uakari

{{Short description|Genus of New World monkeys}}

{{Automatic taxobox

| name = Uakari{{MSW3 Primates | id = 12100349 | page = 146 | heading = Genus Cacajao}}

| status = CITES_A1

| status_system = CITES

| image = uakari_male.jpg

| image_caption = Bald uakari (Cacajao calvus)

| taxon = Cacajao

| authority = Lesson, 1840

| type_species = Simia melanocephalus

| type_species_authority = Humboldt, 1812

| subdivision_ranks = Species

| subdivision =

Cacajao melanocephalus

Cacajao calvus

Cacajao ayresi

Cacajao hosomi

}}

Uakari ({{IPAc-en|UK|w|ə|ˈ|k|ɑːr|i}},{{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/uakari |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123134147/https://www.lexico.com/definition/uakari |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 23, 2021 |title=uakari |dictionary=Lexico UK English Dictionary |publisher=Oxford University Press}} {{IPAc-en|US|w|ɑː|-}}){{cite Merriam-Webster|uakari}} is the common name for the New World monkeys from the genus Cacajao. Both the English and scientific names are believed to have originated from indigenous languages.{{Cite journal|last=Barnett|first=Adrian A.|date=December 2004|title=The Meanings of Cacajao and Uacari: Folk Etymology in Neotropical Primate Taxonomy|journal=Neotropical Primates|language=en|volume=12|issue=3|pages=147–152|doi=10.1896/1413-4705.12.3.147|issn=1413-4705|doi-access=free}}

The uakaris are unusual among New World monkeys in that the tail length (15–18 cm) is substantially less than their head and body length (40–45 cm). Their bodies are covered with long, loose hair but their heads are bald. They have almost no subcutaneous fat, so their bald faces appear almost skull-like. Like their closest relatives the saki monkeys, they have projecting lower incisors. These monkeys have the most striking red facial skin of any primate. Females choose their mates based on how red the male's face is. Evidence suggests that the red facial coloration reflects the health of the primate.{{Cite journal|last1=Corso|first1=Josmael|last2=Bowler|first2=Mark|last3=Heymann|first3=Eckhard W.|last4=Roos|first4=Christian|last5=Mundy|first5=Nicholas I.|date=2016-04-13|title=Highly polymorphic colour vision in a New World monkey with red facial skin, the bald uakari ( Cacajao calvus )|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|language=en|volume=283|issue=1828|pages=20160067|doi=10.1098/rspb.2016.0067|issn=0962-8452|pmc=4843651|pmid=27053753}}

The four species of uakari currently recognized are all found in the north-western Amazon basin. The bald uakari, remarkable for its brilliant scarlet complexion,Wolfe, A. (1997) Primates, San Francisco: Chronicle Books, p. 159 is found north of the Amazon River, and south of the Japurá River in the Mamirauá Sustainable Development Reserve. The black-headed uakari is found north of the Amazon and south of the Rio Negro. The Neblina uakari is found north of the Rio Negro, west of the Rio Marauiá and east of the Casiquiare canal. The Aracá uakari is currently known only from the Rio Curuduri basin.

They have been observed both in small groups and in larger troops of up to 100. When traveling through the forest they move in the lower branches of the trees, though when foraging they also go up to the canopy. They mostly eat fruit, and unlike other Neotropical frugivores will consume a large amount of unripe fruit for which they have specialised dentition. They also eat flowers, seeds, invertebrates, buds and leaves.

Uakari are found in neotropical Amazon flooded or riparian forests, including Brazil, Colombia, Peru and Venezuela.{{cite web|last=Gron |first=K.J. |date=July 21, 2008|title=Primate Factsheets: Uakari (Cacajao) Taxonomy, Morphology, & Ecology |url=https://primate.wisc.edu/primate-info-net/pin-factsheets/pin-factsheet-uakari/|access-date= July 1, 2012}}

A phylogeographic reconstruction found that the concestor of living uakari dates to 1.7 million years ago, in the Solimões River, whence they spread and diversified following intermittent river rearrangements.{{Cite journal |last1=Silva |first1=Felipe Ennes |last2=Luna |first2=Leilton Willians |last3=Batista |first3=Romina |last4=Röhe |first4=Fabio |last5=Gubili |first5=Chrysoula |last6=Farias |first6=Izeni P. |last7=Hrbek |first7=Tomas |last8=Valsecchi |first8=João |last9=Ribas |first9=Camila C. |last10=McDevitt |first10=Allan D. |last11=Dellicour |first11=Simon |last12=Flot |first12=Jean-François |last13=Boubli |first13=Jean P. |date=2024-04-08 |title=Impact of Quaternary Amazonian river dynamics on the diversification of uakari monkeys (genus Cacajao ) |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jbi.14844 |journal=Journal of Biogeography |language=en |doi=10.1111/jbi.14844 |issn=0305-0270}}