whistling duck

Whistling ducks were first described by Carl Linnaeus in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae in 1758: the black-bellied whistling duck (then Anas autumnalis) and the West Indian whistling duck (then Anas arborea).{{Sfn|Linnaeus|1758|p=127–128}} In 1837, William Swainson named the genus Dendrocygna to distinguish whistling ducks from the other waterfowl.{{Sfn|Swainson|1837|p=365}} The type species was listed as the wandering whistling duck (D. arcuata), formerly named by Thomas Horsfield as Anas arcuata.{{Sfn|Eyton|1838|p=28}}

Whistling duck taxonomy, including that of the entire order Anseriformes, is complicated and disputed.{{Sfn|Donne-Goussé|Laudet|Hänni|2002|p=339}} Under a traditional classification proposed by ornithologist Jean Théodore Delacour based on morphological and behavioral traits,{{Sfn|Johnsgard|1965|p=14}}{{Sfn|Donne-Goussé|Laudet|Hänni|2002|pp=340}} whistling ducks belong to the tribe Dendrocygnini under the family Anatidae and subfamily Anserinae.{{Sfn|Donne-Goussé|Laudet|Hänni|2002|pp=340}}{{Sfn|Donne-Goussé|Laudet|Hänni|2002|pp=353–354}} Following the revisions by ornithologist Paul Johnsgard, Dendrocygnini includes the genus Thalassornis (the white-backed duck) under this system.{{Sfn|Donne-Goussé|Laudet|Hänni|2002|pp=353–354}}{{Sfn|Johnsgard|2010b|p=26}}

In 1997, Bradley C. Livezey proposed that Dendrocygna were a separate lineage from Anserinae, placing it and its tribe in its own subfamily, Dendrocygninae. Alternatively Charles Sibley and Jon Edward Ahlquist recommended placing Dendrocygna in its own family, Dendrocygnidae, which includes the genus Thalassornis.{{Sfn|Donne-Goussé|Laudet|Hänni|2002|pp=340}}{{Sfn|Donne-Goussé|Laudet|Hänni|2002|pp=353–354}}

Eight species of whistling duck are currently recognized in the genus Dendrocygna. However, Johnsgard considers the white-backed duck (Thalassornis leuconotus) from Africa and Madagascar to be distinct ninth species,{{Sfn|Johnsgard|2010a|p=41}} a view first proposed in 1960 and initially supported by behavioral similarities. Later, similarities in anatomy, duckling vocalizations, and feather proteins gave additional support.{{Sfn|Johnsgard|2010b|p=26}} Molecular analysis in 2009 also suggested that the white-backed duck was nested within the whistling duck clade.{{Sfn|Eo|Bininda-Emonds|Carroll|2009|pp=471–472}} In addition to the extant species, subfossil remains of an extinct, undescribed species have been found on Aitutaki of the Cook Islands.{{Sfn|Steadman|2006|pp=213 & 218}}

{{Species table |genus= Dendrocygna |authority-name= Swainson |authority-year= 1837|species-count=eight|no-note=y|narrow-percent=75}}

{{Species table/row

|name=West Indian whistling duck |binomial=Dendrocygna arborea

|image=File:West Indian Whistling-Duck (Dendrocygna arborea) RWD4.jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=

|authority-name=Linnaeus|authority-year=1758 |authority-not-original=yes

|range= Cuba, the Cayman Islands, Antigua and Barbuda, Jamaica, Hispaniola (both the Dominican Republic and Haiti), and Puerto Rico.

|range-image=File:Dendrocygna arborea map.svg

|range-image-size=180px

|size=Length of {{convert|48|to|58|cm|in|abbr=on}}. The female weighs from {{convert|800|to|1320|g|lb|abbr=on}} and the male weighs from {{convert|760|to|1240|g|lb|abbr=on}}

|habitat=

|hunting=

|iucn-status=NT

|population=6,000 - 15,000

|direction={{decrease}}{{cite iucn|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22679770/0 |title=Dendrocygna arborea |author=BirdLife International |author-link=BirdLife International |year=2019 |access-date=2 January 2020}}

|subspecies=

}}

{{Species table/row

|name=Wandering whistling duck |binomial=Dendrocygna arcuata

|image=File:Wandering Whistling Duck, Nusa Dua, Bali, Indonesia 1.jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=

|authority-name=Horsfield|authority-year= 1824 |authority-not-original=yes

|range= Australia, the Philippines, Borneo, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, and the Pacific Islands

|range-image=

|range-image-size=180px

|size=54–60 cm in height and weigh on average 750 grams.

|habitat=

|hunting=

|iucn-status= LC

|population={{cite iucn|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22679753/0 |title=Dendrocygna arcuata |author=BirdLife International |author-link=BirdLife International |year=2012 |access-date=26 November 2013}}

|direction={{decrease}}

|subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand=yes |title=Three subspecies |bullets=on

| D. a. arcuata (Horsfield, 1824)

| D. a. australis (Reichenbach, 1850)

| D. a. pygmaea (Mayr, 1945)

