ulmaceae
{{Short description|Family of flowering plants}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|Maastrichtian|recent|Maastrichtian - recent|ref={{Cite web |title=Rosales|url=http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/orders/rosalesweb.htm|access-date=2023-06-16 |website=www.mobot.org}}}}
| image = Ulmus laciniata.jpg
| image_caption = Ulmus laciniata
Morton Arboretum acc. 180-84-1
| taxon = Ulmaceae
| authority = Mirb. 1815
| type_species = Ulmus
| type_species_authority = L. 1753
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision = * Ampelocera Klotzsch 1847 (12 spp.)
- Hemiptelea Planch. 1872 (1 sp.)
- Holoptelea Planch. 1848 (1 sp.)
- Phyllostylon Benth. 1880 (2 spp.)
- Planera J.F.Gmel. 1791 (1 sp.)
- Ulmus L. 1753 (40 spp.)
- Zelkova Spach 1841 (6 spp.)
| range_map = Ulmaceae Distribution.svg
| range_map_caption = The range of Ulmaceae.
| synonyms = * Samaracaceae Dulac
}}
The Ulmaceae ({{IPAc-en|ʌ|l|ˈ|m|eɪ|s|i}}) are a family of flowering plants that includes the elms (genus Ulmus), and the zelkovas (genus Zelkova).{{cite journal | last = Denk | first = T | author2 = GW Grimm | title = Phylogeny and biogeography of Zelkova (Ulmaceae sensu stricto) as inferred from leaf morphology, ITS sequence data and the fossil record | journal = Bot J Linn Soc | volume = 147 | issue = 2 | pages = 129–157 | date = February 2005 | doi = 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2005.00354.x| doi-access = free }} Members of the family are widely distributed throughout the north temperate zone, and have a scattered distribution elsewhere except for Australasia.{{cite web|last = Watson|first = L.|author2=Dallwitz, M. J. |title = The Families of Flowering Plants: Ulmaceae Mirb.|date = 1992|url = http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/ulmaceae.htm|access-date = 21 November 2006 }}{{cite web|last = Stevens|first = P|title = Angiosperm Phylogeny Website|publisher = Missouri Botanical Garden|date = 2001|url = http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/APweb/welcome.html|access-date = 21 November 2006 }}
The family was formerly sometimes treated to include the hackberries, (Celtis and allies), but an analysis by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group suggests that these genera are better placed in the related family Cannabaceae. It generally is considered to include ca 7 genera and about 45 species.{{cite journal | author = Christenhusz, M. J. M. | author2 = Byng, J. W. | name-list-style = amp | year = 2016 | title = The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 261 | pages = 201–217 | url = http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 | issue = 3 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2016Phytx.261..201C }} Some classifications also include the genus Ampelocera.{{cite journal|last = Ueda|first = Kunihiko |author2=K Kosuge |author3=H Tobe|title = A molecular phylogeny of Celtidaceae and Ulmaceae (Urticales) based on rbcL nucleotide sequences |journal = Journal of Plant Research |volume = 110|issue = 2|pages = 171–178|date=June 1997|doi = 10.1007/BF02509305|bibcode = 1997JPlR..110..171U |s2cid = 38413808 }}
Description
The family is a group of evergreen or deciduous trees and shrubs with mucilaginous substances in leaf and bark tissue. Leaves are usually alternate on the stems. The leaf blades are simple (not compound), with entire (smooth) or variously toothed margins, and often have an asymmetrical base. The flowers are small and either bisexual or unisexual.{{Citation |last1=Sytsma |first1=Kenneth J. |last2=Morawetz |first2=Jeffery |last3=Pires |first3=J. Chris |last4=Nepokroeff |first4=Molly |last5=Conti |first5=Elena |last6=Zjhra |first6=Michelle |last7=Hall |first7=Jocelyn C. |last8=Chase |first8=Mark W. |year=2002 |title=Urticalean rosids: Circumscription, rosid ancestry, and phylogenetics based on rbcL, trnL–F, and ndhF sequences |journal=Am J Bot |volume=89 |issue=9 |pages=1531–1546 |doi=10.3732/ajb.89.9.1531 |name-list-style=amp |pmid=21665755|s2cid=207690258 |doi-access=free }} The fruit is an indehiscent samara, nut, or drupe.
Uses
Ulmus provides important timber trees mostly for furniture.
Phylogeny
Modern molecular phylogenetics suggest the following relationships:{{cite journal | vauthors = Zavada MS, Kim M | year = 1996 | title = Phylogenetic analysis of Ulmaceae | journal = Plant Syst Evol | volume = 200 | issue = 1 | pages = 13–20 | doi = 10.1007/BF00984745| bibcode = 1996PSyEv.200...13Z | s2cid = 44056978 }}{{cite conference | url = http://www.2012.botanyconference.org/engine/search/index.php?func=detail&aid=316 | title = Fossils, biogeography and dates in an expanded phylogeny of Ulmaceae | vauthors = Neubig K, Herrera F, Manchester S, Abbott JR | date = July 7–11, 2012 | publisher = Botanical Society of America | location = St. Louis, Missouri | conference = Botany 2012: Annual Meeting of the Botanical Society of America in Columbus, Ohio, USA | id = Abstract 316}}{{cite journal | author = Sun M | author2 = Naeem R | author3 = Su J-X | author4 = Cao Z-Y | author5 = J. Burleigh G | author6 = Soltis PS | author7 = Soltis DE | author8 = Chen Z-D | year = 2016 | title = Phylogeny of the Rosidae: A dense taxon sampling analysis | journal = Journal of Systematics and Evolution | volume = 54 | issue = 4 | pages = 363–391 | doi = 10.1111/jse.12211| doi-access = free | bibcode = 2016JSyEv..54..363S }}
{{Clade| style=line-height:75%;
|1={{clade
|1=Cannabaceae (outgroup)
|label2=Ulmaceae
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=Holoptelea
|2=Ampelocera
}}
|2={{clade
|1=Hemiptelea
|2={{clade
|1=Zelkova
|2=Ulmus
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
References
{{Reflist}}
{{Angiosperm families}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q156311}}
{{Authority control}}