voiceless velar affricate

{{Short description|Consonantal sound represented by ⟨kx⟩ in IPA}}

{{infobox IPA

| ipa symbol = kx

| ipa number = 109 140

| x-sampa = k_x

}}

The voiceless velar affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound are {{angbr IPA|k͡x}} and {{angbr IPA|k͜x}}, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is k_x. The tie bar may be omitted, yielding {{angbr IPA|kx}} in the IPA and kx in X-SAMPA.

Some languages have the voiceless pre-velar affricate,Instead of "pre-velar", it can be called "advanced velar", "fronted velar", "front-velar", "palato-velar", "post-palatal", "retracted palatal" or "backed palatal". which is articulated slightly more front compared with the place of articulation of the prototypical voiceless velar affricate, though not as front as the prototypical voiceless palatal affricate - see that article for more information.

Conversely, some languages have the voiceless post-velar affricate,Instead of "post-velar", it can be called "retracted velar", "backed velar", "pre-uvular", "advanced uvular" or "fronted uvular". which is articulated slightly behind the place of articulation of the prototypical voiceless velar affricate, though not as back as the prototypical voiceless uvular affricate - see that article for more information.

Features

Features of the voiceless velar affricate:

Occurrence

class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" \| Language !! Word !! IPA !! Meaning !! Notes
rowspan="2" \|Cimbrian	Luserna dialect	{{lang\|cim\|khes}}	{{IPA\|[kxɛːʂ]}}	'cheese'
Sette Comuni dialect	{{lang\|cim\|khèmman}}	{{IPA\|[kxɛː.mɐn]}}	'to come'
Dutch	Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect{{sfnp\|Peters\|2010\|p=240}}	{{lang\|nl\|blik}}	{{IPA\|[ˈblɪk͡x]}}	'plate'	Optional pre-pausal allophone of {{IPA\|/k/}}.{{sfnp\|Peters\|2010\|p=240}}
Modern Greek	Ancient Greek borrowings{{Citation needed\|date=April 2025}}	{{lang\|el\|σάκχαρο}}	{{IPA\|[ˈsak͡xaro]}}	'(blood) sugar'
rowspan="5" \|English	Broad Cockney{{sfnp\|Wells\|1982\|pp=322-323}}	rowspan="5" \| cab	rowspan="2" \| {{IPA\|[ˈk͡xɛˑb̥]}}	rowspan="5" \| 'cab'	Possible word-initial, intervocalic and word-final allophone of {{IPA\|/k/}}.{{sfnp\|Wells\|1982\|p=323}} See English phonology
New Zealand{{sfnp\|Bauer et al.\|2007\|p=100}}	Word-initial allophone of {{IPA\|/k/}}.{{sfnp\|Bauer et al.\|2007\|p=100}} See English phonology
North Wales{{sfnp\|Penhallurick\|2004\|pp=108-109}}	rowspan=3 \| {{IPA\|[ˈk͡xaˑb̥]}}	Word-initial and word-final allophone of {{IPA\|/k/}}; in free variation with a strongly aspirated stop {{IPA\|[kʰ]}}.{{sfnp\|Penhallurick\|2004\|pp=108-109}} See English phonology
Received Pronunciation{{sfnp\|Cruttenden\|2014\|p=172}}	Occasional allophone of {{IPA\|/k/}}.{{sfnp\|Cruttenden\|2014\|p=172}} See English phonology
Scouse{{sfnp\|Wells\|1982\|p=372}}	Possible syllable-initial and word-final allophone of {{IPA\|/k/}}.{{sfnp\|Wells\|1982\|p=372}} See English phonology
rowspan="3" \| German	Standard Austrian{{sfnp\|Moosmüller\|Schmid\|Brandstätter\|2015\|p=341}}	{{lang\|de\|Kübel}}	{{IPA\|[ˈk͡xyːbœl]}}	'bucket'	Possible realization of {{IPA\|/k/}} before front vowels.{{sfnp\|Moosmüller\|Schmid\|Brandstätter\|2015\|p=341}} See Standard German phonology
Bavarian dialects of Tyrol	{{lang\|bar\|Kchind}}	{{IPA\|[ˈk͡xind̥]}}	'child'
Swiss dialects and Alemannic of southern Baden-Württemberg	{{lang\|gsw\|Sack}}	{{IPA\|[z̥ɑk͡x]}}	'bag'	May be actually uvular {{IPAblink\|q͡χ}} in some dialects.
colspan="2" \| Korean{{sfnp\|Shin\|Kiaer\|Cha\|2012\|p=77}}	{{lang\|ko\|크다}} ({{Transliteration\|ko\|keuda}})	{{IPA\|[k͡xɯ̽da]}}	'big'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/kʰ/}} before {{IPA\|/ɯ/}}.{{sfnp\|Shin\|Kiaer\|Cha\|2012\|p=77}} See Korean phonology
colspan="2" \| Lakota	{{lang\|lkt\|lakhóta}}	{{IPA\|[laˈk͡xota]}}	'Lakota'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/kʰ/}} before {{IPA\|/a/}}, {{IPA\|/ã/}}, {{IPA\|/o/}}, {{IPA\|/ĩ/}}, and {{IPA\|/ũ/}}.
colspan="2" \| Navajo	{{lang\|nv\|kǫʼ}}	[k͡xõʔ˩] \|'fire' \| Allophone of {{IPA\|/kʰ/}} before the back vowels {{IPA\|/o, a/}}. See Navajo phonology
colspan="2" \|Slovene \|{{lang\|sl\|sikh}} \|{{IPA\|[ˈs̪îːk͡x]}} \|'Sikh' \|Very rare, occurring only in loanwords. See Slovene phonology
colspan="2" \|Xhosa \|colspan=3\|{{example needed\|date=September 2023}} \|Represented by . Contrasts /kʼ, kʰ, ɡ̊ʱ, kxʼ, kxʰ, x, ɣ̈/. See Xhosa phonology.
colspan="2" \| !Xóõ	colspan="2" align="center" \| [ǁ͡kxʼâã] \|'grass'	Used in pulmonic-contour clicks.

