tutelary deity

{{further|Greek city-state patron gods}}

Socrates spoke of hearing the voice of his personal spirit or daimonion:

{{quote|You have often heard me speak of an oracle or sign which comes to me … . This sign I have had ever since I was a child. The sign is a voice which comes to me and always forbids me to do something which I am going to do, but never commands me to do anything, and this is what stands in the way of my being a politician.{{cite book |author=Plato |title=Apology of Socrates |at=40 b}}}}

The Greeks also thought deities guarded specific places: for instance, Athena was the patron goddess of the city of Athens.

{{See also|Tutela}}

File:Bronze statuette of Cybele.jpg of Cybele represents the walls of the city she protects]]

Tutelary deities who guard and preserve a place or a person are fundamental to ancient Roman religion. The tutelary deity of a man was his Genius, that of a woman her Juno.Nicole Belayche, "Religious Actors in Daily Life: Practices and Beliefs", in A Companion to Roman Religion (Blackwell, 2007), p. 279. In the Imperial era, the Genius of the Emperor was a focus of Imperial cult. An emperor might also adopt a major deity as his personal patron or tutelary,{{cite book |first=Ittai |last=Gradel |title=Emperor Worship and Roman Religion |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2002 |pages=104–105}} as Augustus did Apollo.{{cite book |first=Michael |last=Lipka |title=Roman Gods: A conceptual approach |url=https://archive.org/details/romangodsreligio00lipk |url-access=limited |publisher=Brill |year=2009 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/romangodsreligio00lipk/page/n30 20]–21|isbn=9789004175037 }}{{cite book |first=Ittai |last=Gradel |title=Emperor Worship and Roman Religion |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2002 |page=116}} Precedents for claiming the personal protection of a deity were established in the Republican era, when for instance the Roman dictator Sulla advertised the goddess Victory as his tutelary by holding public games (ludi) in her honor.{{cite book |first=Frank |last=Bernstein |chapter=Complex Rituals: Games and processions in republican Rome |title=A Companion to Roman Religion |pages=231 ff}}

Each town or city had one or more tutelary deities, whose protection was considered particularly vital in time of war and siege. Rome itself was protected by a goddess whose name was to be kept ritually secret on pain of death (for a supposed case, see Quintus Valerius Soranus).{{cite book |first=Marcello |last=de Martino |title=L'identità segreta della divinità tutelare di Roma. Un riesame dell' affaire Sorano |publisher=Settimo Sigillo |year=2011}}{{cite book |author-link=Jörg Rüpke |first=Jörg |last=Rüpke |title=Religion of the Romans |pages=132–133 |publisher=Polity Press |year=2007}} (originally published in German 2001) The Capitoline Triad of Juno, Jupiter, and Minerva were also tutelaries of Rome.{{cite book |last=Lipka |title=Roman Gods |pages=23–24}}

The Italic towns had their own tutelary deities. Juno often had this function, as at the Latin town of Lanuvium and the Etruscan city of Veii,{{cite book |first=Gary |last=Forsythe |title=A Critical History of Early Rome: From prehistory to the first Punic War |publisher=University of California Press |orig-year=2005 |year=2006 |pages=128}} and was often housed in an especially grand temple on the arx (citadel) or other prominent or central location.{{cite book |last=Rüpke |title=Religion of the Romans |page=132}} who cites {{cite book |author-link=Macrobius |last=Macrobius |title=Saturnalia |at=3.9}} The tutelary deity of Praeneste was Fortuna, whose oracle was renowned.{{cite book |first=P.G.P. |last=Meyboom |title=The Nile Mosaic of Palestrina: Early evidence of Egyptian religion in Italy |publisher=Brill |year=1995 |at=preface and p. 160 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jyTFEJ56iTUC&q=%22Tutelary+goddess+of+Praeneste%22|isbn=978-9004101371 }}.

The Roman ritual of evocatio was premised on the belief that a town could be made vulnerable to military defeat if the power of its tutelary deity were diverted outside the city, perhaps by the offer of superior cult at Rome.{{cite book |last=Lipka |title=Roman Gods |pages=126–127}}{{cite book |author-link=Clifford Ando |last=Ando |first=Clifford |chapter=Exporting Roman religion |title=A Companion to Roman Religion |publisher=Blackwell |year=2007 |page=441}} The depiction of some goddesses such as the Magna Mater (Great Mother, or Cybele) as "tower-crowned" represents their capacity to preserve the city.{{cite book |last=Lipka |title=Roman Gods |page=123}} who cites {{cite book |author-link=Lucretius |last=Lucretius |title=De rerum natura |at=2.606–609|title-link=De rerum natura }}

A town in the provinces might adopt a deity from within the Roman religious sphere to serve as its guardian, or syncretize its own tutelary with such; for instance, a community within the civitas of the Remi in Gaul adopted Apollo as its tutelary, and at the capital of the Remi (present-day Rheims), the tutelary was Mars Camulus.{{cite book |first=Ton |last=Derks |title=Gods, Temples, and Ritual Practices: The transformation of religious ideas and values in Roman Gaul |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |year=1998 |pages=100, 105, 108–109 |quote=Local elites … were well aware of the mythological tales connected with the various Roman gods, and in the choice of a tutelary god for their civitas or pagus opted deliberately for a deity who, in all his aspects, was most in keeping with their own perception of the world.}}

