tierra templada

Tierra templada (Spanish for temperate land) is a pseudo-climatological term used in Latin America to refer to places which are either located in the tropics at a moderately high elevation or are marginally outside the astronomical tropics, producing a somewhat cooler overall climate than that found in the tropical lowlands, the zone of which is known as the tierra caliente.

In countries situated close to the equator, the tierra templada typically has an elevation span of between {{convert|750|and|1850|m|ft}}.{{cite web|url=http://www.geog.fu-berlin.de/~phygeo/studium/diplom/ws_0405/ms_24505_boden/boeden_azonal_hochgebirge.pdf|first=Brigitta|last=Schütt|year=2005|title=Azonale Böden und Hochgebirgsböden|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327182826/http://www.geog.fu-berlin.de/~phygeo/studium/diplom/ws_0405/ms_24505_boden/boeden_azonal_hochgebirge.pdf |archivedate=2009-03-27|language=de}}{{cite book|last1=Zech|first1=W|last2=Hintermaier-Erhard|first2=G|year=2002|title=Böden der Welt – Ein Bildatlas|location=Heidelberg|page=98|language=de}}{{cite book|last1=Christopher|first1=Salter|first2=Joseph|last2=Hobbs|first3=Jesse|last3=Wheeler|first4=J. Trenton|last4=Kostbade|year=2005|title=Essentials of World Regional Geography|edition=2nd|location=New York|publisher=Harcourt Brace|pages=464–465}}{{cite web |url=http://www.harpercollege.edu/mhealy/g101ilec/midamer/mmd/mmphys/mmaltzon/mmaltfr.htm |title=Middle America: Altitudinal Zonation|accessdate=2009-03-11 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724052006/http://www.harpercollege.edu/mhealy/g101ilec/midamer/mmd/mmphys/mmaltzon/mmaltfr.htm |archivedate=2009-07-24 }} These thresholds become lower as the latitude increases. The Peruvian geographer Javier Pulgar Vidal used following altitudes:

• 1,000 m as the border between the tropical rainforest and the subtropical cloud forest
• 2,300 m as the end of the subtropical cloud forest (Yunga fluvial)
• 3,500 m as the treeline
• 4,800 m as the puna end{{cite journal|last=Pulgar Vidal|first=Javier|title=Las ocho regiones naturales del Perú|journal=Boletín del Museo de historia natural "Javier Prado"|number=especial|location=Lima|year=1941|volume=17|pages=145–161|language=es}}

Tierra templada has mean average temperature between {{convert|18|and|22|C|F}}.{{cite web|url=http://geo-mexico.com/?p=3843|title=Altitude zones of Mexico|publisher=Geomexico|accessdate=2019-03-09}} Coffee is grown extensively as a cash crop, with grains such as wheat and corn being cultivated for subsistence purposes - in contrast to the warmer tierra caliente, where tropical fruits predominate. Xalapa in Mexico is an example of a city that lies in the tierra templada,{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mexico|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|accessdate=2019-03-07|title=Mexico}} having a subtropical highland climate under the Köppen climate classification.{{citation needed|date=March 2019}}