threadfin

Their bodies are elongated and fusiform, with spinous and soft dorsal fins widely separated. Their tail fins are large and deeply forked, indicating speed and agility. The mouth is large and inferior; a blunt snout projects far ahead. The jaws and palate possess bands of villiform (fibrous) teeth. Their most distinguishing feature is their pectoral fins: they are composed of two distinct sections, the lower of which consists of three to seven long, thread-like independent rays. Polynemus species may have up to 15 of these modified rays.

Image:sixfinger threadfin school.jpg.]]

In some species, such as the royal threadfin (Pentanemus quinquarius), the thread-like rays may extend well past the tail fin. This feature explains both the common name threadfin and the family name Polynemidae, from the Greek poly meaning "many" and nema meaning "filament." Similar species, such as the mullets (family Mugilidae) and milkfish (family Chanidae), can be easily distinguished from threadfins by their lack of filamentous pectoral rays.

Threadfins frequent open, shallow water in areas with muddy, sandy, or silty bottoms; they are rarely seen at reefs. Their pectoral rays are thought to serve as tactile structures, helping to find prey within the sediments. Noted for being euryhaline, threadfins can tolerate a wide range of salinity levels. This attribute allows threadfins to enter estuaries and even rivers. They feed primarily on crustaceans and smaller fish.

Presumed to be pelagic spawners, threadfins probably release many tiny, buoyant eggs into the water column, which then become part of the plankton. The eggs float freely with the currents until hatching.

Threadfin has been used to create crab stick.

In Hawaii, sixfinger threadfins are the subject of commercial open-ocean cage mariculture.{{Cite journal|url=https://www.int-res.com/abstracts/meps/v371/p65-72/|doi = 10.3354/meps07675|title = Partial recovery of infaunal communities during a fallow period at an open-ocean aquaculture|year = 2008|last1 = Lin|first1 = DT|last2 = Bailey-Brock|first2 = JH|journal = Marine Ecology Progress Series|volume = 371|pages = 65–72|bibcode = 2008MEPS..371...65L|doi-access = free}}{{Cite journal|url=https://www.int-res.com/abstracts/meps/v307/p175-185/|doi=10.3354/meps307175|title=Temporal changes in the polychaete infaunal community surrounding a Hawaiian mariculture operation|year=2006|last1=Lee|first1=HW|last2=Bailey-Brock|first2=JH|last3=McGurr|first3=MM|journal=Marine Ecology Progress Series|volume=307|pages=175–185|bibcode=2006MEPS..307..175L|doi-access=free}}

File:Eleutheronema tetradactylum(Shaw, 1804).jpg (Eleutheronema tetradactylum)]]

File:Filimanus heptadactyla.png (Filimanus heptadactyla)]]

File:Elegant paradiseus fish Polynemus multifilis.jpg (Polynemus multifilis)]]

The family includes 43 species in eight genera:

