tawny pipit
{{Short description|Species of bird}}
{{For|the 1944 film|Tawny Pipit (film)}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Tawny_pipit_47.jpg
| image_caption = Tawny pipit, Kerala, India
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| taxon = Anthus campestris
| authority = (Linnaeus, 1758)
| range_map = AnthusCampestrisIUCNver2019 1.png
| range_map_caption = Range of A. campestris{{leftlegend|#00FF00|Breeding|outline=gray}} {{leftlegend|#00FFFF|Passage|outline=gray}} {{leftlegend|#007FFF|Non-breeding|outline=gray}}
| synonyms = * Alauda campestris {{small|Linnaeus, 1758}}
}}
File:Anthus campestris MHNT 232 Youks-les-Bains Algérie.jpg]]
The tawny pipit (Anthus campestris) is a medium-large passerine bird which breeds in much of the central Palearctic from northwest Africa and Portugal to Central Siberia and on to Inner Mongolia. It is a migrant moving in winter to tropical Africa and the Indian Subcontinent.
Taxonomy
The tawny pipit was formally described in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae. He placed it with the larks and pipits in the genus Alauda and coined the binomial name Alauda campestris. Linnaeus specified the type locality as Europe but this has been restricted to Sweden.{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=Carl | author-link=Carl Linnaeus | year=1758 | title= Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | volume=1 | edition=10th | page=166 | publisher=Laurentii Salvii | location=Holmiae (Stockholm) | language=Latin | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727073 }}{{ cite book | editor1-last=Mayr | editor1-first=Ernst | editor1-link=Ernst Mayr | editor2-last=Greenway | editor2-first=James C. Jr | year=1960 | title=Check-List of Birds of the World | volume=9 | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=152 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14480827 }} The specific epithet campestris is Latin meaning "of the fields", from campus meaning "field".{{ cite web | last=Jobling | first=James A. | title=campestris | work=The Key to Scientific Names | url=https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/key-to-scientific-names/search?q=campestris | publisher=Cornell Lab of Ornithology | access-date=21 February 2025 }} The tawny pipit is now one of over 40 species placed in the genus Anthus that was introduced in 1805 by German naturalist Johann Matthäus Bechstein. The species is considered to be monotypic: no subspecies are recognised.{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela C. Rasmussen | date=August 2024 | title=Waxbills, parrotfinches, munias, whydahs, Olive Warbler, accentors, pipits | work=IOC World Bird List Version 14.2 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/weavers/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=21 February 2025 }}
Description
This is a large pipit, {{convert|16|cm|in}} long with wing-span {{convert|25|–|28|cm|in}}, but is an undistinguished looking species on the ground, mainly sandy brown above and pale below. It is very similar to Richard's pipit, but is slightly smaller, has shorter wings, tail and legs and a narrower dark bill. It is also less streaked. Its flight is strong and direct, and it gives a characteristic "schip" call, higher pitched than Richard's.{{cite book |title=The Birds of the Western Palearctic [Abridged]|editor= David William Snow|editor2= Christopher Perrins |year=1997 |publisher=OUP |isbn=0-19-854099-X}}
Its song is a short repetition of a loud disyllabic chir-ree chir-ree.
In south Asia, in winter some care must be taken to distinguish this from other large pipits which winter or are resident in the area, including Richard's pipit, Blyth's pipit and paddyfield pipit.
Behaviour and ecology
=Breeding=
The breeding habitat is dry open country including semi-deserts. The nest is on the ground, with 3-6 eggs being laid. They are incubated mainly by the female until they hatch after around 12 days. The nestlings are fed by both parents.{{ cite book | last=Tyler | first=Stephanie J. | year=2004 | chapter=Family Motacillidae (Pipits and Wagtails) | editor1-last=del Hoyo | editor1-first=J. | editor2-last=Elliott | editor2-first=A. | editor3-last=Christie | editor3-first=D.A. | title=Handbook of the Birds of the World | volume=9: Cotingas to Pipits and Wagtails | location=Barcelona, Spain | publisher=Lynx Edicions | isbn=978-84-87334-69-6 | pages=686-786 [750-751] | chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/handbookofbirdso0009unse/page/750/mode/1up | chapter-url-access=registration }}
=Food and feeding=
In culture
The plot of the 1944 film Tawny Pipit is about the rare event of a pair of tawny pipits breeding in England.{{IMDb title|qid=Q7689326|id=tt0037352}} Eric Hosking's footage of the pipits was actually of meadow pipits because he could not get genuine tawny pipits from German-occupied Europe.{{cite web|last=Moss|first=Stephen|title=Brits and their birds|url=http://www.bbcwildlifemagazine.com/british-wildlife/brits-and-their-birds|publisher=BBC Wildlife Magazine|access-date=9 December 2010}}
References
{{Reflist}}
External links
- [http://aulaenred.ibercaja.es/wp-content/uploads/311_TawnyPipitAcampestris.pdf Ageing and sexing (PDF; 3.2 MB) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze]
{{Taxonbar|from=Q27226}}
{{Authority control}}
Category:Birds of Central Asia