=9 February 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170209105658/https://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/calls/prevent-skin-cancer/|archive-date=9 February 2017|df=dmy-all}} Production of vitamin D is essential for human health. Moderate exposure (avoiding sunburn) to UV radiation provides benefits such as increased vitamin D, as well as other possible benefits that are still being studied.{{cite journal|last1=Baggerly|first1=Carole A.|last2=Cuomo|first2=Raphael E.|last3=French|first3=Christine B.|last4=Garland|first4=Cedric F.|last5=Gorham|first5=Edward D.|last6=Grant|first6=William B.|last7=Heaney|first7=Robert P.|last8=Holick|first8=Michael F.|last9=Hollis|first9=Bruce W.|last10=McDonnell|first10=Sharon L.|last11=Pittaway|first11=Mary|last12=Seaton|first12=Paul|last13=Wagner|first13=Carol L.|last14=Wunsch|first14=Alexander|title=Sunlight and Vitamin D: Necessary for Public Health|journal=Journal of the American College of Nutrition|date=22 June 2015|volume=34|issue=4|pages=359–365|doi=10.1080/07315724.2015.1039866|pmc=4536937|pmid=26098394}} Several tanning activators have used different forms of psoralen, which are known to be photocarcinogenic.{{cite journal |doi=10.1136/bmj.2.6198.1144-b |author=Ashwood-Smith MJ. |title=Possible cancer hazard associated with 5-methoxypsoralen in sun tan preparations |journal= BMJ |volume=2 |issue= 6198|page=1144 |year=1979 |pmid= 519338|pmc=1596980 }}{{cite journal |last1=Ashwood-Smith |first1=M. J. |last2=Poulton |first2=G. A. |last3=Barker |first3=M. |last4=Mildenberger |first4=M. |title=5-Methoxypsoralen, an ingredient in several suntan preparations, has lethal, mutagenic and clastogenic properties |journal=Nature |date=June 1980 |volume=285 |issue=5764 |pages=407–409 |pmid=6991953 |doi=10.1038/285407a0 |bibcode=1980Natur.285..407A |df=dmy-all }}{{cite journal |vauthors=Zajdela F, Bisagni E |title=5-Methoxypsoralen, the melanogenic additive in sun-tan preparations, is tumorigenic in mice exposed to 365 nm UV radiation |journal=Carcinogenesis |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=121–7 |year=1981 |pmid=7273295 |doi=10.1093/carcin/2.2.121 |df=dmy-all }} Health authorities have banned psoralen since July 1996.{{cite journal |author1=Autier P. |author2=Dore J.-F. |author3=Cesarini J.-P. |title=Should subjects who used psoralen sun tan activators be screened for melanoma?|journal=Annals of Oncology |volume=8 |issue=5 |pages=435–437 |year=1997 |doi=10.1023/A:1008205513771 |pmid=9233521|doi-access=free }}

Cultural history

File:Monet Umbrella.JPG. At that time in the West, the upper social class used parasols, long sleeves and hats to avoid sunlight's tanning effects.]]

In the United States and Western Europe before the 1920s, tanned skin was associated with the lower classes because they worked outdoors and were exposed to the sunlight. Parasols and long sleeves were typically worn, even at beaches.{{cite book

|last= Singer

|first= Merrill

|author2=Hans Baer

|author-link= Merrill Singer

|title= Killer Commodities: Public Health and the Corporate Production of Harm

|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=iHyr5DRujWgC&dq=%22killer+commodities%22+pale+skin&pg=PA151

|access-date= 11 September 2009

|date= 28 July 2008

|publisher= AltaMira Press

|isbn= 978-0-7591-0979-7

|page= 151

|quote= Harris investigated the history of the parasol... everywhere ordinary people were forbidden to protect themselves with such devices "pallid skin became a marker of upper-class status". At the beginning of the 20th Century, in the United States, lighter-skinned people avoided the sun. ... Tanned skin was considered lower class...But by the 1920s, a cultural transformation in favor of sun tanning took place.}} By the 1920s, however, a cultural transformation took place, and tan skin became the ideal.

By the early 20th century, therapeutic benefits of sunlight were advertised to the public.{{cite journal |date=25 August 1900 |title=The Times |journal=The Times |page=1: An advertisement for a 'German Bath In Scotland' offers 'For Health and Pleasure...Pure Air and Sun Baths...'}} In 1903, Niels Finsen was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine for his "Finsen Light Therapy".{{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/ |title=All Nobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine |publisher=Nobel Media |access-date=29 April 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512170314/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/ |archive-date=12 May 2015 |df=dmy-all }} The therapy was a cure for diseases such as lupus vulgaris and rickets. Vitamin D deficiency was found to be a cause of rickets, and exposure to sunlight would allow vitamin D to be produced in a person. Therefore, sunlight exposure was a remedy to curing several diseases, especially rickets.

