tibicos

File:Ripe Water kefir (also known as Tibicos), after 2 days.jpg peel]]

Tibicos, or water kefir, is a traditional fermented drink made with water and water kefir grains held in a polysaccharide biofilm matrix created by the bacteria.

It is sometimes consumed as an alternative to milk-based probiotic drinks or tea-cultured products such as kombucha. Water kefir is typically made as a probiotic homebrew beverage. The finished product, if bottled, will produce a carbonated beverage.

Origin

The origin of tibicos grains is not known exactly.{{Cite journal|last1=Laureys|first1=David|last2=De Vuyst|first2=Luc|date=April 2014|title=Microbial Species Diversity, Community Dynamics, and Metabolite Kinetics of Water Kefir Fermentation|journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology|volume=80|issue=8|pages=2564–2572|doi=10.1128/AEM.03978-13|issn=0099-2240|pmc=3993195|pmid=24532061|bibcode=2014ApEnM..80.2564L}} In 1889, Martinus Beijerinck conjectured that the grains from the ginger beer plant were originally brought by the British soldiers while returning to their country from the Crimean War in 1855.{{Cite journal|last1=Fiorda|first1=Fernanda Assumpção|last2=de Melo Pereira|first2=Gilberto Vinicius|last3=Thomaz-Soccol|first3=Vanete|last4=Rakshit|first4=Sudip Kumar|last5=Pagnoncelli|first5=Maria Giovana Binder|last6=de Souza Vandenberghe|first6=Luciana Porto|last7=Soccol|first7=Carlos Ricardo|display-authors=3|date= September 2017|title=Microbiological, biochemical, and functional aspects of sugary kefir fermentation - A review|journal=Food Microbiology|volume=66|pages=86–95|doi=10.1016/j.fm.2017.04.004|pmid=28576377 }} This was later dismissed as unsubstantiated by Harry Marshall Ward in 1892 noting its real origins remain a mystery.{{Cite journal|last1=Ward|first1=Harry Marshall|date=1 January 1892|title=The ginger-beer plant, and the organisms composing it: A contribution to the study of fermentation-yeasts and bacteria.|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B| volume=183|pages=125–197|doi=10.1098/rstb.1892.0006|doi-access=free}} As a different theory, Lutz (1899) reported "Tibi grains" which were plucked from the leaves of a Mexican cactus (Opuntia).{{Cite journal|last=Lutz|first=L.|year=1899|title=Recherches biologiques sur la constitution du Tibi|journal=Bull. Soc. Mycol. France|volume=15|pages=68–72}} These granules then could be reconstituted in a sugar-water solution for propagating the tibicos grains.

Ward was the first to publish an account of the composition of water kefir composition noting it as a "beverage containing a symbiotic mixture of yeast and bacteria, and containing sufficient amounts of nitrogenous organic matter and beet sugar or cane sugar in its aqueous solution".{{Cite journal | last1 = Cufaoglu | first1 = Gizem | last2 = Erdinc | first2 = Ayse Nur | title = An alternative source of probiotics: Water kefir | journal = Food Frontiers | volume = 4 |date = 8 January 2023 | pages = 21–31 | doi = 10.1002/fft2.200 | s2cid = 255676470 | doi-access = free }} Another study found a similar tibicos culture made from bacteria cultured from known stocks with similar properties.{{Cite journal | last1 = Stacey | first1 = M. | last2 = Youd | first2 = F. R. | title = A note on the dextran produced from sucrose by Betacoccus arabinosaceous haemolyticus | journal = Biochem. J. | volume = 32 | issue = 11 | date = November 1938 | pmc=1264277 | pages = 1943–1945 | pmid=16746830| doi = 10.1042/bj0321943 }}

Tibicos are also known as tibi, water kefir grains, sugar kefir grains, Japanese water crystals and California bees, and in older literature as bébées, African bees, Australian bees, ginger bees, vinegar bees, bees, Japanese beer seeds, beer seeds, beer plant, ale nuts, eternity grains,{{Cite book|url=https://www.nb.no/nbsok/nb/1d18171283506655979729d92c7fd67a?index=1#87|title=Hjemmelagning av øl og vin|last=Sopp|first=J.O.|publisher=Norli|year=1917|location=Kristiania, Norway|pages=83}} and Balm of Gilead.{{Cite journal | last = Kebler | first = L. F.| title = California bees. | journal = J. Pharm. Sci. |volume=10 |issue = 12 |pages=939–943 |date=June 1921 |doi=10.1002/jps.3080101206|url = https://zenodo.org/record/1427691 }} Pidoux in 1898 also identified the sugary kefir grains with the ginger beer plant. Different ingredients or hygienic conditions might also change the bacteriological composition possibly leading to the different names found in scientific literature.

Tibicos are used to brew a variety of tepache known as tepache de tibicos.{{Cite journal|last1=Romero-Luna|first1=Haydee Eliza |last2=Hernández-Sánchez|first2=Humberto|last3=Dávila-Ortiz|first3=Gloria|date=3 August 2017|title=Traditional fermented beverages from Mexico as a potential probiotic source|journal=Annals of Microbiology|volume=67|issue=9 |pages=577–586|doi=10.1007/s13213-017-1290-2|s2cid=256073930 }} The ginger beer plant is also a form of tibicos. Kebler attests that they were used in Kentucky circa 1859 to brew a "home drink" and were referred to as "Japanese beer seeds."