}}

}}

{{Species table/row

|name=Black-bellied whistling duck |binomial=Dendrocygna autumnalis

|image=File:Dendrocygna autumnalis, London Wetland Centre, UK - Diliff.jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=

|authority-name=Linnaeus|authority-year=1758 |authority-not-original=yes

|range= southernmost United States, Mexico, and tropical Central to south-central South America

|range-image=File:Dendrocygna autumnalis distribution map.png

|range-image-size=180px

|size=Length ranges from {{convert|47|to|56|cm|in|abbr=on}}, body mass from {{convert|652|to|1020|g|lb|abbr=on}}, and wingspan ranges from {{convert|76|to|94|cm|in|abbr=on}}.

|habitat=

|hunting=

|iucn-status= LC

|population={{cite iucn|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22679780/0 |title=Dendrocygna autumnalis |author=BirdLife International |author-link=BirdLife International |year=2012 |access-date=26 November 2013}}

|direction={{increase}}

|subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand=yes |title=Two subspecies |bullets=on

|D. a. autumnalis (Linnaeus, 1758)

|D. a. fulgens (Friedmann, 1947)

}}

}}

{{Species table/row

|name=Fulvous whistling duck |binomial=Dendrocygna bicolor

|image=File:Dendrocygna bicolor, London Wetland Centre, UK - Diliff.jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=

|authority-name=Vieillot|authority-year=1816 |authority-not-original=yes

|range= Mexico and South America, the West Indies, the southern United States, sub-Saharan Africa and the Indian subcontinent.

|range-image=File:Dendrocygnabicolormap.png

|range-image-size=180px

|size={{convert|45|-|53|cm|in|abbr=on}} long; the male weighs {{convert|748|-|1050|g|oz|abbr=on}}, and the female averages marginally lighter at {{convert|712|-|1000|g|oz|abbr=on}}

|habitat=

|hunting=

|iucn-status= LC

|population={{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |author-link=BirdLife International |title=Dendrocygna bicolor |volume=2016 |page=e.T22679746A92827620 |year=2016 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22679746A92827620.en }}

|direction={{decrease}}

|subspecies=

}}

{{Species table/row

|name=Plumed whistling duck |binomial=Dendrocygna eytoni

|image=File:Plumed whistling duck 2 (12710948133).jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=

|authority-name=Eyton|authority-year=1838 |authority-not-original=yes

|range= Australia.

|range-image=

|range-image-size=180px

|size=Measuring {{convert|42|-|60|cm|in|round=0.5|abbr=on}} and weighing around {{convert|1|kg|lb|spell=in}}

|habitat=

|hunting=

|iucn-status= LC

|population={{cite iucn|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22679740/0 |title=Dendrocygna eytoni |author=BirdLife International |author-link=BirdLife International |year=2012 |access-date=26 November 2013}}

|direction={{steady}}

|subspecies=

}}

{{Species table/row

|name=Spotted whistling duck |binomial=Dendrocygna guttata

|image=File:Dendrocygna guttata, Cairns, Queensland, Australia 1.jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=

|authority-name=Schlegel|authority-year=1866 |authority-not-original=yes

|range= Indonesia, New Guinea, Australia and the Philippines

|range-image=

|range-image-size=180px

|size=43–50 cm tall. Males can weigh anywhere from 590g to 650g while females weigh 610g to 860g.

|habitat=

|hunting=

|iucn-status= LC

|population=6,700 - 17,000{{cite iucn|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22679735/0 |title=Dendrocygna guttata |author=BirdLife International |author-link=BirdLife International |year=2012 |access-date=26 November 2013}}

|direction={{steady}}

|subspecies=

}}

{{Species table/row

|name=Lesser whistling duck |binomial=Dendrocygna javanica

|image=File:Lesser Whistling-duck (Dendrocygna javanica)- after bath at Kolkata I IMG 2480.jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=

|authority-name=Horsfield|authority-year=1821 |authority-not-original=yes

|range= Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia.

|range-image=File:Dendrocygna javanica Map.svg

|range-image-size=180px

|size=

|habitat=

|hunting=

|iucn-status= LC

|population={{decrease}}

|direction={{cite iucn|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22679758/0 |title=Dendrocygna javanica |author=BirdLife International |author-link=BirdLife International |year=2012 |access-date=26 November 2013}}

|subspecies=

}}

{{Species table/row

|name=White-faced whistling duck |binomial=Dendrocygna viduata

|image=File:White-faced Whistling-Duck (Dendrocygna viduata) (53117864645).jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=

|authority-name=Linnaeus|authority-year= 1766 |authority-not-original=yes

|range= sub-Saharan Africa and much of South America.

