Aitutaki

File:Aitutaki Atoll by Nick Longrich.jpg

Aitutaki is sometimes described as an "almost atoll", for it consists of a lagoon within an encircling atoll, with a significant area of high land on one side. It has a maximum elevation of approximately {{Convert|123|m|}} with the hill known as Maunga Pu close to its northernmost point. The land area of the atoll is {{convert|18.05|km2|abbr=on}}, of which the main island occupies {{convert|16.8|km2|abbr=on}}.{{cite book |url=http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-KloDisc-t1-body-d1.html |title=Discoverers of the Cook Islands and the Names they Gave |author=Alphons M.J. Kloosterman |publisher=Cook Islands Library and Museum |date=1976 |pages=8–11 |access-date=16 February 2021 |via=NZETC}} The Ootu Peninsula, protruding east from the main island in a southerly direction along the eastern rim of the reef, takes up {{convert|1.75|km2|abbr=on}} out of the main island.[http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/duffy/arb/190/v190.pdf Atoll Research Bulletin, 190. "Almost-Atoll of Aitutaki: Reef Studies in the Cook Islands", D. R. Stoddard, P. E. Gibbs (eds)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090918202141/http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/duffy/arb/190/v190.pdf |date=18 September 2009 }} 13 August 1975 (12.5 MB) For the lagoon, area figures between {{convert|50|and|74|km2|abbr=on}} are found.{{cite web |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/travel/destinations/pacific-islands/113898506/cook-islands-the-word-paradise-really-applies-to-this-patch |title=Cook Islands: The word paradise really applies to this patch |publisher=Stuff |date=14 July 2020 |access-date=30 July 2020}} Satellite image measurement suggests that the larger figure also includes the reef flat, which is commonly not considered part of a lagoon.{{cite journal| pmc=2880600 | pmid=20539746 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0010950 | volume=5 | title=The lagoon at Caroline/Millennium atoll, Republic of Kiribati: natural history of a nearly pristine ecosystem | year=2010 |journal=PLoS One| page=e10950 | last1 = Barott | first1 = KL | last2 = Caselle | first2 = JE | last3 = Dinsdale | first3 = EA | last4 = Friedlander | first4 = AM | last5 = Maragos | first5 = JE | last6 = Obura | first6 = D | last7 = Rohwer | first7 = FL | last8 = Sandin | first8 = SA | last9 = Smith | first9 = JE | last10 = Zgliczynski | first10 = B| issue=6 | bibcode=2010PLoSO...510950B | doi-access=free }}

The barrier reef that forms the basis of Aitutaki is roughly the shape of an equilateral triangle with sides {{convert|12|km}} in length. The southern edge of the triangle is almost totally below the surface of the ocean, and the eastern side is composed of a string of small islands including Mangere, Akaiami, and Tekopua.

The western side of the atoll contains many of Aitutaki's important features including a boat passage through the barrier reef allowing for anchorage close to shore at Arutanga. Towards the south of the side is a small break in the barrier reef, allowing access for small boats to the lagoon which covers most of the southern part of the triangle. Further to the north is the bulk of the main island. Its fertile volcanic soil provides tropical fruits and vegetables. Two of Aitutaki's 15 islets (motus) are also volcanic. The rest are made of coral.{{cite book |url=http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-KloDisc-t1-body-d1.html |chapter=Aitutaki |title=Discoverers of the Cook Islands and the Names they Gave |author=Alphons M.J. Kloosterman |publisher=Cook Islands Library and Museum |date=1976 |access-date=30 July 2020 |via=NZETC}}

Aitutaki Airport is located close to the triangle's northern point. The southeastern part of the lagoon near Akaiami used to be used as a landing area for TEAL flying boats on the "coral route".{{cite web |url=https://www.cookislandsbooking.com/stories/teals-coral-route-stopover-at-aitutaki-aitutaki |title=TEAL's Coral Route Stopover at Aitutaki |publisher=Cookislandsbooking.com |access-date=30 July 2020 |archive-date=19 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519031817/https://www.cookislandsbooking.com/stories/teals-coral-route-stopover-at-aitutaki-aitutaki |url-status=dead }}

