the Plague (novel)

{{infobox book

| name = The Plague

| image = La Peste book cover.jpg

| image_size =

| border = yes

| alt =

| caption = Cover of the first edition

| author = Albert Camus

| title_orig = La Peste

| orig_lang_code = fr

| title_working =

| translator =

| illustrator =

| cover_artist =

| country = France

| language = French

| series =

| release_number =

| subject =

| genre = Philosophical novel

| set_in = Oran, French Algeria

| published = {{plainlist|

1947 (Gallimard, French)
1948 (Hamish Hamilton, English)

}}

| media_type =

| pages = 308

| awards =

| isbn = 978-0679720218

| isbn_note =

| oclc =

| dewey =

| congress =

| preceded_by = Resistance, Rebellion, and Death

| followed_by = The State of Siege

| native_wikisource =

| wikisource =

| notes =

| exclude_cover =

| website =

}}

The Plague ({{langx|fr|La Peste}}) is a 1947 absurdist novel by Albert Camus. The plot centers around the French Algerian city of Oran as it combats a plague outbreak and is put under a city-wide quarantine. The novel presents a snapshot into life in Oran as seen through Camus's absurdist lens.{{cite journal |last1=Aronson |first1=Ronald |editor1-last=Zalta |editor1-first=Edward N. |title=Albert Camus |journal=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |date=27 October 2011 |volume=Summer 2017 Edition |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2017/entries/camus/}}

Camus used as source material the cholera epidemic that killed a large proportion of Oran's population in 1849, but set the novel in the 1940s.Magill 1989:683 Oran and its surroundings were struck by disease several times before Camus published his novel. According to an academic study, Oran was decimated by the bubonic plague in 1556 and 1678, but all later outbreaks (in 1921: 185 cases; 1931: 76 cases; and 1944: 95 cases) were very far from the scale of the epidemic described in the novel.{{cite journal |doi=10.3201/eid1310.070284|title=Plague Reappearance in Algeria after 50 Years, 2003|year=2007|last1=Bertherat|first1=Eric|last2=Bekhoucha|first2=Souad|last3=Chougrani|first3=Saada|last4=Razik|first4=Fathia|last5=Duchemin|first5=Jean B.|last6=Houti|first6=Leila|last7=Deharib|first7=Larbi|last8=Fayolle|first8=Corinne|last9=Makrerougrass|first9=Banaouda|last10=Dali-Yahia|first10=Radia|last11=Bellal|first11=Ramdan|last12=Belhabri|first12=Leila|last13=Chaieb|first13=Amina|last14=Tikhomirov|first14=Evgueni|last15=Carniel|first15=Elisabeth|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume=13|issue=10|pages=1459–1462|pmid=18257987|pmc=2851531}}

The Plague is considered an existentialist classic despite Camus's objection to the label.Camus (in Thody, 1970):345. In an interview on 15 November 1945, Camus said: "No, I am not an existentialist."Forsdick 2007:119 The novel stresses the powerlessness of the individual characters to affect their own destinies. The narrative tone is similar to Kafka's, especially in The Trial, whose individual sentences potentially have multiple meanings; the material often pointedly resonating as stark allegory of phenomenal consciousness and the human condition.

Plot

File:Oran-port-1943.jpg

In 1940s Oran, rats, initially unnoticed by the populace, begin dying en masse. Hysteria develops soon afterward, prompting local newspapers to report the incident; authorities begin disposing of the rats. Bernard Rieux, a local physician, learns that a concierge in his building has died from a fever and consults a colleague about the illness. They conclude that a plague is sweeping the town and approach other doctors and town authorities about their theory, which is met with denial. As more deaths ensue, it becomes apparent that an epidemic is imminent.

Authorities are slow to accept that the situation is serious and quibble over the appropriate action to take. Official notices enacting control measures are posted, but they downplay the seriousness of the situation. As the death toll begins to rise, homes are quarantined and corpses are strictly supervised. A supply of anti-plague serum arrives, but there is only enough to treat existing cases and the national emergency reserves are depleted. Eventually, the town is quarantined and an epidemic is officially declared.

Raymond Rambert, a visiting journalist, devises a plan to escape to join his girlfriend in Paris by courting criminals to smuggle him out. The local Jesuit priest, Father Paneloux, suggests during a sermon that the plague is God punishing the city's sinfulness. His diatribe leads many citizens of the town to turn to religion who would not have done so under normal circumstances. Cottard, a remorseful criminal who attempted suicide earlier, becomes wealthy as a major smuggler. Meanwhile, Jean Tarrou, a vacationer, and Joseph Grand, a civil engineer, assist Rieux in treating patients in their homes and in the hospital.