In 1910 a scientific expedition went to the island of Tenerife to test the wider health benefits of "heliotherapy",{{cite journal |date=12 March 1910 |title=The Times |journal=The Times |page=12}} and by 1913 "sunbathing" was referred to as a desirable activity for the leisured class. Shortly thereafter, in the 1920s, fashion-designer Coco Chanel accidentally got sunburnt while visiting the French Riviera. When she arrived home, she arrived with a sun tan and her fans apparently liked the look and started to adopt darker skin tones themselves. Tanned skin became a trend partly because of Coco's status and the longing for her lifestyle by other members of society. In addition, Parisians fell in love with Josephine Baker, a "caramel-skinned" singer in Paris, and idolized her darker skin. These two women were leading figures of the transformation that tan skin underwent, in which it became perceived as fashionable, healthy, and luxurious.{{cite web

| last = Hanson

| first = Peter G.

| title = About Face

| work = The Effects of Aging, Health and Stress on Your Face

| publisher = FaceMaster

| date = 22 June 2009

| url = http://facemaster.com/Blog/default.aspx

| archive-date = 23 April 2012

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120423171546/http://facemaster.com/Blog/default.aspx

| url-status = unfit}}{{cite web

| title = Sun and Clouds: The Sun in History

| year = 2001

| work = Magic Bullets - Chemistry vs. Cancer

| publisher = The Chemical Heritage Foundation

| url = http://www.chemheritage.org/EducationalServices/pharm/chemo/readings/tsih.htm

| quote = By the 1920s, the therapeutic effect of the sun was widely promoted, and two well-publicized French personalities gave "tanning" a fashion boost. Coco Chanel, of designer fame, returned to Paris after a cruise on the Duke of Westminster's yacht with a tan that became all the rage. And the natural caramel skin color of singer Josephine Baker made women all over the world try to emulate her skin tone.

| archive-date = 20 June 2010

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100620043349/http://chemheritage.org/EducationalServices/pharm/chemo/readings/tsih.htm

| url-status = unfit}}{{cite book

|last= Koskoff

|first= Sharon

|title= Art Deco of the Palm Beaches

|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=RHdeo6uvlfYC&pg=PA2

|access-date= 11 September 2009

|date= 28 May 2007

|publisher= Arcadia Publishing

|isbn= 978-0-7385-4415-1

|page= 2

|quote= In 1920s France, the caramel-skinned entertainer Josephine Baker became a Parisian idol. Concurrently, fashion designer Coco Chanel was "bronzed" while cruising on a yacht. A winter tan became a symbol of the leisure class and showed you could afford to travel to exotic climates.

}} Jean Patou capitalized on the new tanning fad, launching the first sun tan oil "Huile de Chaldee" in 1927.{{cite book|title=The Berg Companion to Fashion|year=2010|publisher=Berg|isbn=978-1847885630|pages=554|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0_3qzO6NTqcC |editor=Steele, Valerie}} Just before the 1930s, sunlight therapy became a popularly subscribed cure for almost every ailment from simple fatigue to tuberculosis. In the 1940s, advertisements encouraging sunbathing began to appear in women's magazines. At the same time, swimsuits' skin coverage began decreasing, with the bikini radically changing swimsuit style after it made its appearance in 1946. In the 1950s, baby oil was commonly used to increase tanning.

Coppertone, in 1953, marketed its sunscreen with a drawing of a young girl and her cocker spaniel tugging on her bathing suit bottom, revealing her bare bottom and tan line; this advertisement was modified around the turn of the 21st century and now shows a little girl wearing a one-piece bathing suit or shorts.{{cite web|url=http://www.coppertone.com/home/|title=Sunscreen Lotion, Spray & Sun Care Products - Coppertone® - Coppertone®|website=www.coppertone.com|access-date=1 May 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026123657/https://www.coppertone.com/home/|archive-date=26 October 2016|df=dmy-all}} In the latter part of the 1950s, silver metallic reflectors were common to enhance one's tan.{{cite book |last1=Campo |first1=Riku |title=Best in Beauty: An Ultimate Guide to Makeup and Skincare Techniques, Tools, and Products |date=31 August 2010 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-4391-5585-1 |page=185 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JfJ-bXJNEsMC&dq=1950s+tanning+reflectors&pg=PA185 |language=en}} In 1962, sunscreen commenced to be SPF rated, although SPF labeling in the US was not standardized by the FDA until 1978. In the 1970s, Mattel introduced Malibu Barbie, which had tanned skin and further popularized sun tanning among women.{{cite book |last1=Heckman |first1=Carolyn J. |last2=Manne |first2=Sharon L. |title=Shedding Light on Indoor Tanning |date=15 September 2011 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-94-007-2048-0 |page=20 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aRsjKWpT93IC&dq=malibu+barbie+tanning&pg=PA20 |language=en}}{{cite book |last1=Jablonski |first1=Nina G. |title=Living Color: The Biological and Social Meaning of Skin Color |date=27 September 2012 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-25153-3 |page=185 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jgng7lxE_soC&dq=malibu+barbie+tanning&pg=PA185 |language=en}}