File:Aitutaki by Nick Longrich.jpg

Polynesians first settled Aitutaki around AD 1225–1430. They maintained voyaging contact over a wide area, for the geochemical source of basalt adze heads found in this island can be traced back to quarries on Samoa to the west and the Society Islands to the east.{{cite journal |title=Cook Island artifact geochemistry demonstrates spatial and temporal extent of pre-European interarchipelago voyaging in East Polynesia |last1=Weisler |first1=Marshall I. |last2=Bolhar |first2=Robert |last3=Ma |first3=Jinlong |last4=St Pierre |first4=Emma |last5=Sheppard |first5=Peter |last6=walter |first6=Richard K. |last7=Feng |first7=Yuexing |last8=Zhao |first8=Jian-xin |last9=Kirch |first9=Patrick V. |display-authors=3 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=113 |issue=29 |date=5 July 2016 |pages = 8150–8155|doi=10.1073/pnas.1608130113 |pmid = 27382159|pmc = 4961153|bibcode=2016PNAS..113.8150W |doi-access=free }} According to oral tradition, the island was named by Te Erui, who raised it from the ocean after traveling from Avaiki. Other traditions identify various settlers, including Ru, Te Munakorero, Kai, Ui-tario, and Ruatapu.

The first known European contact was with Captain Bligh and the crew of {{HMS|Bounty}} when they also arrived in Aitutaki on 11 April 1789, prior to the infamous mutiny.

Aitutaki was the first of the Cook Islands to practice Christianity, after London Missionary Society (LMS) missionary John Williams visited in 1821. The oldest church in the country, the Cook Islands Christian Church in Arutanga, was built by Papeiha (Bora Bora) and Vahapata (Raiatea), two LMS teachers Williams had left behind.

File:Aitutaki Beach by Nick Longrich.jpg

On 8–9 October 1900 seven instruments of cession of Rarotonga and other islands were signed by their chiefs and people; and by a British Proclamation issued at the same time the cessions were accepted, the islands being declared parts of Her Britannic Majesty's dominions."Commonwealth and Colonial Law" by Kenneth Roberts-Wray, London, Stevens, 1966. P. 891 Uniquely, these instruments did not include Aitutaki. It appears that, though the inhabitants of Aitutaki regarded themselves as British subjects, the Crown's title was uncertain, and the island was formally annexed by Proclamation dated 9 October 1900."Commonwealth and Colonial Law" by Kenneth Roberts-Wray, London, Stevens, 1966. P. 761N.Z. Parliamentary Pp., A1 (1900) It was the only island in the Cook Islands that was annexed rather than ceded.

In 1942 New Zealand and American forces were stationed on the island. The American engineering firm Sverdrup & Parcel, the New Zealand Ministry of Works, US military personnel and many locals combined to build two airstrips which were completed on 14 November 1942. This airport, and one on the northernmost Penrhyn Island, were to be used as bases by the Allies during World War II. The first aircraft, an American light bomber, landed on 22 November 1942.{{cite web |url=https://www.cookislandsnews.com/local/aitutaki-airport-marks-75th-year/ |title=Aitutaki airport marks 75th year |author=Chris Taylor|work=Cook Islands News|date=23 November 2017|access-date=16 February 2021}} When the war ended some of the servicemen remained and married the locals.

During the 1950s Aitutaki's lagoon was used as a stopover for TEAL (Tasman Empire Airways Limited) flying boats on the famous Coral Route. The islet of Akaiami was used as a resting stop for passengers, who often lay about until the aircraft was refueled for two hours. These operations ceased in 1960, and the only reminder are the remains of the purpose-built jetty on Akaiami. The flying boat Aranui, which was part of this service, is now on display at the Museum of Transport and Technology in Auckland, New Zealand.

