wyvern

According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the word is a development of Middle English wyver (attested fourteenth century), from Anglo-French {{lang|xno|wivre}} (cf. French guivre and vouivre), which originate from Latin vīpera, meaning "viper", "adder", or "asp".{{OED|wyvern, n.}}{{Cite book |last=Hoad |first=T. F. |title=English Etymology |year=1993 |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-283098-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/conciseoxforddic00tfho/page/546 546] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/conciseoxforddic00tfho/page/546 }} The concluding "–n" had been added by the beginning of the 17th century, when John Guillim in 1610 describes the "wiverne" as a creature that "partake[s] of a Fowle in the Wings and Legs ... and doth resemble a Serpent in the Taile". John Gibbon in 1682 emphasises that it "hath but two Legs".

Conversely, medievalist William Sayers proposes a more complex origin for the term. He notes that the Anglo-French guivre and its Middle English derivative ceased to retain the original sense of "venomous snake" after the Latin term was re-introduced into medieval Latin, freeing them up to take an alternative meaning.{{cite journal |last=Sayers |first=William |title=The Wyvern |journal=Neuphilologische Mitteilungen |volume=109 |issue=4 |year=2008 |pages=457–465 }}{{rp|460}} Adducing another meaning of wiver (this time Old English) and guivre, "light javelin",{{rp|461}} and noting partial resemblances between the size and shape of javelins and snakes,{{rp|462}} plus the later medieval era's increasing use of heavy armor and decreasing use of light javelins, he proposes that the concepts of "venomous snake" and "light javelin" were melded to produce a new term for a previously unimagined concept of flying snake, a kind of dragon.{{rp|463}}

File:F. 21r. Wyvern.jpg, Aberystwyth: this example has a second head at the end of its tail.]]

File:Chester Cathedral - Chorgestühl 7 Wyvern.jpg in Cheshire, England, c. 1380]]

The concept of winged snakes, mythical creatures similar to wyverns, is common in cultures around the Mediterranean, with a notable example being the Egyptian goddess Wadjet.{{cite book |first=Valery |last=Rees |title=From Gabriel to Lucifer: A Cultural History of Angels |publisher=I. B. Tauris |location=London |year=2013 |isbn=9780857721624 }} The oldest creatures outright referred to as "winged dragons" are Helios's chariot steeds, which aid Medea.

In British heraldry, the term "wyver" first appears in Great Roll in 1312, and is derived from the Old French "wyvre", meaning "serpent". The term "dragon" appears by the following century. Afterwards, four-legged dragons become increasingly popular in heraldry and become distinguished from the two-legged kind during the sixteenth century, at which point the latter kind becomes commonly known as the "wyver" and later "wyvern".{{Cite book |title=The Heraldic Imagination |last=Dennys |first=Rodney |publisher=Clarkson N. Potter |year=1975 |isbn=0517526298 |place=New York |pages=191 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=xNdOAAAAMAAJ}}

Since the sixteenth century, in English, Welsh, Scottish, French and Irish heraldry, heraldic wyverns are defined as distinct entities from heraldic dragons. The key difference has been that a wyvern has two legs, whereas a dragon has four. This distinction is not commonly observed in the heraldry of other European countries, where two-legged dragon creatures are simply called dragons.{{Cite book |title=The Heraldic Imagination |last=Dennys |first=Rodney |publisher=Clarkson N. Potter |year=1975 |isbn=0517526298 |place=New York |pages=186–188 |url = https://archive.org/details/heraldicimaginat0000denn/page/186/mode/2up?view=theater}}{{cite book |last=Fox-Davies |first=Charles |date=1909 |title=A Complete Guide to Heraldry |url=https://archive.org/details/completeguidetoh00foxduoft/page/226/mode/2up?view=theater | location=London |publisher=T.C. & E.C. Jack |pages=226–227 |access-date=31 March 2023}}

The wyvern frequently features in modern fantasy fiction, such as Fourth Wing, Throne of Glass, and The Black Witch Chronicles, though its first literary appearances may have been in medieval bestiaries.A wyvern and an elephant may be found at Harley MS 3244 (dated 13th century, after c. 1236), [http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/ILLUMIN.ASP?Size=mid&IllID=21497 f.39v] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901051600/http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/ILLUMIN.ASP?Size=mid&IllID=21497 |date=2014-09-01 }}.