Rambert informs Tarrou of his escape plan. Tarrou tells him that there are others in the city who have loved ones outside the city; Rambert becomes sympathetic and offers to help until he leaves. By mid-August, people trying to escape the town are shot by armed sentries. Violence and looting break out, leading authorities to declare martial law and impose a curfew. Funerals are conducted with more speed, with no ceremony and little concern for the bereaved.

Rambert finally has a chance to escape, but decides to stay, saying that he would feel ashamed of himself if he left. Towards the end of October, an anti-plague serum is tried for the first time on the local magistrate Othon's son; the serum fails and he suffers intensely as Paneloux, Rieux, and Tarrou tend to him in horror.

File:Library Walk 5.JPG

Paneloux, who has joined the group of volunteers fighting the plague, gives a second sermon. He addresses the problem of an innocent child's suffering and says it is a test of faith since it requires him either to deny everything or believe everything. He urges the congregation not to give up, but to do everything possible to fight the plague. A few days after the sermon, Paneloux becomes ill; his symptoms do not conform to those of the plague, but the disease still proves fatal.

Tarrou and Rambert visit an isolation camp where they encounter the magistrate Othon. When Othon's quarantine ends, he chooses to stay in the camp as a volunteer to feel less separated from his dead son. Tarrou tells Rieux the story of his life and his opposition to violence, the death penalty in particular. To take their mind off the epidemic, the two men go swimming in the sea. Grand catches the plague and instructs Rieux to burn all his papers, but makes an unexpected recovery. Deaths from the plague start to decline.

By late January, the plague is in full retreat and the townspeople celebrate. Cottard is distressed by the end of the quarantine which has profited him greatly. Two government employees approach him and he flees. Despite the epidemic receding, Tarrou contracts the plague and dies after a heroic struggle. In February, the town gates open and people are reunited with their loved ones. Cottard has a mental breakdown and shoots at people from his home, killing a dog before being arrested. Rieux discloses his identity to the reader as the narrator and states that he tried to present an objective view of the events. He reflects on the epidemic and declares he wrote the chronicle to explain that, even in crisis, people are more good than evil.

Critical analysis

File:Albert Camus 1945 (cropped).jpg

Germaine Brée has characterised the struggle of the characters against the plague as "undramatic and stubborn", and in contrast to the ideology of "glorification of power" in the novels of André Malraux, whereas Camus's characters "are obscurely engaged in saving, not destroying, and this in the name of no ideology".{{cite journal | jstor=2929136 | last=Sterling | first=Elwyn F | title=Albert Camus and the Plague | journal=Yale French Studies | issue= 8| pages=93–100 | date=1951 | doi=10.2307/2929136 }} Lulu Haroutunian has discussed Camus's own medical history, including a bout with tuberculosis, and how it informs the novel.{{cite journal | jstor=3042843 | last=Haroutunian | first=Lulu M | title=Albert Camus and the White Plague | journal=MLN | volume=79 | issue=3 | pages=311–315 | date=May 1964 | doi=10.2307/3042843 }} Marina Warner notes its larger philosophical themes of "engagement", "paltriness and generosity", "small heroism and large cowardice", and "all kinds of profoundly humanist problems, such as love and goodness, happiness and mutual connection".{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2003/apr/26/classics.albertcamus | title=To be a man | work=The Guardian | author=Marina Warner | date=2003-04-26 | access-date=2016-07-08}}