Commercial banana-growing was introduced to the island in the late 1960s, but suffered a rapid decline due to wind damage, low prices, and inadequate shipping.{{cite thesis |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/35463772.pdf |title=Agricultural Change in the Cook Islands; Studies in the Human Ecology of a Pacific Microstate |last=Taylor |first=C. N. |type=PhD |publisher=University of Canterbury |date=1981 |access-date=16 February 2021}}{{rp|184–188}} The industry was revived in the late 1970s, but collapsed after New Zealand adopted Rogernomics and removed privileged market access.{{cite web |url=https://www.nzgeo.com/stories/in-search-of-the-cook-islands-2/ |title=In search of the Cook Islands |author=Mark Scott |publisher=New Zealand Geographic |date=1991 |access-date=16 February 2021}} A tourism boom began in the early 1990s, with tourist numbers doubling to 10,000 visitors a year in 1994.{{cite news |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/118113828 |title=Falling coconut the only peril |author=Simon Louisson |work=Canberra Times |date=17 April 1994 |page=23 |access-date=24 July 2021 |via=National Library of Australia}}

On 10–11 February 2010, Aitutaki was hit by Cyclone Pat. The high winds of the storm ripped the roofs off of most houses and damaged other buildings including a school and a hospital. At least 60% of houses were damaged. There were no reported deaths but a few minor injuries were reported.{{cite news |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/188662/wide-range-of-housing-in-aitutaki-wrecked-by-cyclone-pat,-but-resorts-escape-damage |title=Wide range of housing in Aitutaki wrecked by Cyclone Pat, but resorts escape damage |date=11 February 2010 |work=Radio New Zealand |access-date=16 February 2021}}{{Cite web |url=http://australianetworknews.com/stories/201002/282342.htm?desktop |title=Australianetworknews.com |access-date=16 February 2010 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708120225/http://australianetworknews.com/stories/201002/282342.htm?desktop |archive-date=8 July 2012 |url-status=dead }} An Air Force Hercules cargo plane and an army engineering team were provided by New Zealand along with an initial $200,000.{{cite news |url=http://www.odt.co.nz/news/national/93672/nz-set-juggle-resources-cyclone-hit-pacific |title=NZ set to juggle resources in cyclone-hit Pacific |date=16 February 2010 |work=Otago Daily Times |access-date=16 September 2011}}{{cite news |url=http://tvnz.co.nz/national-news/nz-gives-200k-cyclone-hit-cooks-3363478 |title=NZ gives $200k to cyclone-hit Cooks |date=13 February 2010 |work=Television New Zealand |access-date=16 September 2011}} Cook Island MP Teina Bishop said "New Zealand aid should have been sent to the devastated area much sooner".{{cite news |url=http://tvnz.co.nz/national-news/nz-aid-response-cook-cyclone-criticised-3365611 |title=NZ aid response to Cook cyclone criticised |date=15 February 2010 |work=Television New Zealand |access-date=16 September 2011}}

In June 2010 the island was nominated "the world's most beautiful island" by Tony Wheeler the founder of Lonely Planet travel guide.Reuters, 18 June 2010, [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-travel-picks-weddings-idUSTRE65H0UT20100618?pageNumber=2 "Travel Picks: Top places to wed and survive a breakup"], Miral Fahmy (ed.); accessed 29 January 2011.

The delegates of the 2012 Pacific Islands Forum, which had its main venue in Rarotonga, travelled to One Foot Island for a 2-day retreat.{{cite web|url=http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/international/2012-08-28/as-it-happened-pacific-islands-forum/1006884|title=As it happened: Pacific Islands Forum|website=www.radioaustralia.net.au|access-date=2 May 2017}}

{{Historical populations

|1906 |1162

|1916 |1302

|1926 |1431

|1936 |1719

|1951 |2396

|1961 |2582

|1966 |2579

|1976 |2423

|1986 |2390

|1996 |2389

|2001 |1946

|2006 |2235

|2011 |2038

|2016 |1941

|footnote=Source:{{cite web |url=http://www.mfem.gov.ck/images/documents/Statistics_Docs/5.Census-Surveys/6.Population-and-Dwelling_2016/2016_CENSUS_REPORT-FINAL.pdf |title=Cook Islands 2016 Census Main Report |page=46 |date=2018 |access-date=19 August 2020 |publisher=Cook Islands Statistical Office}}}}

The population of Aitutaki was 1,941 in 2016.