File:1st Duke of Marlborough arms.png the arms of John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough]]

The wyvern is a frequent charge in English heraldry and vexillology, also occasionally appearing as a supporter or crest.

A wyvern is typically depicted resting upon its legs and tail, but may be depicted with its claws in the air and only supported by its tail. On occasion, a wyvern may be depicted as wingless and with its tail nowed.

A silver (argent) wyvern formed the crest of the Borough of Leicester as recorded at the heraldic visitation of Leicestershire in 1619: "A wyvern sans legs argent strewed with wounds gules, wings expanded ermine." The term "sans legs" may not imply that the wyvern was "without legs", rather than its legs are not depicted, being hidden or folded under.Geoffrey Briggs, Civic & Corporate Heraldry, London, 1971C. W. Scot-Giles, Civic Heraldry of England and Wales, 2nd edition, London, 1953A. C. Fox-Davies, The Book of Public Arms, London, 1915 This was adopted by the Midland Railway in 1845 when it became the crest of its unofficial coat of arms.Cuthbert Hamilton Ellis, The Midland Railway, 1953 The company asserted that the "wyvern was the standard of the Kingdom of Mercia", and that it was "a quartering in the town arms of Leicester".Frederick Smeeton Williams, The Midland Railway: Its rise and progress: A narrative of modern enterprise, 1876
The Railway Magazine, Vol. 102, 1897.{{Cite book | last = Dow | first = George | title = Railway Heraldry: and other insignia | year = 1973 | isbn = 9780715358962 |publisher=David and Charles |location=Newton Abbot }}Clement Edwin Stretton, History of The Midland Railway, 1901 However, in 1897 the Railway Magazine noted that there appeared "to be no foundation that the wyvern was associated with the Kingdom of Mercia".The Railway Magazine, Vol. 102, 1897 It has been associated with Leicester since the time of Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster and Leicester (c. 1278–1322), the most powerful lord in the Midlands, who used it as his personal crest.{{Cite web |url=http://www.thiswasleicestershire.co.uk/2012/09/what-is-origin-of-leicester-wyvern.html|title=What is the Origin of the Leicester Wyvern?|date=24 September 2012 |publisher=Leicestershire History}}

A green wyvern stands in the emblem of the ancient Umbrian city of Terni; the dragon is called by the name Thyrus by the citizens. A sable wyvern on a white background with endorsed wings forms the coat of arms of the Tilley family.

The arms of the Worshipful Society of Apothecaries depict a wyvern, symbolising disease, being overcome by Apollo, symbolising medicine.

Wyvern Zilant is depicted on the coat of arms of the city of Kazan, the capital of the Republic of Tatarstan.

The wyvern is a popular commercial logo or mascot, especially in Wales and what was once the West Country Kingdom of Wessex, but also in Herefordshire and Worcestershire, as the rivers Wye and Severn run through Hereford and Worcester respectively. A local radio station was formerly called Wyvern FM. Vauxhall Motors had a model in its range in the 1950s called the Wyvern. The Westland Wyvern was a British single-seat carrier-based multi-role strike aircraft built by Westland Aircraft that served in the 1950s, seeing active service in the 1956 Suez Crisis.