Thomas L Hanna and John Loose have separately discussed themes related to Christianity in the novel, with particular respect to Father Paneloux and Dr Rieux.{{cite journal | jstor=1201083 | last=Hanna | first=Thomas L | title=Albert Camus and the Christian Faith | journal=The Journal of Religion | volume=36 | issue=4 | pages=224–233 | date=October 1956 | doi=10.1086/484811 | s2cid=170222270 | doi-access=free }}{{cite journal | jstor=1201321 | last=Loose | first=John | title=The Christian as Camus's Absurd Man | journal=The Journal of Religion | volume=42 | issue=3 | pages=203–214 | date=July 1962 | doi=10.1086/485456 | s2cid=171082793 }} Louis R Rossi briefly discusses the role of Tarrou in the novel, and the sense of philosophical guilt behind his character.{{cite journal | jstor=4333870 | last=Rossi | first=Louis R | title=Albert Camus: The Plague of Absurdity | journal=The Kenyon Review | volume=20 | issue=3 | pages=399–422 | date=Summer 1958 }} Elwyn Sterling has analysed the role of Cottard and his final actions at the end of the novel.{{cite journal | jstor=25111699 | last=Sterling | first=Elwyn F | title=Albert Camus' "La Peste": Cottard's Act of Madness | journal=College Literature | volume=13 | issue=2 | pages=189–209 | date=Spring 1986 }} Father Paneloux has been subject to several literary analyses in the context of faith faced with great suffering.{{Cite journal|last=Bentley|first=Wessel|date=2020-10-20|title=Reflections on the characters of Dr Rieux and Fr Paneloux in Camus' The Plague in a consideration of human suffering during the COVID-19 pandemic|url=https://hts.org.za/index.php/hts/article/view/6087|journal=HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies|language=en|volume=76|issue=4|pages=7|doi=10.4102/hts.v76i4.6087|s2cid=226340393|issn=2072-8050|doi-access=free}}{{Cite journal|last=Ice|first=Tamela|date=2006-09-01|title=Does Paneloux Lose Faith? Rethinking the Relationship Between Belief and Action in Camus' The Plague|url=https://journals.ku.edu/auslegung/article/view/13191|journal=Auslegung: A Journal of Philosophy|language=en|volume=28|issue=2|pages=1–17|doi=10.17161/AJP.1808.9666|issn=0733-4311|doi-access=free}}

Dr Rieux has been described as a classic example of an idealist doctor.{{Cite book|last1=Surawicz|first1=Borys|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CUqzDAAAQBAJ&q=%22Bernard+Rieux%22&pg=PA74|title=Doctors in Fiction: Lessons from Literature|last2=Jacobson|first2=Beverly|date=2016-07-06|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-138-03098-5|pages=74–80|language=en}} He has also been an inspiration to the life and career of the French doctor Réjean Thomas, and also to the fictional character of Jeanne Dion, starring in the movie trilogy directed by Bernard Émond (beginning with The Novena).{{Cite journal|last=Bastien|first=Sophie|date=2015|title=Le docteur Rieux d'Albert Camus: un mentor au Québec, de la réalité à la fiction cinématographique|url=https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/globe/2015-v18-n1-globe02707/1037885ar/|journal=Globe: Revue internationale d'études québécoises|language=fr|volume=18|issue=1|pages=211–226|doi=10.7202/1037885ar|issn=1481-5869|url-access=subscription}}

Perri Klass has noted that at the time of the novel, sulfa drugs were available for treatment against plague, and has criticised the novel for this historical-medical omission.{{cite journal |last1=Klass |first1=Perri |title="It's Hardly Credible" — Medical Readers and Literary Plague |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |date=16 June 2022 |volume=386 |issue=24 |pages=2257–2259 |doi=10.1056/NEJMp2119103 |pmid=35687048 |access-date= 21 June 2022 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35687048/}}

Journalist Carlos Maza conducted a critical deep dive into the novel, drawing parallels to the contemporary political climate, including Trumpism and the COVID-19 pandemic.{{cite AV media

|last = Maza

|first = Carlos

|date = 2024-04-25

|title = How To Be Hopeless

|url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iJaE_BvLK6U

|format = Video

|work = Carlos Maza (YouTube channel)

|type = YouTube video

|language = English

|publisher = YouTube

|access-date = 2025-05-18

}}

In the popular press

The novel has been read as an allegorical treatment of the French resistance to Nazi occupation during World War II.{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2001/nov/17/albertcamus | title=A hero for our times | work=The Guardian | author=Tony Judt | date=2001-11-16 | access-date=2016-07-08}}

The novel became a bestseller during the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic of 2020 to the point that its British publisher Penguin Classics reported struggling to keep up with demand. The prescience of the fictional cordon sanitaire of Oran with real-life COVID-19 lockdowns worldwide brought revived popular attention. Sales in Italy tripled and it became a top-ten bestseller during its nationwide lockdown.{{Cite web|title=Italie: à l'ère du coronavirus, La peste de Camus devient un best-seller|url=https://actualitte.com/article/8811/reseaux-sociaux/italie-a-l-ere-du-coronavirus-la-peste-de-camus-devient-un-best-seller|access-date=2021-01-26|website=ActuaLitté.com|language=fr-FR}} Penguin Classics' editorial director said "it couldn’t be more relevant to the current moment" and Camus's daughter Catherine said that the message of the novel had newfound relevance in that "we are not responsible for coronavirus but we can be responsible in the way we respond to it".{{Cite news |date=2020-03-28|title=Albert Camus novel The Plague leads surge of pestilence fiction|url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/mar/28/albert-camus-novel-the-plague-la-peste-pestilence-fiction-coronavirus-lockdown|access-date=2021-01-26|work=The Guardian|author=Kim Willsher|language=en}}{{Cite news|date=2020-03-05|title=Publishers report sales boom in novels about fictional epidemics|url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/mar/05/publishers-report-sales-boom-in-novels-about-fictional-epidemics-camus-the-plague-dean-koontz|access-date=2021-01-26|work=The Guardian|author=Allison Flood|language=en}}