Cultures

Tibicos cultures are found around the world, with no two being exactly the same; but typical tibicos have a mix of Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Pediococcus and Leuconostoc bacteria, with yeasts from Saccharomyces, Candida, Kloeckera and possibly others. Lactobacillus brevis bacteria has been identified as the species responsible for the production of the dextran polysaccharide that forms the "grains".{{Cite journal | last1 = Horisberger | first1 = M. | last2 = Bauer | first2 = H. | last3 = Bauer | first3 = Heinz| title = The structural organization of the Tibi grain as revealed by light, scanning and transmission microscopy | journal = Archives of Microbiology |volume=128 |issue=2 |pages=157–161 |date=December 1980 |doi=10.1007/BF00406153 | bibcode = 1980ArMic.128..157M | s2cid = 30407268 }}{{Cite journal | title = The microbial flora of sugary kefir grain (the gingerbeer plant): biosynthesis of the grain from Lactobacillus hilgardii producing a polysaccharide gel | journal = World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology|volume=5 |pages=223–38 |date=June 1989 |doi=10.1007/BF01741847 | issue = 2 | last1 = Pidoux | first1 = M. | s2cid = 83381986}}

As with milk kefir "grains", the microbes present in tibicos act in symbiosis to maintain a stable culture. Tibicos can do this in many different sugary liquids like coconut water, fruit juice or sugar mixed with water, feeding off the sugar to produce lactic acid, alcohol (ethanol), and carbon dioxide gas, which carbonates the drink.

Preparation

Image:Kefir wodny (Tibicos).jpg

The basic preparation method is for tibicos to be added to a sugary liquid and fermented 24 to 48 hours. The water is kept at a room temperature range of {{convert|20-30|C|F|round=5}}. If the temperature is towards the upper end of this range, the fermentation period is shortened.{{Cite web|url=https://www.culturesforhealth.com/learn/water-kefir/encouraging-water-kefir-grains-to-multiply/|title = Encouraging Water Kefir Grains to Multiply: 7 Tips for Happy & Healthy Grains| date=23 June 2022 }} A typical recipe might contain the tibicos culture, citrus/dried fruit, and water.{{cite web |last1=Gross |first1=Ivo |title=The ultimate guide to water kefir |url=https://letsgotomato.com/the-ultimate-guide-to-water-kefir/ |website=Letsgotomato.com |date=11 July 2023 |access-date=6 September 2023}}

For tibicos grains to grow, a certain water buffer capacity and/or calcium concentration are required.{{Cite journal | last1 = Laureys | first1 = David | last2 = Aerts | first2 = Maarten | last3 = Vandamme | first3 = Peter | last4 = De Vuyst | first4 = Luc | title = The Buffer Capacity and Calcium Concentration of Water Influence the Microbial Species Diversity, Grain Growth, and Metabolite Production During Water Kefir Fermentation | journal = Frontiers in Microbiology |volume=10 |pages=2876 |date=13 December 2019 |doi=10.3389/fmicb.2019.02876 | pmid = 31921054 | doi-access = free | pmc = 6923659 }} If necessary, buffer capacity can be improved by adding some hydrogen carbonate-rich mineral water.{{Cite journal | last1 = Beer | first1 = Andre-Michael | last2 = Uebelhack | first2 = Ralf | last3 = Pohl | first3 = Ute | title = Efficacy and tolerability of hydrogen carbonate-rich water for heartburn | journal = World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pathophysiology |volume=7 |pages=171–180 |date=15 February 2016 | issue = 1 |doi=10.4291/wjgp.v7.i1.171| pmid = 26909240 | pmc = 4753184 | doi-access = free }}

Some ingredients will inhibit fermentation, such as chlorine in tap water or the sulfites used to preserve dried fruit. Additional precautions are taken to keep the cultures healthy. The use of reactive metals such as aluminium, copper, or zinc are minimised. The acidity of the solution will react with the metals forming metal ions, which could be potentially damaging to the culture. Instead, plastic, lead-free ceramic, or glass containers are commonly used. It is recommended to culture grains in a glass jar and use clean plastic or silicone utensils when handling the grains.

Researchers demonstrated antimicrobial activity during tibicos fermentation, using tibicos grains to ferment different sugar sources, namely, molasses, demerara sugar, and brown sugar. Brown sugar promoted the greatest antimicrobial activities, against the microorganisms Candida albicans, Salmonella typhi, Shigella sonnei, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.{{Cite journal | last1 = Silva | first1 = Karoline | last2 = Rodrigues | first2 = Sheila | last3 = Filho | first3 = Lauro Xavier | last4 = Lima | first4 = Alvaro S. | title = Antimicrobial Activity of Broth Fermented with Kefir Grains | journal = Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology |volume=152 |pages=316–325 |date=29 July 2008 | issue = 2 |doi=10.1007/s12010-008-8303-3| pmid = 18663417 | s2cid = 19989453 }}

tibicos

Origin

Cultures

Preparation

See also

References

Further reading