sunflower oil

File:TriglycerideSunflower.png and oleic acid]]

Sunflower oil is mainly a triglyceride.{{cite encyclopedia |author=Alfred Thomas |encyclopedia=Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry |publisher=Wiley-VCH |place=Weinheim |year=2002 |doi=10.1002/14356007.a10_173 |chapter=Fats and Fatty Oils |isbn=3527306730}} The British Pharmacopoeia lists the following profile:{{cite book |author=British Pharmacopoeia Commission |title=British Pharmacopoeia 2005 |publisher=The Stationery Office |location=Norwich, England |isbn=0-11-322682-9 |chapter=Ph Eur monograph 1371|chapter-url-access=registration|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/britishpharmacop00stat |year=2005}}{{Dubious|date=December 2024|reason=The "citation" links to the British Pharmacopoeia (Veterinary) 2005, not the British Pharmacopoeia itself. The linked document does not mention sunflower oil or linoleic acid. (And the actual British Pharmacopoeia doesn't seem to be be freely available online.) The % linoleic acid here is 3x the 20% shown far below. Amounts may be fine, but source isn't. }}

• Palmitic acid (saturated): 5%
• Stearic acid (saturated): 6%
• Oleic acid (monounsaturated omega-9): 30%
• Linoleic acid (polyunsaturated omega-6): 59%

Four types of sunflower oils with differing concentrations of fatty acids are produced through plant breeding and industrial processing: high-linoleic (conventional), high-oleic, mid-oleic, and high-stearic combined with high-oleic.{{cite web |title=Sunflower oil fatty acid profile |url=https://www.sunflowernsa.com/uploads/35/sunflower-oil-fact-sheet_062510.pdf |publisher=National Sunflower Association |access-date=19 November 2018 |date=2018}}

• High-linoleic, 69% linoleic acid
• High-oleic, 82% oleic acid
• Mid-oleic, 65% oleic acid
• High-stearic with high-oleic, 18% stearic acid and 72% oleic acid

A 2017 genome analysis provided a basis for the development of hybrid sunflowers to increase oil production.{{cite journal |pmid=28538728 |year=2017 |last1=Badouin |first1=H |title=The sunflower genome provides insights into oil metabolism, flowering and Asterid evolution |journal=Nature |volume=546 |issue=7656 |pages=148–152 |last2=Gouzy |first2=J |last3=Grassa |first3=C. J |last4=Murat |first4=F |last5=Staton |first5=S. E |last6=Cottret |first6=L |last7=Lelandais-Brière |first7=C |last8=Owens |first8=G. L |last9=Carrère |first9=S|last10=Mayjonade|first10=B |last11=Legrand |first11=L |last12=Gill |first12=N |last13=Kane |first13=N. C |last14=Bowers |first14=J. E |last15=Hubner |first15=S |last16=Bellec |first16=A |last17=Bérard |first17=A |last18=Bergès |first18=H |last19=Blanchet |first19=N|last20=Boniface|first20=M. C |last21=Brunel |first21=D |last22=Catrice |first22=O |last23=Chaidir |first23=N |last24=Claudel |first24=C |last25=Donnadieu |first25=C |last26=Faraut |first26=T |last27=Fievet |first27=G |last28=Helmstetter |first28=N |last29=King |first29=M|last30=Knapp|first30=S. J|display-authors=3 |doi=10.1038/nature22380 |bibcode=2017Natur.546..148B |doi-access=free|hdl=1828/12772 |hdl-access=free }} Analysis of the sunflower genome duplication {{ndash}} starting about 29 million years ago {{ndash}} revealed two major breeding traits: flowering time and oil metabolism, which can be cultivated to improve the commercialization of sunflower oil.{{cite journal |pmid=28093767 |journal=J Sci Food Agric |year=2017 |volume=97 |issue=7 |pages=1997–2006 |doi=10.1002/jsfa.8214 |title=Progress in modification of sunflower oil to expand its industrial value |vauthors=Rauf S, Jamil N, Tariq SA, Khan M, Kausar M, Kaya Y|bibcode=2017JSFA...97.1997R }}{{cite journal |author=Christov M |year=2012 |title=Contribution of interspecific hybridization to sunflower breeding |journal=Helia |volume=35 |issue=57 |pages=37–46 |doi=10.2298/hel1257037c |s2cid=85351878 |url=http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/img/doi/1018-1806/2012/1018-18061257037C.pdf}}