Notes

References

{{Citation

|last1=Bauer

|first1=Laurie

|last2=Warren

|first2=Paul

|last3=Bardsley

|first3=Dianne

|last4=Kennedy

|first4=Marianna

|last5=Major

|first5=George

|title=New Zealand English

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|year=2007

|volume=37

|issue=1

|pages=97–102

|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282778721

|doi=10.1017/S0025100306002830

|doi-access=free

}}

{{Citation

|last=Cruttenden

|first=Alan

|year=2014

|title=Gimson's Pronunciation of English

|publisher=Routledge

|edition=8th

|isbn=9781444183092

|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M2nMAgAAQBAJ

}}

{{Citation

|last1=Moosmüller

|first1=Sylvia

|last2=Schmid

|first2=Carolin

|last3=Brandstätter

|first3=Julia

|year=2015

|title=Standard Austrian German

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=45

|issue=3

|pages=339–348

|doi=10.1017/S0025100315000055

|doi-access=free

}}

{{Citation

|last=Penhallurick

|first=Robert

|editor-last=Schneider

|editor-first=Edgar W.

|editor2-last=Burridge

|editor2-first=Kate

|editor3-last=Kortmann

|editor3-first=Bernd

|editor4-last=Mesthrie

|editor4-first=Rajend

|editor5-last=Upton

|editor5-first=Clive

|year=2004

|title=A handbook of varieties of English

|chapter=Welsh English: phonology

|volume=1: Phonology

|publisher=Mouton de Gruyter

|pages=98–112

|isbn=3-11-017532-0

}}

{{Citation

|last=Peters

|first=Jörg

|year=2010

|title=The Flemish–Brabant dialect of Orsmaal–Gussenhoven

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=40

|issue=2

|pages=239–246

|doi=10.1017/S0025100310000083| url = https://zenodo.org/record/996039

|doi-access=free

}}

{{Citation

|last1=Shin

|first1=Ji-young

|last2=Kiaer

|first2=Ji-eun

|last3=Cha

|first3=Jae-eun

|year=2012

|title=The Sounds of Korean

|publisher=Cambridge University Press

|isbn=9781107030053

}}

{{Citation

|last=Wells

|first=John C.