In 1978, both sunscreen with an SPF 15 rating as well as tanning beds first appeared. In 2007, there were an estimated 50,000 outlets for indoor tanning; it was a five-billion-dollar industry in the United States,{{cite news

| last = Wright

| first = Dan

| title = Working The Tan

| newspaper = The Daily News-Record

| location = Harrisonburg, Virginia

| date = 16 August 2007

| url = http://www.dnronline.com/news_details.php?AID=11699&CHID=11

| archive-url = https://archive.today/20100420054906/http://www.dnronline.com/news_details.php?AID=11699&CHID=11

| url-status = dead

| archive-date = 20 April 2010

| quote = The tanning industry has grown about 25 percent over the past six years, according to the Indoor Tanning Association. In the United States, about 25,000 free-standing tanning salons employ 160,000 people and generate more than $5 billion in annual revenue, the association said.

| access-date = 11 September 2009}} and had spawned an auxiliary industry for indoor tanning lotions including bronzers, intensifiers, and accelerators. Since then, the indoor tanning industry has become more constrained by health regulations.{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2016-tanning-salon-industry/ |title=Twilight of the Tanning Salons |first=Patrick |last=Clark |publisher=Bloomberg News |date=5 October 2016 |access-date=9 October 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010223137/https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2016-tanning-salon-industry/ |archive-date=10 October 2016 |df=dmy-all }} In China, darker skin is still considered by many to be the mark of the lower classes. As recently as 2012, in some parts of China, ski masks were becoming popular items to wear at the beach in order to protect the wearer's face from the effects of sunlight.{{cite news

|last = Levin

|first = Dan

|title = Beach Essentials in China: Flip-Flops, a Towel and a Ski Mask

|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/04/world/asia/in-china-sun-protection-can-include-a-mask.html

|access-date = 5 August 2012

|newspaper = The New York Times

|date = 3 August 2012

|url-status = live

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120805011949/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/04/world/asia/in-china-sun-protection-can-include-a-mask.html

|archive-date = 5 August 2012

|df = dmy-all

}} A 1969 innovation is tan-through swimwear, which uses fabric perforated with thousands of micro holes that are nearly invisible to the naked eye, but which transmit enough sunlight to approach an all-over tan, especially if the fabric is stretched taut. Tan-through swimwear typically allows more than one-third of UV rays to pass through (equivalent to SPF 3 or less), and an application of sunscreen even to the covered area is recommended.{{cite news |newspaper=The New York Times |title=Tan-Through Fabric Lets Sun Shine In |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1969/10/17/archives/tanthrough-fabric-lets-sun-shine-in.html |first=Angela |last=Taylor |date=17 October 1969 |page=55 |access-date=30 November 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012074616/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60B12F8385F127A93C5A8178BD95F4D8685F9 |archive-date=12 October 2013 |df=dmy-all }}{{cite news |url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1082764/3/ |title=Scorecard: No nudes is good news |magazine=Sports Illustrated |date=1 September 1969 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012014005/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1082764/3/ |archive-date=12 October 2013 |quote=permits 40% of the sun's ultraviolet rays}}{{cite news |newspaper=Daily Express |title=Tan-tastic bikini that lets rays shine through |url=http://www.express.co.uk/news/weird/104281/Tan-tastic-bikini-that-lets-rays-shine-through |date=30 May 2009 |access-date=17 September 2014 |quote=80 per cent of UV rays... a stretchy yarn described as 'a chicken wire mesh material' |archive-date=17 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017204201/http://www.express.co.uk/news/weird/104281/Tan-tastic-bikini-that-lets-rays-shine-through |url-status=live }}

Sunless tanning

File:715px-Sunbedoff large.jpg emits UV radiation.]]

To avoid exposure to UVB and UVA rays, or in seasons without strong sunshine, some people take alternative steps to appear with darkened skin. They may use sunless tanning (also known as self-tanners); stainers that are based on dihydroxyacetone (DHA);{{cite web|url=http://dermnetnz.org/treatments/dihydroxyacetone.html|title=Dihydroxyacetone|access-date=6 July 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100728233539/http://www.dermnetnz.org/treatments/dihydroxyacetone.html/|archive-date=28 July 2010|df=dmy-all}} or cosmetics such as bronzers.{{Citation needed|date=May 2019}} Many sunless tanning products are available in the form of darkening creams, gels, lotions, and sprays that are self-applied on the skin. There is also a professional spray-on tanning option or "tanning booth" that is offered by spas, salons, and tanning businesses.{{cite web|url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/sunless-tanning/SN00037|title=Sunless tanning: A safe alternative to sunbathing|access-date=6 July 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100216034827/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/sunless-tanning/SN00037 |archive-date=16 February 2010|df=dmy-all}} Spray tanning does not involve a color being sprayed on the body, instead it uses a colorless chemical that reacts with proteins in the top layer of the skin, resulting in a brown color.{{Citation needed|date=February 2020}}

References

External links

[http://www.skincancer.org/Tanning/ Information on tanning from The Skin Cancer Foundation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111207143035/http://www.skincancer.org/Tanning/ |date=7 December 2011 }}
[http://www.sunarc.org/ Research on the benefits of UV exposure]
[https://www.curemelanoma.org Melanoma Research Alliance]

Category:Sun tanning