In further analysis of the sunflower genome to reveal plant metabolism producing its oil, phytosterols and other phytochemicals, such as polyphenols, squalene, and terpenoids, were identified.{{cite journal |author1=Alicia Ayerdi Gotor |author2=Larbi Rhazi |title=Effects of refining process on sunflower oil minor components: a review |journal=Oilseeds and Fats, Crops and Lipids |year=2016 |volume=23 |page=D207 |issue=2 |doi=10.1051/ocl/2016007 |url=https://www.ocl-journal.org/articles/ocl/full_html/2016/02/ocl160007-s/ocl160007-s.html |doi-access=free}}

After the domestication of the sunflower (3000 BC) the Native Americans obtained and used oil from the seeds.[https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/9/11/528 Sunflower Genetics from Ancestors to Modern Hybrids—A Review] Aleksandra Radanović, Dragana Miladinović, Sandra Cvejić, Milan Jocković, Siniša Jocić, 30 October 2018, Genes 2018, 9(11), 528[https://www.fs.usda.gov/wildflowers/ethnobotany/oils.shtml Native Plant Oils] www.fs.usda.gov In the modern era, sunflower oil was first used in food in 1830, in Russia.[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Yalcin-Kaya/publication/333620921_PROCEEEDINGS_OF_INTERNATONAL_CONFERENCE_ON_SUNFLOWER_OIL_PRODUCTION_QUALITY_AND_APPLICATIONS_2-5_September_2018_Edirne_TURKEY/links/5cf7afd292851c4dd02a401a/PROCEEEDINGS-OF-INTERNATONAL-CONFERENCE-ON-SUNFLOWER-OIL-PRODUCTION-QUALITY-AND-APPLICATIONS-2-5-September-2018-Edirne-TURKEY.pdf Trends and opportunities of high oleic sunflowers in the healthy comsumption], Luis Carlos Alonso, Anton Iliev, 2-5 September 2018, International Conference on Sunflower Oil Production, Quality & Applications, Edirne, Turkey, www.researchgate.net[https://yardandgarden.extension.iastate.edu/article/1996/4-26-1996/sunny.html Sunflowers: Their Ancient Roots and Modern Popularity], Sherry Rindels, 26 April 1996, Iowa State University - Yard and Garden

The Russian invasion of Ukraine that began in 2022 caused global prices of sunflower oil to increase by as much as 58% in a single month in 2022.{{Cite magazine|date=2022-03-07 |title=How the Ukraine-Russia Conflict Will Raise the Price of Snack Foods|author=Abby Vesoulis |url=https://time.com/6155095/sunflower-oil-russia-ukraine/ |access-date=2023-11-07 |magazine=Time |language=en}}{{Cite news |date=2022-05-10|vauthors=Abbas M, Bradley M, Kovtun Y|title=Sunflower oil prices skyrocket as Ukrainian farmers harvest amid Russian bombings |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/body-armor-blocked-ports-ukraines-farmers-carry-war-rcna28058 |access-date=2023-11-07 |work=NBC News |language=en}}

File:Соняшникова олія в магазині Сільпо в Києві, серпень 2021.jpg

File:World Production Of Main Vegetable Oils By Main Producers (2020).svg

In 2021, world production of sunflower oil was 18.5{{nbsp}}million tonnes, led by Russia and Ukraine, which together accounted for 55% of the total.

