voiced labiodental nasal

{{Short description|Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ɱ⟩ in IPA}}

{{Infobox IPA

|ipa number=115

|ipa symbol=ɱ

|ipa symbol2=m̪

|decimal=625

|xsampa=F

|kirshenbaum=M

|braille=235

|braille2=134

|imagefile=IPA Unicode 0x0271.svg

|imagesize=150px

}}

The voiced labiodental nasal is a type of consonantal sound. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA|ɱ}}. The IPA symbol is a lowercase letter m with a leftward hook protruding from the lower right of the letter. Occasionally it is instead transcribed as an {{IPA|m}} with a dental diacritic: {{angbr IPA|m̪}} (for example in extIPA, where the two transcriptions are presented as variants).Duckworth et al. (1990) [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232077905_Extensions_to_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet_for_the_transcription_of_atypical_speech Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet for the transcription of atypical speech.] Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics 4: 4: 276.

The labiodental pronunciation of {{IPA|[ɱ]}} is very similar to that of the bilabial nasal {{IPA|[m]}}, but instead of the lips touching each other, the lower lip touches the upper teeth. The position of the lips and teeth is generally the same as for the production of the labiodental fricatives {{IPA|[f]}} and {{IPA|[v]}}, though air escapes between the lip and the teeth in the case of the fricatives.

Although commonly appearing in languages, it is overwhelmingly an allophone restricted to a position before the labiodental consonants {{IPA|[f]}} and {{IPA|[v]}}. A phonemic {{IPA|/ɱ/}} has only been reported for the Kukuya language, which contrasts it with {{IPA|/m, mpf, mbv/}} and is "accompanied by strong protrusion of both lips". It is {{IPA|[ɱʷ]}} before {{IPA|/a/}} and {{IPA|[ɱ]}} before {{IPA|/i/}} and {{IPA|/e/}}, perhaps because labialization is constrained by the spread front vowels; it does not occur before the back (rounded) vowels {{IPA|/o/}} and {{IPA|/u/}}.{{Harvcoltxt|Paulian|1975|p=57}}

It is doubted by some scholars that true closure can be made by a labiodental gesture because of gaps between the incisors, which for many speakers would allow air to flow during the occlusion.{{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=18}} This is particularly pertinent considering that one of the Kukuya words with this consonant, {{IPA|/ɱáá/}}, means a 'gap between filed incisors,'{{Harvcoltxt|Paulian|1975|p=40}} a practice of the local people. The {{IPA|/ɱ/}} might therefore be better characterized as a labiodental nasal approximant than as a nasal occlusive.

Nonetheless, {{IPA|[ɱ]}} is extremely common around the world phonetically, as it is the universal allophone of {{IPA|/m/}} and a very common allophone of {{IPA|/n/}} before the labiodental fricatives {{IPA|[f]}} and {{IPA|[v]}}, as for example in English comfort and circumvent, and, for many people, infinitive and invent. In the Angami language, {{IPA|[ɱ]}} occurs as an allophone of {{IPA|/m/}} before {{IPA|/ə/}}. In Drubea, {{IPA|[ɱ]}} is reported as an allophone of {{IPA|/v/}} before nasal vowels.{{cite journal|last=Hajek|first=John|title=Labiodental ɱ in Drubea|journal=Oceanic Linguistics|year=2009|volume=48|issue=2|pages=484–487 |doi=10.1353/ol.0.0048 }}

A proposal to retire the letter {{angbr IPA|ɱ}} was made in the run-up to the Kiel Convention of 1989, with the labiodental nasal to be transcribed solely by {{angbr IPA|m̪}}, but the proposal was defeated in committee.Heselwood (2013) Phonetic transcription in theory and practiceJIPA 18(2) p.85.