File:Vettii.jpg

Tutelary deities were also attached to sites of a much smaller scale, such as storerooms, crossroads, and granaries. Each Roman home had a set of protective deities: the Lar or Lares of the household or familia, whose shrine was a lararium; the Penates who guarded the storeroom (penus) of the innermost part of the house; Vesta, whose sacred site in each house was the hearth; and the Genius of the paterfamilias, the head of household.{{cite book |first=Valerie M. |last=Warrior |title=Roman Religion |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2006 |pages=28–29}} The poet Martial lists the tutelary deities who watch over various aspects of his farm.{{cite book |author-link=Martial |last=Martial |title=Epigrams |at=10.92}} cited by {{cite book |last=Warrior |title=Roman Religion |pages=29–30}} The architecture of a granary (horreum) featured niches for images of the tutelary deities, who might include the genius loci or guardian spirit of the site, Hercules, Silvanus, Fortuna Conservatrix ("Fortuna the Preserver") and in the Greek East Aphrodite and Agathe Tyche.{{cite book |first=Geoffrey |last=Rickman |title=Roman Granaries and Store Buildings |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1971 |pages=35, 52, 57, 313–314}}

The Lares Compitales were the tutelary gods of a neighborhood (vicus), each of which had a compitum (shrine) devoted to these.{{cite book |last=Gradel |title=Emperor Worship and Roman Religion |page=11}}{{cite book |author-link=Robert E.A. Palmer |first=Robert E.A. |last=Palmer |title=The Archaic Community of the Romans |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2009 |page=81 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-cgAQcJTqSMC&q=tutelary&pg=PA81 |isbn=9780521077026 |access-date=2020-11-03 |archive-date=2022-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330083549/https://books.google.com/books?id=-cgAQcJTqSMC&q=tutelary&pg=PA81 |url-status=live }} Their annual public festival was the Compitalia. During the Republic, the cult of local or neighborhood tutelaries sometimes became rallying points for political and social unrest.John Bert Lott, The Neighborhoods of Augustan Rome (Cambridge University Press, 2004), pp. 14, 34–38 et passim; and Richard C. Beacham, Spectacle Entertainments of Early Imperial Rome (Yale University Press, 1999), pp. 55–56; with reference to a ban on guild associations referred to by Cicero (In Pisonem 8) that was extended to suppress the Compitalia.

• Atua
• Hanitu
• Hyang
• Kaitiaki
• Kawas (mythology)
• Tiki

• Tibetan Buddhism has Yidam as a tutelary deity. Dakini is the patron of those who seek knowledge.

File:Stone Doors of an Early Medieval Tomb, Ching-pien County.jpg

Chinese folk religion, both past and present, includes myriad tutelary deities. Exceptional individuals, highly cultivated sages, and prominent ancestors can be deified and honored after death. Lord Guan is the patron of military personnel and police, while Mazu is the patron of fishermen and sailors.

• Tudigong (Earth Deity) is the tutelary deity of a locality, and each individual locality has its own Earth Deity.
• Chenghuangshen (City God) is the guardian deity of individual city, worshipped by local officials and locals since imperial times.

A similar concept in Christianity would be the patron saint example of archangels "Michael, Gabriel, Raphael, etc."{{Cite web|title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Esdras (Ezra)|url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05535a.htm|access-date=2021-12-03|website=newadvent.org|archive-date=2021-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203202627/https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05535a.htm|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|title=Bible Gateway passage: 1 Thessalonians 4:16 – New Revised Standard Version|url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1%20Thessalonians%204%3A16&version=NRSV|access-date=2021-12-03|website=Bible Gateway|language=en|archive-date=2021-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203202629/https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1%20Thessalonians%204:16&version=NRSV|url-status=live}} or to a lesser extent, the guardian angel.

• Fylgja
• Hamingja
• Landdisir
• Landvættir
• Vættir

{{see also|Village deities of South India|Village deities of Sri Lankan Tamils}}

In Hinduism, personal tutelary deities are known as ishta-devata, while family tutelary deities are known as Kuladevata. Gramadevata are guardian deities of villages or regions. Devas can also be seen as tutelary. Shiva is patron of yogis and renunciants. City gods and goddesses include:

• Mata Mumbadevi (Mumbai)
• Sachchika (Osian)
• Mata Patan Devi (Patna)
• Sri Hattanath (Sylhet, Bangladesh)

:Kuladevis include:

• Ambika (Porwad)
• Mahalakshmi
• Kal Bhairava is the protector of Ujjain
• Murugan is the protector of Kurinji (Hills).
• Padmanabhaswamy (Travancore)
• Guru Gorakhnath (Gorakhpur)