File:Aitutakitopo.png

File:Aitutakitapere.png

File:Aitutakicirc.png of Aitutaki]]

Aitutaki is subdivided in 8 districts. The districts are further subdivided into 19 tapere (land holdings by tribe lineages).

The eight districts are:{{cite web |url=http://procurement.gov.ck/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/8_Island-Government-Act-2012-2013.pdf |title=Island Government Act 2012–13 |publisher=Procurement Portal Cook Islands |access-date=30 July 2020}}

1. Amuri (Te Upoko Enua)
2. Ureia (Uriuri A Punga)
3. Arutanga (Rutanga O Te Toa)
4. Reureu (Te Mata O Teerui)
5. Nikaupara (Te Maru O Toi)
6. Vaipae (Te Vaipaepae O Pau)
7. Tautu (Titi Ai Tonga)
8. Vaipeka (Te Arekarioi)

The eight districts are subdivided into 19 tapere as follows:

• Amuri District
• Amuri Tapere
• Punganui Tapere
• Anaunga District
• Anaunga Tapere
• Punoa Tapere
• Arutanga District
• Arutanga Tapere
• Reureu Tapere
• Nukunoni Tapere
• Ureia Tapere
• Avanui District
• Avanui Tapere
• Vaipeka Tapere
• Taravao District
• Taravao Tapere
• Vaiau Tapere
• Vaiorea Tapere
• Tautu District
• Mataotane Tapere
• Tautu Tapere
• Vaipae District
• Oako Tapere
• Vaipae Tapere
• Vaitupa District
• Taakarere Tapere
• Vaitupa Tapere

The most popular sport on Aitutaki is Rugby union and netball, followed closely by volleyball. With a population of 2,000 residing on the island and 50,000 overseas, there are four clubs on Aitutaki and eight teams (each club having a first team and a reserve team). The best players on the island play for the Aitutaki island team against their main rivals Rarotonga.

Araura College is the only secondary school on Aitutaki. The school has the role of teaching approximately 200 students from Year 7 (Form 1) to Year 13 (Form 7).

The island has two government schools and one church school: Araura Primary school, Vaitau Primary School and Tekaaroa Primary School. Tekaaroa Primary School is a private special character school which is the designated Seventh Day Adventist (SDA) school. Araura Primary is the larger of the primary schools, catering for the mostly populated part of the island and Vaitau Primary caters mostly for the Vaipae and Tautu villages. Tekaaroa Primary School caters for the Seventh Day Adventist children on the island.

Aitutaki is the second largest tourist destination in the Cook Islands, after Rarotonga, receiving 38,777 visitors in 2018.{{cite web |url=http://www.mfem.gov.ck/images/EDS_Aitutaki-Profile-2019.pdf |title=Island Profile: Aitutaki |publisher=Ministry of Finance and Economic management |date= |access-date=16 February 2021}} As a result, tourism dominates the economy, with 36% of the labour force employed in the restaurant and accommodation sector. The government is the next largest employer, employing 21%, with retail and wholesale employing 18% and agriculture, forestry and fishing 6%.

