voiced velar lateral approximant
{{Short description|Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ʟ⟩ in IPA}}
{{Infobox IPA
|ipa symbol=ʟ
|ipa number=158
|decimal=671
|x-sampa=L\
|braille=in |braille2=l
|imagefile=IPA Unicode 0x029F.svg
|imagesize=150px
}}
The voiced velar lateral approximant is a type of consonantal sound, used as a distinct consonant in a very small number{{sfnp|François|2010|pp=422–426}} of spoken languages in the world. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA|ʟ}}, a small capital version of the Latin letter l (since 1989), and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is L\.
The velar laterals of the world often involve a prestopped realization {{IPA|[ɡ͡ʟ]}}.{{sfnp|François|2010|p=425}}
Features
Features of the voiced velar lateral approximant:
{{approximant}}
{{velar}}
{{voiced}}
{{oral}}
{{lateral}}
{{pulmonic}}
The velar lateral {{IPA|[ʟ]}} involves no contact of the tip of the tongue with the roof of the mouth: just like for the velar stop {{IPA|[ɡ]}}, the only contact takes place between the back of the tongue and the velum. This contrasts with the velarized alveolar lateral approximant {{IPA|[ɫ]}} – also known as the dark l in English feel {{IPA|[fiːɫ]}} – for which the apex touches the alveolar ridge.{{sfnp|François|2010|p=423}}
Occurrence
| class="wikitable"
!colspan=2| Language ! Word ! IPA ! Meaning ! Notes |
| rowspan="2" | English
| rowspan="2" | Southern US{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=551}} | middle |align=center| [ˈmɪɾʟ̩] | 'middle' | rowspan="2" | May occur before or after a velar consonant, as in milk and cycle, when assimilating /ʊ/, as in wolf, or before labial consonants, as in help. See English phonology |
| full
|[ˈfʟ̩ː] |'full' |
| colspan=2| Hiw{{sfnp|François|2010|p = 419}}
| r̄evr̄ov | {{IPA|[ɡ͡ʟəβˈɡ͡ʟɔβ]}} | 'evening' | Realized as prestopped {{IPA|[ɡ͡ʟ]}}. |
| colspan=2| Melpa{{sfnp|Ladefoged|2005|p=169}}
| paⱡa |align=center| {{Audio-IPA|Melpa-paLa.wav|[paʟa]}} | 'fence' | Realized as prestopped {{IPA|[ɡ͡ʟ]}}. |
| colspan=2| Mid-Wahgi{{sfnp|Roca|Johnson|1999|p=73}}
| aglagle |align=center| {{IPA|[aʟaʟe]}} | 'dizzy' | Realized as prestopped {{IPA|[ɡ͡ʟ]}}. |
See also
- Voiceless velar lateral approximant, {{IPA|[ʟ̥]}}
- Velarized alveolar lateral approximant, {{IPA|[ɫ]}}
- Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative, {{IPA|[ɬ]}}
- Velar lateral tap, {{IPA|[ʟ̆]}}
- Voiced velar lateral fricative, {{IPA|[ʟ̝]}}
- Voiceless velar lateral fricative, {{IPA|[ʟ̝̊]}} or extIPA {{IPA|[𝼄]}}
- Index of phonetics articles
Notes
{{reflist}}
References
{{refbegin}}
- {{citation
|doi=10.1017/s0952675710000205
|last=François
|first=Alexandre
|author-link=Alexandre François (linguist)
|year=2010
|title=Phonotactics and the prestopped velar lateral of Hiw: resolving the ambiguity of a complex segment
|journal=Phonology
|volume=27
|issue=3
|pages=393–434
|s2cid=62628417
|url=http://alex.francois.online.fr/data/AlexFrancois_Hiw-lateral_Phonology_published.pdf
}}
- {{citation
|last=Ladefoged
|first=Peter
|author-link=Peter Ladefoged
|year=2005
|title=Vowels and Consonants
|edition=2nd
|publisher=Blackwell
}}
- {{citation
|last1=Roca
|first1=Iggy
|last2=Johnson
|first2=Wyn
|year=1999
|title=A Course in Phonology
|publisher=Blackwell Publishing
}}
- {{Accents of English|hide1=y|hide2=y}}
{{refend}}
External links
- {{phoible|ʟ}}
{{IPA navigation}}