In 2022, there was a global shortage of sunflower oil due to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, which has led to an over 50% drop in the availability of sunflower oil. Due to the shortages, many brands are reforming their recipes by switching to rapeseed oil to allow the production of their products to continue.{{Cite web |title=What is the impact of the war in Ukraine on exports of vegetable oils? {{!}} CBI |url=https://www.cbi.eu/market-information/grains-pulses-oilseeds/what-impact-war-ukraine-exports-vegetable-oils |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=www.cbi.eu}}

{{nutritionalvalue |name=Sunflower oil, high oleic (70% and over) |kJ=3699 |carbs=0 g |fat=100 g |protein=0 g |satfat=9.748 g |monofat=83.594 g |polyfat=3.798 g |vitE_mg=41.08 |vitK_ug=5.4 |source_usda=1}}

{{nutritionalvalue |name=Sunflower oil, standard |kJ=3699 |carbs=0 g |fat=100 g |protein=0 g |satfat=10.3 g |monofat=19.5 g |polyfat=65.7 g |vitE_mg=41.08 |vitK_ug=5.4 |source_usda=1}}

{{nutritionalvalue |name=Sunflower oil (NuSun), mid oleic |kJ=3699 |carbs=0 g |fat=100 g |protein=0 g |satfat=9.009 g |monofat=57.344 g |polyfat=28.962 g |vitE_mg=41.08 |vitK_ug=5.4 |source_usda=1}}

Several varieties of sunflower oil seeds have been developed by standard plant breeding methods, mainly to vary the amounts of oleic acid and linoleic acid which, respectively, are the predominant monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats in sunflower oil.{{cite journal |journal=Can J Physiol Pharmacol |year=2008 |volume=86 |issue=4 |pages=215–21 |doi=10.1139/Y08-008 |title=Genetic possibilities for altering sunflower oil quality to obtain novel oils |vauthors=Skorić D, Jocić S, Sakac Z, Lecić N |pmid=18418432|doi-access=free }} Sunflower oil is 100% fat, and is a rich source of vitamin E (tables).

Sunflower oil is liquid at room temperature. The refined oil is clear and slightly amber-colored with a slightly fatty odour.

Because sunflower oil is primarily composed of less-stable polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, it can be particularly susceptible to degradation by heat, air, and light, which trigger and accelerate oxidation. Keeping sunflower oil at low temperatures during manufacturing and storage can help minimize rancidity and nutrient loss—as can storage in bottles that are made of either darkly-colored glass, or plastic that has been treated with an ultraviolet light protectant.{{cn|date=August 2024}}

Sunflower oil can be extracted using chemical solvents (e.g., hexane), or expeller pressing (i.e., squeezed directly from sunflower seeds by crushing them).{{cite web |url=http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel_library/oilpress.html |title=The Sunflower Seed Huller and Oil Press |last=Cox |first=Jeff |date=April 1979 |work=Organic Gardening |publisher=Rodale Press |access-date=26 June 2013}} "Cold-pressing" (or expeller pressing) sunflower seeds under low-temperature conditions is a method that does not use chemical solvents to derive sunflower seed oil.{{cite book | doi=10.1016/B978-1-893997-94-3.50014-3 | chapter=Sunflower Seed Preparation and Oil Extraction | title=Sunflower | date=2015 | last1=Le Clef | first1=Etienne | last2=Kemper | first2=Timothy | pages=187–226 | isbn=978-1-893997-94-3 }}

Refining sunflower oil through solvent extraction, de-gumming, neutralization, and bleaching can make it more stable and suitable for high-temperature cooking, but doing so will also remove some of the oil's nutrients, flavor, color (resulting in a pale-yellow), free fatty acids, phospholipids, polyphenols, and phytosterols. Also, some of the polyunsaturated fatty acids will be converted into trans fat due to the high temperatures involved in the process.{{Cite journal |doi=10.1007/s11746-001-0374-0 |title=Deodorization of vegetable oils: Prediction of trans polyunsaturated fatty acid content |year=2001 |last1=Kemény |first1=Z. |last2=Recseg |first2=K. |last3=Hénon |first3=G. |last4=Kővári |first4=K. |last5=Zwobada |first5=F. |journal=Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society |volume=78 |issue=9 |pages=973–979 |s2cid=67792000}}{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327256645 |via=ResearchGate|doi=10.3989/gya.0225181 |title=Cis-trans isomerization of unsaturated fatty acids in edible oils to prepare trans fat |year=2018 |last1=Liu |first1=W. |last2=Lu |first2=G. H. |journal=Grasas y Aceites |volume=69 |issue=3 |page=268 |s2cid=105827306 |doi-access=free }} Unrefined sunflower oil is less heat-stable (and therefore well-suited to dishes that are raw, or cooked at low temperatures), but it will retain more of its original nutrient content, flavor, and color (light-amber).