|author-link=John C. Wells

|year=1982

|title=Accents of English 2: The British Isles

|place=Cambridge

|publisher=Cambridge University Press

|isbn=0-521-24224-X

|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a3-ElL71fikC

}}

External links

{{phoible|kx}}

Category:Velar consonants

Category:Pulmonic consonants

Category:Voiceless oral consonants

Category:Central consonants

class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" \| Language !! Word !! IPA !! Meaning !! Notes
rowspan="2" \|Cimbrian	Luserna dialect	{{lang\|cim\|khes}}	{{IPA\|[kxɛːʂ]}}	'cheese'
Sette Comuni dialect	{{lang\|cim\|khèmman}}	{{IPA\|[kxɛː.mɐn]}}	'to come'
Dutch	Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect{{sfnp\|Peters\|2010\|p=240}}	{{lang\|nl\|blik}}	{{IPA\|[ˈblɪk͡x]}}	'plate'	Optional pre-pausal allophone of {{IPA\|/k/}}.{{sfnp\|Peters\|2010\|p=240}}
Modern Greek	Ancient Greek borrowings{{Citation needed\|date=April 2025}}	{{lang\|el\|σάκχαρο}}	{{IPA\|[ˈsak͡xaro]}}	'(blood) sugar'
rowspan="5" \|English	Broad Cockney{{sfnp\|Wells\|1982\|pp=322-323}}	rowspan="5" \| cab	rowspan="2" \| {{IPA\|[ˈk͡xɛˑb̥]}}	rowspan="5" \| 'cab'	Possible word-initial, intervocalic and word-final allophone of {{IPA\|/k/}}.{{sfnp\|Wells\|1982\|p=323}} See English phonology
New Zealand{{sfnp\|Bauer et al.\|2007\|p=100}}	Word-initial allophone of {{IPA\|/k/}}.{{sfnp\|Bauer et al.\|2007\|p=100}} See English phonology
North Wales{{sfnp\|Penhallurick\|2004\|pp=108-109}}	rowspan=3 \| {{IPA\|[ˈk͡xaˑb̥]}}	Word-initial and word-final allophone of {{IPA\|/k/}}; in free variation with a strongly aspirated stop {{IPA\|[kʰ]}}.{{sfnp\|Penhallurick\|2004\|pp=108-109}} See English phonology
Received Pronunciation{{sfnp\|Cruttenden\|2014\|p=172}}	Occasional allophone of {{IPA\|/k/}}.{{sfnp\|Cruttenden\|2014\|p=172}} See English phonology
Scouse{{sfnp\|Wells\|1982\|p=372}}	Possible syllable-initial and word-final allophone of {{IPA\|/k/}}.{{sfnp\|Wells\|1982\|p=372}} See English phonology
rowspan="3" \| German	Standard Austrian{{sfnp\|Moosmüller\|Schmid\|Brandstätter\|2015\|p=341}}	{{lang\|de\|Kübel}}	{{IPA\|[ˈk͡xyːbœl]}}	'bucket'	Possible realization of {{IPA\|/k/}} before front vowels.{{sfnp\|Moosmüller\|Schmid\|Brandstätter\|2015\|p=341}} See Standard German phonology
Bavarian dialects of Tyrol	{{lang\|bar\|Kchind}}	{{IPA\|[ˈk͡xind̥]}}	'child'
Swiss dialects and Alemannic of southern Baden-Württemberg	{{lang\|gsw\|Sack}}	{{IPA\|[z̥ɑk͡x]}}	'bag'	May be actually uvular {{IPAblink\|q͡χ}} in some dialects.
colspan="2" \| Korean{{sfnp\|Shin\|Kiaer\|Cha\|2012\|p=77}}	{{lang\|ko\|크다}} ({{Transliteration\|ko\|keuda}})	{{IPA\|[k͡xɯ̽da]}}	'big'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/kʰ/}} before {{IPA\|/ɯ/}}.{{sfnp\|Shin\|Kiaer\|Cha\|2012\|p=77}} See Korean phonology
colspan="2" \| Lakota	{{lang\|lkt\|lakhóta}}	{{IPA\|[laˈk͡xota]}}	'Lakota'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/kʰ/}} before {{IPA\|/a/}}, {{IPA\|/ã/}}, {{IPA\|/o/}}, {{IPA\|/ĩ/}}, and {{IPA\|/ũ/}}.
colspan="2" \| Navajo	{{lang\|nv\|kǫʼ}}	[k͡xõʔ˩] \|'fire' \| Allophone of {{IPA\|/kʰ/}} before the back vowels {{IPA\|/o, a/}}. See Navajo phonology
colspan="2" \|Slovene \|{{lang\|sl\|sikh}} \|{{IPA\|[ˈs̪îːk͡x]}} \|'Sikh' \|Very rare, occurring only in loanwords. See Slovene phonology
colspan="2" \|Xhosa \|colspan=3\|{{example needed\|date=September 2023}} \|Represented by . Contrasts /kʼ, kʰ, ɡ̊ʱ, kxʼ, kxʰ, x, ɣ̈/. See Xhosa phonology.
colspan="2" \| !Xóõ	colspan="2" align="center" \| [ǁ͡kxʼâã] \|'grass'	Used in pulmonic-contour clicks.

voiceless velar affricate

Features

Occurrence

See also

Notes

References

External links