• Genus Eleutheronema
• Eleutheronema rhadinum (Jordan & Evermann, 1902) (East Asian fourfinger threadfin)
• Eleutheronema tetradactylum (Shaw, 1804) (Fourfinger threadfin)
• Eleutheronema tridactylum (Bleeker, 1849) (Threefinger threadfin)
• Genus Filimanus
• Filimanus heptadactyla (Cuvier, 1829) (Sevenfinger threadfin)
• Filimanus hexanema (Cuvier 1829) (Javanese threadfin)
• Filimanus perplexa Feltes 1991 (Splendid threadfin)
• Filimanus sealei (Jordan & Richardson, 1910) (Eightfinger threadfin)
• Filimanus similis Feltes 1991 (Indian sevenfinger threadfin)
• Filimanus xanthonema (Valenciennes, 1831) (Yellowthread threadfin)
• Genus Galeoides
• Galeoides decadactylus (Bloch, 1795) (Lesser African threadfin)
• Genus Leptomelanosoma
• Leptomelanosoma indicum (Shaw, 1804) (Indian threadfin)
• Genus Parapolynemus
• Parapolynemus verekeri (Saville-Kent, 1889) (Dwarf paradise fish)
• Genus Pentanemus
• Pentanemus quinquarius (Linnaeus, 1758) (Royal threadfin)
• Genus Polydactylus (likely not monophyletic{{Cite journal|last1=Girard|first1=Matthew G.|last2=Davis|first2=Matthew P.|last3=Baldwin|first3=Carole C.|last4=Dettaï|first4=Agnès|last5=Martin|first5=Rene P.|last6=Smith|first6=W. Leo|title=Molecular phylogeny of the threadfin fishes (Polynemidae) using ultraconserved elements|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jfb.14997|journal=Journal of Fish Biology|year=2022|volume=100|issue=3|pages=793–810|language=en|doi=10.1111/jfb.14997|pmid=35137410|bibcode=2022JFBio.100..793G |s2cid=246678758|issn=1095-8649}})
• Polydactylus approximans (Lay & Bennett, 1839) (Blue bobo)
• Polydactylus bifurcus Motomura, Kimura & Iwatsuki, 2001 (Slender fivefinger threadfin)
• Polydactylus longipes Motomura, Okamoto & Iwatsuki, 2001 (Long-limb threadfin)
• Polydactylus luparensis Lim, Motomura & Gambang, 2010 (Sarawak giant threadfin)
• Polydactylus macrochir (Günther, 1867) (King threadfin)
• Polydactylus macrophthalmus (Bleeker, 1858) (River threadfin)
• Polydactylus malagasyensis Motomura & Iwatsuki, 2001 (African blackspot threadfin)
• Polydactylus microstomus (Bleeker, 1851) (Smallmouth threadfin)
• Polydactylus mullani (Hora, 1926) (Arabian blackspot threadfin)
• Polydactylus multiradiatus (Günther, 1860) (Australian threadfin)
• Polydactylus nigripinnis Munro, 1964 (Blackfin threadfin)
• Polydactylus octonemus (Girard, 1858) (Atlantic threadfin)
• Polydactylus oligodon (Günther, 1860) (Littlescale threadfin)
• Polydactylus opercularis Seale & Bean, 1907 (Yellow bobo)
• Polydactylus persicus Motomura & Iwatsuki, 2001 (Persian blackspot threadfin)
• Polydactylus plebeius (Broussonet, 1782) (Striped threadfin)
• Polydactylus quadrifilis (Cuvier, 1829) (Giant African threadfin)
• Polydactylus sexfilis (Valenciennes, 1831) (Sixfinger threadfin)
• Polydactylus sextarius (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) (Blackspot threadfin)
• Polydactylus siamensis Motomura, Iwatsuki & Yoshino, 2001 (Largemouth striped threadfin)
• Polydactylus virginicus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Barbu)
• Genus Polynemus
• Polynemus aquilonaris Motomura, 2003 (Northern paradise fish)
• Polynemus bidentatus Motomura & Tsukawaki, 2006
• Polynemus dubius Bleeker, 1854 (Eastern paradise fish)
• Polynemus hornadayi Myers, 1936 (Hornaday's paradise fish)
• Polynemus kapuasensis Motomura & van Oijen, 2003 (Kapuas elegant paradise fish)
• Polynemus melanochir Valenciennes, 1831 (Blackhand paradise fish)
• Polynemus multifilis Temminck & Schlegel, 1843 (Elegant paradise fish)
• Polynemus paradiseus Linnaeus, 1758 (Paradise threadfin)

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{{Reflist|30em|refs=

{{cite journal|last1=Suryanata |first1=Krisnawati |author-link1=|last2=Umemoto |first2=Karen N. |author-link2= |title=Tension at the nexus of the global and local: culture, property, and marine aquaculture in Hawai'i |journal=Environment and Planning A |volume=35 |issue=2 |year=2005 |pages=199, 206 |doi=10.1068/a35116|citeseerx=10.1.1.456.680 |s2cid=143928957 }}

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{{more footnotes|date=November 2008}}

• {{FishBase family | family = Polynemidae | month = January | year = 2006}}
• {{cite journal|last=Sepkoski |first=Jack |title=A compendium of fossil marine animal genera |journal=Bulletins of American Paleontology |volume=364 |page=560 |year=2002 |url=http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=611&rank=class |access-date=2011-05-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220223520/http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=611&rank=class |archive-date=2009-02-20 }}

• [http://www.fish.wa.gov.au/About-Us/Publications/Recreational-Fishing/Pages/Fact-Sheets.aspx Fisheries Western Australia - Threadfins Fact Sheet]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20040217232857/http://www.practicalfishkeeping.co.uk/pfk/pages/show_article.php?article_id=111 The Paradise threadfin, Polynemus paradiseus]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20040223170521/http://www.oar.noaa.gov/spotlite/archive/spot_hawaii.html Offshore aquaculture project yields a traditional Hawaiian delicacy]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q924957}}

Category:Fish of Hawaii

Category:Taxa named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque

id:Senangin