Refined sunflower oil is used for low-to-extremely-high-temperature cooking. As a frying oil, it behaves as a typical vegetable oil, and is used in sunflower butter.{{cn|date=August 2024}}

Methods for cooking snack foods, such as potato chips or French fries, may use sunflower oil.{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/food/recipes/thebestchipsyouhavee_93121 |title=The best chips you have ever tasted |publisher=BBC Food Recipes |date=2017 |access-date=16 February 2017}}

Extraction of sunflower oil leaves behind the crushed seeds, typically referred to as seed meal, which is rich in protein and dietary fiber and used as an animal feed, fertilizer or fuel.{{cite journal |pmid=22752367 |year=2012 |last1=Lomascolo |first1=A |title=Rapeseed and sunflower meal: A review on biotechnology status and challenges |journal=Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology |volume=95 |issue=5 |pages=1105–14 |last2=Uzan-Boukhris |first2=E |last3=Sigoillot |first3=J. C. |last4=Fine |first4=F |doi=10.1007/s00253-012-4250-6 |s2cid=11723992}}

Sunflower oil dietary supplements have been marketed for treatment of eczema, but research has shown it is not medically effective.{{cite journal |vauthors=Bath-Hextall FJ, Jenkinson C, Humphreys R, Williams HC |title=Dietary supplements for established atopic eczema |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=CD005205 |year=2012 |pmid=22336810 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD005205.pub3 |type=Systematic review|pmc=10657459 }}

Sunflower oil can be used to run diesel engines when mixed with diesel in the tank. Due to the high levels of unsaturated fats, there is higher viscosity in cold temperatures.Johnson, JJ. Meyer, RF. Krall, JM. Shroyer, JP. Schlegel, AJ. Falk, JS and Lee, CD. 2005. Agronomic Practices. In High Plains Sunflower Production Handbook. Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS [accessed 2014 October 22].

PEG-10 sunflower glycerides, a pale yellow liquid with a "slightly fatty" odor, are the polyethylene glycol derivative of the mono- and diglycerides derived from sunflower seed oil with an average of 10 moles of ethylene oxide.{{cite web |title=Material Safety Data Sheet for Florasolvs PEG-10 Sunflower |url=http://www.essentialingredients.com/PDF/MSDS_FSpeg-10_sunflower.pdf}} PEG-10 sunflower glycerides are commonly used in cosmetic formulations.

In the European Union sunflower oil can be sprayed onto tomato crops as a fungicide to control powdery mildew from Oidium neolycopersici. For this use, it is classified as a 'basic substance' that can be used on both organic and conventional farms.{{Cite web |last=European Commission |title=Finalised in the Standing Committee on Plants, Animals, Food and Feed at its meeting on 7 October 2016 in view of the approval of sunflower oil as basic substance in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 Sunflowerseed oil (sunflower oil) is derived from sunflower seeds (seeds of Helianthus annuus L.) |url=https://mst.dk/media/171102/pt-b-0300-draft-review-report-for-sunflower-oil-2-vdo.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221223102940/https://mst.dk/media/171102/pt-b-0300-draft-review-report-for-sunflower-oil-2-vdo.pdf|archivedate=2022-12-23}}

{{Vegetable oils, composition}}{{Dubious|date=December 2024|reason= The % linoleic acid here is 1/3 the 59% shown above, and the "Sunflower oil is primarily composed of linoleic acid" in the lede. The FDA data indicates the content is HIGHLY variable, e.g., just looked at TWO and saw:

https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/food-details/1750577/sampleUnitNutrients 74% monounsaturated. 10% PUFA ( 9% linoleic), 9% SFA.

https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/food-details/1750567/sampleUnitNutrients 26% monounsaturated. 56% PUFA (56% linoleic), 11% SFA.

I think the value here should reflect conventional sunflower oil, which is way over 20% linoleic acid...

}}

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