Aitutaki is connected to the rest of the Cook Islands by Aitutaki Airport and a port at Arutanga. In September 2020 Aitutaki was connected to the Manatua One Polynesia Fibre Cable, becoming one of the smallest fibre-connected islands in the world.{{cite web |url=https://pacificonline.org/fibre-switch-over-surfs-up-in-aitutaki/ |title=Fibre switch-over: Surf's up in Aitutaki |publisher=Pacific Online |date=1 September 2020 |access-date=16 February 2021}}

Since 2000 Aitutaki has served as a filming location for a variety of TV shows, including Shipwrecked,{{cite web |url=https://www.cookislandsnews.com/national/reality-show-filmed-in-ci/ |title=Reality show filmed in CI |publisher=Cook Islands News |date=21 May 2011 |access-date=16 February 2021}}{{cite web |url=https://www.cookislandsnews.com/local/shipwrecked-showcases-our-little-paradise/ |title=Shipwrecked showcases our little paradise |publisher=Cook Islands News |date=28 January 2019 |access-date=16 February 2021}} Survivor: Cook Islands,{{cite web |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/162142/survivor-reality-tv-programme-to-be-filmed-in-cook-islands |title=Survivor reality TV programme to be filmed in Cook Islands |publisher=RNZ |date=18 May 2006 |access-date=16 February 2021}} and Survivorman.

In 2019 a 750 kW solar array was installed as part of a plan to transition the island to 100% renewable energy.{{cite web |url=http://www.cookislandsnews.com/item/72473-aitutaki-solar-farm-panels-installed/72473-aitutaki-solar-farm-panels-installed |title=Aitutaki solar farm panels installed |publisher=Cook Islands News |date=15 April 2019 |access-date=20 July 2020}}

File:Lori péruviana.jpg

The flora of Aitutaki is highly modified, and on the main island only a few patches of degraded native forest survive near the airstrip. The main island's ecology can be divided into four zones.{{cite journal |url=https://www.sprep.org/att/IRC/eCOPIES/Countries/Cook_Islands/33.pdf |title=Mainland vegetation of Aitutaki |last=Stoddart |first=David R. |journal=Atoll Research Bulletin |volume=190 |date=1975 |pages=117–122 |access-date=16 February 2021}} The coastal flat is dominated by Guettarda speciosa, coconuts, Hibiscus, Pandanus, and Hernandia moerenhoutiana. The slopes are mostly Hibiscus tiliaceus interspersed with taro patches. The inland plateau is extensively cultivated, with plantations of coconuts, banana, citrus, and other food plants, as well as assorted introduced decorative shrubs. The high ground on the island was cleared during World War 2 for military installations and now consists of grasses and weedy species. The motu have Pemphis acidula scrub on the seaward side, phasing to Suriana scrub and coconut forest, with the volcanic islands containing forests of Calophyllum inophyllum which are not found on the other motu.{{cite journal |url=https://www.sprep.org/att/IRC/eCOPIES/Countries/Cook_Islands/33.pdf |title=Reef islands of Aitutaki |last=Stoddart |first=David R. |journal=Atoll Research Bulletin |volume=190 |date=1975 |pages=59–72 |access-date=16 February 2021}}

