tomb of Fu Hao

File:Fuhao bat.JPG discovered in the tomb]]

The Tomb of Fu Hao ({{zh|s=妇好墓|t=婦好墓|first=t|p=Fù Hǎo Mù}}) lies within Yinxu, the site of the Late Shang capital, within the modern city of Anyang in Henan, China. The tomb was discovered in 1976 by Zheng Zhenxiang and excavated by the Anyang Working Team of the Archaeological Institute of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, who designated the tomb as M5. It is to date the only Shang royal tomb found intact with its contents and excavated by archaeologists.{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Fu Hao|doi=10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T097476|date=January 30, 2010|orig-year=2002|encyclopedia=Grove Art Online|last=Barbieri-Low|first=Anthony|isbn=978-1-884446-05-4 }}

Among the wealth of goods found in the tomb were bronze vessels bearing the name of Fu Hao, who is mentioned on oracle bones as a military leader and consort of king Wu Ding, who reigned {{circa|1200 BCE}}. After extensive restoration the tomb was opened to the public in 1999.

Discovery and contents

File:Shang Jade Phoenix, Fu Hao Tomb, c. 1200 BC.jpg

In 1976, Zheng Zhenxiang and her archaeological team were probing the area around Yinxu with a long shovel, called a Luoyang shovel, and recovered some samples of red lacquer.{{cite web |url=http://www.cctv.com/program/travelogue/20041118/101442.shtml |title=An Yang, ancient capital of the Shang dynasty |access-date=August 6, 2007 |publisher=China Central Television}} The burial pit uncovered, officially numbered as tomb #5, has dimensions {{cvt|5.6 x 4|m}} and was located just outside the main royal cemetery. The tomb has been dated to {{circa|1200 BCE}} and identified, from inscriptions on ritual bronzes, to be that of Fu Hao.{{cite web |url=http://www.ancientchina.co.uk/staff/resources/background/bg7/bg7pdf.pdf |title=The Tomb of Lady Fu Hao |access-date=August 4, 2007 |publisher=British Museum}}Keightley, David N. "Art, Ancestors, and the Origins of Writing in China," Representations (Number 56, Special Issue: The New Erudition, 1996): p. 76.

Her tomb, one of the smaller tombs, is one of the best-preserved Shang dynasty royal tombs and the only one not to have been looted before excavation.{{cite book |first=Patricia | last=Ebrey | year=2006 |title=The Cambridge Illustrated History of China | publisher=Cambridge University Press

| pages=26–27 |isbn=0-521-43519-6

| url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgeillustr00ebre_0}} Inside the pit was evidence of a wooden chamber of dimensions {{cvt|5 x 3.5 x 1.3|m}} that contained a lacquered wooden coffin that had since completely rotted away.{{cite web |url=http://depts.washington.edu/chinaciv/archae/2fuhmain.htm |title=Shang Tomb of Fu Hao |access-date=August 4, 2007 |last=Buckley Ebrey |first=Patricia |work=A Visual Sourcebook of Chinese Civilization |publisher=University of Washington}}

The floor level housed the royal corpse and most of the utensils and implements buried with her. Rare jade artifacts, such as those of the Liangzhu culture, were probably collected by Fu Hao as antiques. While some of the bronze artifacts were probably used by the lady and her household, others inscribed with her posthumous name of Mu Xin were undoubtedly cast as grave goods.{{cite web |url=http://www.nga.gov/education/chinatp_fu.shtm |title=Excavations at the Tomb of Fu Hao |access-date=August 4, 2007 |work=Teaching the Golden Age of Chinese Archeology |publisher=National Gallery of Art |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070818102937/http://www.nga.gov/education/chinatp_fu.shtm|archive-date=2007-08-18 |url-status =dead}} The artifacts in the grave consisted of:

755 jade objects (including Longshan, Liangzhu, Hongshan and Shijiahe cultural artifacts){{cite web |url=http://depts.washington.edu/chinaciv/archae/2fuhjade.htm |title=Jade from Fu Hao's Tomb |access-date=August 4, 2007 |last=Buckley Ebrey |first=Patricia |work=A Visual Sourcebook of Chinese Civilization |publisher=University of Washington}}
564 bone objects (including 500 hairpins and 20 arrowheads)
468 bronze objects, including over 200 ritual bronze vessels,{{cite book |last=Rawson |first=Jessica |title=The British Museum Book of Chinese Art |publisher=British Museum Press |location=London |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-7141-2446-9 |edition=2nd |page=33}} 130 weapons, 23 bells, 27 knives, 4 mirrors, and 4 tiger statues{{cite web |url=http://depts.washington.edu/chinaciv/archae/2fuhbron.htm |title=Bronzes from Fu Hao's Tomb |access-date=August 4, 2007 |last=Buckley Ebrey |first=Patricia |work=A Visual Sourcebook of Chinese Civilization |publisher=University of Washington}}
63 stone objects
11 pottery objects
5 ivory objects
6,900 cowry shells (used as currency during the Shang dynasty)

Below the corpse was a small pit holding the remains of six sacrificial dogs, and along the edge lay the skeletons of 16 human slaves, evidence of human sacrifice.

There is also evidence above ground of a structure built over the tomb that probably served as an ancestral hall for holding memorial ceremonies; this has since been restored.{{cite news | title = Lady Hao's Tomb in the Yin Ruins | publisher = The Garden Museum of Yin Ruins | quote = Lady Hao's Tomb was a tomb of the royal family of the Yin Dynasty, which was excavated by Anyang Working Team of the Archaeological Institute of the Chinese Social Science Academy in 1976. There was a house foundation remained from the Yin Dynasty on the tomb, which was restored to be the Memorial Hall for Lady Hao during the construction of the garden museum. The coffin chamber of the tomb under the house foundation was in the shape of a small shaft with many kinds of funerary objects buried in 7 layers. There were over 1,900 pieces of objects unearthed from the tomb, including bronze vessels, jade objects, gem objects, bone implements, potteries and so on. In addition, there were over 6,880 cowry-shells as well. The coffin chamber of Lady Hao's tomb was restored in 1999. According to the epigraphs on the bronze vessels and the shapes of the objects and referring to the records concerned in the oracular inscriptions, the occupant of the tomb should be the concubine Lady Hao if the King Wuding of the Yin Dynasty. Lady Hao was the earliest woman general in China, died in the period of Wuding and was given a name of temple as Xin after her death. The discovery of Lady Hao's tomb is of important value to the research of politics, economy, culture and art, small states around, rural system, dating of the bronze vessels, ancient science and technology and so on of the Yin dynasty. }}

By connecting the jade artifact in the tomb of Fu Hao to much earlier artifact through stylistic and technical analysis, the archaeological context has identified an early collector, a woman who gathered about her artifacts of a much earlier period.{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RWz49m_QbHkC&q=fu+hao+jade+collector&pg=PA95 |title=Whose Culture?: The Promise of Museums and the Debate over Antiquities |isbn=978-1400833047 |editor-last=Cuno |editor-first=James |year=2012|publisher=Princeton University Press |last=Watt |first=James C.Y. |chapter=Antiquities and the Importance—and Limitations—of Archaeological Contexts |page=95 |editor-link=James Cuno}}

References

External links

[http://depts.washington.edu/chinaciv/archae/2fuhmain.htm Website on the tomb]
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M48Zd_n0GDI 10 minute documentary feature], part 1 of 7

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Category:1976 archaeological discoveries

Category:Archaeological sites in China

Category:Buildings and structures in Henan

Category:Shang dynasty

Category:Tombs in China

Category:Yinxu

tomb of Fu Hao

Discovery and contents

See also

References

Further reading

External links