Adaptations

1965: La Peste, a cantata composed by Roberto Gerhard
1970 Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow, a Hong Kong film directed by Patrick Lung
1992: La Peste, a film directed by Luis Puenzo
2017: The Plague, a play adapted by Neil Bartlett.{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2017/apr/17/the-plague-review-albert-camus-arcola-london-neil-bartlett|title=The Plague review – Neil Bartlett's ingenious update of Camus' chilling fable|first=Michael|last=Billington|date=17 April 2017|work=The Guardian}} Bartlett substitutes a black woman for the male doctor, Rieux, and a black man for Tarrou.
2020: The Plague, an adaptation for radio of Neil Bartlett's 2017 play. Premiered on 26 July on BBC Radio 4 during the COVID-19 pandemic. The play was recorded at home by actors during the quarantine period. With Sara Powell as Doctor Rieux, Billy Postlethwaite as Raymond Rambert, Joe Alessi as Mr Cottard, Jude Aduwudike as Jean Tarrou and Colin Hurley as Mr Grand.

Publication history

As early as April 1941, Camus had been working on the novel, as evidenced in his diaries in which he wrote down a few ideas on "the redeeming plague".Camus, Albert, Carnets I, Mai 1935 - février 1942, Paris, Gallimard, 2013, 234 p. ({{ISBN|978-2-07045404-4}}), p.204 On 13 March 1942, he informed André Malraux that he was writing "a novel on the plague", adding "Said like that it might sound strange, […] but this subject seems so natural to me."Camus, Albert, Malraux, André, Albert Camus, André Malraux, Correspondance 1941–1959, Paris, Gallimard, 2016, 152 p. ({{ISBN|978-2-07-014690-1}}), p.42

1947, La Peste (French), Paris: Gallimard
1948, translated by Stuart Gilbert,{{cite journal | author=Carpenter, Peter | title=Stuart Gilbert's The Plague: Paraphrase or Translation? | journal=Translation Review | volume=82 | issue=1 | pages=1–5 |date=2011 | doi=10.1080/07374836.2011.10555823}} London: Hamish Hamilton
1960, translated by Stuart Gilbert, London: Penguin, {{ISBN|978-0-140-18020-6}}
2001, translated by Robin Buss,Gay-Crosier, Raymond, "Albert Camus's The Plague: Why a Third English Translation?". Delos, 37(1), Spring 2022. London: Allen Lane, {{ISBN|978-0-713-99597-8}}
2021, translated by Laura Marris,{{cite news | title=Deep Emotion, Plain Speech: Camus's The Plague | url=https://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2022/09/28/deep-emotion-plain-speech-camuss-plague/ | work=The Paris Review | author=Laura Marris | date=2022-09-28 | access-date=2023-12-04}} New York: Knopf, {{ISBN|978-0-593-31866-9}}{{cite news | title=More to Admire: On Laura Marris's Translation of Albert Camus's The Plague | url=https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/more-to-admire-on-laura-marriss-translation-of-albert-camuss-the-plague/ | work=Los Angeles Review of Books | author=Robert Zaretsky | date=2021-12-01 | access-date=2023-12-04}}

References

External links

{{in lang|fr}} [https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1522/030174649 La Peste], Les Classiques des sciences sociales; Word, PDF, RTF formats, public domain in Canada
{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.ebooksgratuits.com/html/camus_la_peste.html La Peste], ebooksgratuits.com; HTML format, public domain in Canada

Category:1947 French novels

Category:French philosophical novels

Category:Existentialist novels

Category:Absurdist fiction

Category:First-person narrative novels

Category:Novels set in Algeria

Category:Oran

Category:Novels set in the 1940s

Category:Novels about diseases and disorders

Category:Novels about viral outbreaks

Category:Plague (disease)

Category:Health in Algeria