Aitutaki is home to numerous species of sea- and shorebirds, including the red-tailed tropicbird, white-tailed tropicbird, brown booby, great frigatebird, brown noddy, black noddy, white tern, and Pacific reef heron.{{cite journal |url=https://www.sprep.org/attachments/VirLib/CookIslands/Birdlife-of-Aitutaki.pdf |title=Birdlife of Aitutaki, Cook Islands |author=Peter Child |journal=Notornis |volume=28 |date=1981 |pages=29–34 |access-date=16 February 2021}} Land birds include the common myna and the blue lorikeet.{{cite journal |url=https://www.notornis.osnz.org.nz/system/files/Notornis_31_3.pdf |title=Birds on Aitutaki, Atiu and Mauke, Southern Cook Islands |author=F. J. Taylor |journal=Notornis |volume=31 |issue=3 |date=1984 |pages=267–270 |access-date=16 February 2021 |archive-date=20 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220032059/https://notornis.osnz.org.nz/system/files/Notornis_31_3.pdf |url-status=dead }} The latter were badly affected by Cyclone Pat, losing over 50% of their population and virtually all juveniles.{{cite news |url=https://issuu.com/worldparrottrust/docs/ps_23_1_feb_11-cyclone-survival-blu |title=Cyclone Survival (Blue Lorikeet) |author=Kimberley Jennings |work=PsittaScene |volume=23 |issue=1 |date=2011 |page=8 |access-date=16 February 2021}} Subfossil remains show that Kuhl's lorikeet, the spotless crake, and an undescribed species of whistling duck were all at one stage extant on Aitutaki before being extirpated.{{cite journal |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/5094016.pdf |title=Extinct and Extirpated Birds from Aitutaki and Atiu, Southern Cook Islands |last=Steadman |first=David W. |journal=Pacific Science |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=325–347 |date=1991 |access-date=16 February 2021}} The main island has been designated an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because it supports a population of blue lorikeets.{{cite web |url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/aitutaki-iba-cook-islands|title= Aitutaki|author= |date=2021|website= BirdLife Data Zone|publisher= BirdLife International|access-date= 7 March 2021}}{{cite web |url=https://www.cookislandsnews.com/environment/atiu-aitutaki-lsquo-important-bird-areas-rsquo/ |title=Atiu, Aitutaki 'important bird areas' |publisher=Cook Islands News |date=29 March 2012 |access-date=9 March 2021}}

File:Aitutaki-Motu Tapuaetai.jpg (One Foot Island) in the southern part of Aitutaki Atoll]]

File:Reef outside Aititaki, Cook Islands.JPG

File:Aitutaki-Beach-1.JPG

The main island of Aitutaki occupies the northern part of the atoll, which is roughly triangular in shape. The minor islands form part of the perimeter of the lagoon. All islands, including the main island and its peninsula Ootu, are listed starting clockwise from the northernmost point of the atoll:

Tapuaetai (One Foot Island), a small islet in the south-east of the lagoon, is often said to be the most important attraction. It is regarded as providing the visitor with the best views of the Aitutaki lagoon and, depending on the tide, one is able to walk on a sandbank a decent distance away from Tapuaetai. The trip to this island is the most frequented trip available on Aitutaki. One Foot Island was awarded "Australasia's Leading Beach" at the World Travel Awards held in Sydney in June 2008.{{cite web |url=https://www.worldtravelawards.com/award-australasias-leading-beach-2008 |title=Australasia's Leading Beach 2008 |publisher=World Travel Awards |date= |access-date=4 August 2020}}

Ootu Peninsula is of coral formation, but attached to the main volcanic island, thus a peninsula. If it were an island, it would be the largest of the minor islands. Ootu Peninsula does belong to tapere and district of Vaitupa. The minor islands are not allocated to any districts or tapere, but they do form part of the larger constituencies.

All minor islets, except Akitua and Maina, are part of Vaipae–Tautu Constituency. Akitua is part of Amuri–Ureia Constituency, as is Ootu Peninsula, just north of Akitua. Maina is part of Arutanga–Reureu–Nikaupara Constituency. The main island is equally divided among the three constituencies Arutanga-Reureu-Nikaupara (southwest), Vaipae-Tautu (southeast), and Amuri-Ureia (north).

{{Reflist}}

{{Commons category}}

{{Wikivoyage}}

• [http://www.ck/aitutaki/index.htm Cook Islands website – Aitutaki]
• [http://www.aitutakicookislands.info Aitutaki website by a long term resident]
• [http://www.marcusgleinig.com/photogallery/thumbnails.php?album=8 Aitutaki Photo Gallery]
• [http://www.airraro.com/clientpages/raro/aitutaki.html "Aitutaki – One of the World's favourite islands..."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805213154/http://www.airraro.com/ClientPages/Raro/aitutaki.html |date=5 August 2014 }}, Air Rarotonga
• An open access archive collection of index cards of plant and animal names of the Cook Islands at Kaipuleohone includes information on Aitutaki.

{{Cook Islands}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Atolls of the Cook Islands

Category:Islands of Aitutaki

Category:Important Bird Areas of the Cook Islands