Influenced by the religion of Islam, Indonesian people believe in jinn, particularly on the island of Java. Those jinn who adhere to the religion of Islam are generally benevolent, however, non-Muslim jinn are considered to be mischievous. Some of them guard graves. If a pilgrim approaching the grave has evil intentions, they would cause severe illness or even death.Woodward, Mark. Java, Indonesia and Islam. Deutschland, Springer Netherlands, 2010.p. 87

Some of the prominent tutelary deities:

• Nyai Roro Kidul, Queen of Southern Sea
• Dewi Lanjar, Queen of the Northern Sea
• Dewi Sri, goddess of rice and fertility, popular among Javanese, Balinese and Sundanese

Spirits called shedim are mentioned twice in the Hebrew Bible. In both of these instances (Psalm 106:37 and Deuteronomy 32:17) the shedim are associated with child sacrifice or animal sacrifice.W. Gunther Plaut, The Torah: A Modern Commentary (Union for Reform Judaism, 2005), p. 1403 [https://books.google.com/books?id=wCTfI2rpvXEC&dq=shedim&pg=PP1422 online]Dan Burton and David Grandy, Magic, Mystery, and Science: The Occult in Western Civilization (Indiana University Press, 2003), p. 120 [https://books.google.com/books?id=vSWSSBU7EdwC&dq=%22The+Hebrew+term+for+demons%22&pg=PA120 online]. The term "shedim" is believed by some to be a loan-word from the Akkadian shedu, which referred to a spirit which could be either protective or malevolent.{{cite book|author1=Rachel Elior|author2=Peter Schäfer|title=על בריאה ועל יצירה במחשבה היהודית: ספר היובל לכבודו של יוסף דן במלאת לו שבעים שנה|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Fg2TiVGRQ0C&pg=PA29|year=2005|publisher=Mohr Siebeck|isbn=978-3-16-148714-9|page=29}}Encyclopedia of Spirits: The Ultimate Guide to the Magic of Fairies, Genies, Demons, Ghosts, Gods & Goddesses. Judika Illes. HarperCollins, Jan 2009. [https://books.google.com/books?id=jDr51XX_YjEC&dq=shedim&pg=PA902 p. 902].The Encyclopedia of Demons and Demonology. Rosemary Guiley. Infobase Publishing, May 12, 2010. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NHosWhaeWDQC&dq=sedim%2C+assyrian+guard+spirits&pg=PA21 p. 21].

In Korean shamanism, jangseung and sotdae were placed at the edge of villages to frighten off demons. They were also worshiped as deities. Seonangshin is the patron deity of the village in Korean tradition and was believed to embody the Seonangdang.

{{See|Meitei deities|Meitei mythology|Sanamahism}}

In Meitei mythology and religion (Sanamahism) of Manipur, there are various types of tutelary deities, among which Lam Lais are the most predominant ones.{{cite book| last = Banerji| first = Projesh| title = Dance of India| year = 1956| publisher = Kitabistan| isbn = }}{{cite book| last = Playne| first = Somerset| title = Bengal and Assam, Behar and Orissa: Their History, People, Commerce, and Industrial Resources| year = 1917| publisher = Foreign and Colonial Compiling and Publishing Company| isbn = }}{{cite book| author = Sarat Chandra Roy (Rai Bahadur| title = Man in India| year = 1981| publisher = A.K. Bose| isbn = }}

{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2021}}

• Tonás, tutelary animal spirit among the Zapotec.
• Totems, familial or clan spirits among the Ojibwe, can be animals.

In Philippine animism, Diwata or Lambana are deities or spirits that inhabit sacred places like mountains and mounds and serve as guardians.

• Maria Makiling is the deity who guards Mt. Makiling.
• Maria Cacao and Maria Sinukuan.

{{Main|Ujigami}}

In Shinto, the spirits, or kami, which give life to human bodies come from nature and return to it after death. Ancestors are therefore themselves tutelaries to be worshiped.

Some tutelary deities are known to exist in Slavic Europe, a more prominent example being that of the Leshy.{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Demons in World Religions and Cultures |year=1969 |last=Bane |first=Theresa |isbn=9780786488940 |location=Jefferson, North Carolina |oclc=774276733}}

File:Geisterhaus BMW Bangkok.JPG spirit house for the Chao Thi in front of a car dealership in Bangkok]]

• Thai provincial capitals have tutelary city pillars and palladiums. The guardian spirit of a house is known as Chao Thi (เจ้าที่) or Phra Phum (พระภูมิ). Almost every traditional household in Thailand has a miniature shrine housing this tutelary deity, known as a spirit house.

Altought they are not necessarily subject to worship, İye are tutelary spirits which empower and protect from harm, in the legends of the Turkic peoples.

In Vietnamese folk religion, Thành hoàng are gods who protect and bring good things to the village.

• Dharmapāla
• Dvarapala
• Ethnic religion
• Eudaemon (mythology)
• Guardian angel
• Hiisi
• Liminal deity
• Nagual
• National god
• Neoshamanism
• Patron saint
• Uay

{{Reflist}}

{{Commons category|Tutelary deities}}

{{Wiktionary}}

{{Wiktionary|tutelary}}

{{Wiktionary|tutelar}}

Category:Comparative mythology

Category:Mythological archetypes

Category:City God