|range-image=File:Dendrocygnaviduatarange.png

|range-image-size=180px

|size=

|habitat=

|hunting=

|iucn-status= LC

|population={{cite iucn|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22679763/0 |title=Dendrocygna viduata |author=BirdLife International |author-link=BirdLife International |year=2012 |access-date=26 November 2013}}

|direction={{increase}}

|subspecies=

}}

{{Species table/end}}

Whistling ducks are found in the tropics and subtropics. As their name implies, they have distinctive whistling calls.{{Citation needed|date=March 2013}}

The whistling ducks have long legs and necks, and are very gregarious, flying to and from night-time roosts in large flocks. Both sexes have the same plumage, and all have a hunched appearance and black underwings in flight.{{Citation needed|date=March 2013}}

After breeding and pairing with a female, male whistling ducks (especially within the Fulvous whistling duck species) will often help with the construction of nests and will take turns with the female incubating the eggs.

{{Notelist}}

{{Reflist|3}}

{{Refbegin}}

• {{Cite journal | last1 = Donne-Goussé | first1 = C. | last2 = Laudet | first2 = V. | last3 = Hänni | first3 = C. | doi = 10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00019-2 | title = A molecular phylogeny of anseriformes based on mitochondrial DNA analysis | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 23 | issue = 3 | pages = 339–356 | year = 2002 | pmid = 12099792| bibcode = 2002MolPE..23..339D }}
• {{Cite journal | last1 = Eo | first1 = S.H. | last2 = Bininda-Emonds | first2 = O.R.P. | last3 = Carroll | first3 = J.P. | doi = 10.1111/j.1463-6409.2008.00382.x | title = A phylogenetic supertree of the fowls (Galloanserae, Aves) | journal = Zoologica Scripta | volume = 38 | issue = 5 | pages = 465–481 | year = 2009 | s2cid = 30562724 | url = http://www.molekularesystematik.uni-oldenburg.de/download/Publications/fowlSupertree.pdf}}
• {{cite book | last1 = Eyton | first1 = T.C. | year = 1838 | title = A Monograph on the Anatidae Or Duck Tribe | url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/111070#page/11/mode/1up | publisher = Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, & Longman | location = London | pages = 183 | doi = 10.5962/bhl.title.51971 }}
• {{Cite journal | last1 = Gonzalez | first1 = J. | last2 = Düttmann | first2 = H. | last3 = Wink | first3 = M. | doi = 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2009.00622.x | title = Phylogenetic relationships based on two mitochondrial genes and hybridization patterns in Anatidae | journal = Journal of Zoology | volume = 279 | issue = 3 | pages = 310–318 | year = 2009 }}
• {{cite book | last1 = Johnsgard | first1 = P.A. | year = 1965 | title = Handbook of Waterfowl Behavior | chapter = Tribe Dendrocygnini (Whistling Ducks) | publisher = Cornell University Press | location = Ithaca | pages = 378 | url = http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/bioscihandwaterfowl/10 }}
• {{cite book | last1 = Johnsgard | first1 = P.A. | year = 2010a | title = Waterfowl of North America, Revised Edition | chapter = Whistling Ducks: Tribe Dendrocygnini | publisher = University of Nebraska–Lincoln Libraries | location = Lincoln | pages = 575 | url = http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/biosciwaterfowlna/17/ }}
• {{cite book | last1 = Johnsgard | first1 = P.A. | year = 2010b | title = Ducks, Geese, and Swans of the World | chapter = Tribe Dendrocygnini (Whistling or Tree Ducks) | publisher = University of Nebraska–Lincoln Libraries | location = Lincoln | pages = 404 | url = http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/biosciducksgeeseswans/4/ }}
• {{cite book | last1 = Linnaeus | first1 = C. | year = 1758 | title = Systema Naturæ | volume = 1 | edition = Tenth | publisher = Laurentius Salvius | location = Stockholm, Sweden | pages = 825 | url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/726922#page/146 }}
• {{cite book | last1 = Pereira | first1 = S.L. | last2 = Baker | first2 = A.J. | year = 2009 | title = The Timetree of Life | editor1-last = Hedges | editor1-first = S.B. | editor2-last = Kumar | editor2-first = S. | chapter = Waterfowl and gamefowl (Galloanserae) | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford | pages = 576 | url = http://www.timetree.org/pdf/Pereira2009Chap59.pdf | isbn = 978-0-19-160898-8 }}
• {{cite book | last1 = Steadman | first1 = D.W. | year = 2006 | title = Extinction and Biogeography of Tropical Pacific Islands Birds | publisher = University of Chicago Press | location = Chicago | pages = 594 | isbn = 0-226-77142-3 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=vBZXJQ3HDg0C&pg=PA213 }}
• {{cite book | last1 = Swainson | first1 = W. | year = 1837 | title= On the Natural History and Classification of Birds | volume = 2 | publisher = Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green & Longman | location = London | pages = 398 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=goJIAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA365 }}

{{Refend}}

{{Odontoanserae|B.|state=collapsed}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q1006681}}

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Category:Taxa named by William Swainson