• The wyvern is a frequent mascot of athletic teams, colleges and universities, particularly in the United Kingdom and the United States, and was the mascot of the former Korea Baseball Organization team SK Wyverns, established in 2000, King's College, within the University of Queensland, and the Japanese basketball team, the Passlab Yamagata Wyverns of the Japanese B.League.
• The wyvern is also the mascot of the 51st Operations Support Squadron at Osan Air Base, with the motto: "breathin' fire!"{{cite web|url=https://www.osan.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/641932/51st-operations-support-squadron/|title=51ST OPERATIONS SUPPORT SQUADRON > Osan Air Base > Display|website=www.osan.af.mil}}
• A wyvern is depicted on the unit crest of the USAF 31st Fighter Wing.
• A wyvern is featured on the club crests of both Leyton Orient F.C. and Carlisle United F.C.
• A wyvern is featured as the team mascot for Woodbridge College in Woodbridge, Ontario, Canada.
• A wyvern is the mascot of Quinsigamond Community College in Worcester, Massachusetts.
• A wyvern is the logo of LLVM, the compiler infrastructure project.
• A wyvern is the logo of the Swiss chocolate manufacturer Lindt.
• A wyvern is the emblem of East London Rugby Football Club.
• Wyvern is the a nickname of a fictional aircraft in the Ace Combat series: the X-02 Wyvern.
• A wyvern is the emblem of Old Wesley R.F.C.
• A wyvern is contained in the emblem of Ternana Calcio.
• A wyvern is featured on the crest of King Alfred School, Plön.

File:Coat of Arms of Sophie, Duchess of Edinburgh.svg|Arms of Sophie, Countess of Wessex

File:Trento-cathedral-relief with wyvern.jpg|A wyvern fighting with a wolf, relief, Trento Cathedral, Italy

File:Midland arms.jpg|Arms of Midland Railway at Derby station, bearing in crest a wyvern sans legs

File:Lusitania liberata ab injusto Castellanorum dominio - restituta legitimo principi serenissimo Joanni IV (1645) (14580694507).jpg|Wyvern as a personification of Portugal

File:43 inf div -vector.svg|43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division insignia (World War II)

File:3rd Infantry Division DUI.svg|US Army 3rd Infantry Division has a wyvern on its emblem. The insignia is worn as a unit badge by members of the division's command.

File:Chorągiew Mazowsza.svg|The flag of the former Duchy of Masovia

File:Coat of Arms - Dr Thomas Kingsbury 1742.jpg|Wyvern atop the crest of Dr. Thomas Kingsbury, Fellow of the King and Queen's College of Physicians, Ireland (1742).

File:Banniel Bro Dreger 1998.svg|Flag of Trégor, Brittany

File:Epworth Hospital General Nursing Badge circa 1987.jpg|General Nursing Badge awarded to graduates of the Epworth Hospital General Nursing School (1924–1988). This particular design features a wyvern and the motto Non ministrari sed ministrare (not to be served but to serve). The design was adopted for use by nursing training schools established by the Methodist Church in Adelaide (Memorial Hospital) and Sydney (Waverly War Memorial Hospital).{{cite book |last=Bomford |first=Janette |title=Epworth: A tradition of Care 1920–2010 |date=2010 |publisher=Epworth Foundation |page=28}}{{cite web |url= https://adelaideaz.com/articles/methodists-fund-memorial-hospital-in-north-adelaide-opened-in-1920-as-salute-to-world-war-i-men-and-300-nurses |title=Methodists' Memorial Hospital in North Adelaide opens in 1920 as salute to World War I men and 300 nurses|date=2023 |publisher=Adelaide AZ |access-date=February 17, 2023}}

File:141030_KAS_Shield.jpg|Crest of King Alfred School, Plön

File:Cetro imperiale Brazil.jpg|The Brazilian Imperial Sceptre. The wyvern is the traditional symbol and crest of the House of Braganza

{{Commons category|Wyverns}}

{{Spoken Wikipedia|Wyvern.ogg|date=2005-08-27}}

• Basilisk
• Cockatrice
• Cuélebre
• European dragon
• Lindworm
• White dragon

{{reflist|30em}}

{{commons category}}

{{Dragons}}

{{Heraldic creatures}}

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Category:European dragons

Category:Medieval European legendary creatures

Category:Mythological hybrids