:2021 Balochistan earthquake

{{Infobox earthquake

| name = 2021 Balochistan earthquake

| image =

| alt =

| caption =

| map = ShakeMap-2021-Balochistan-earthquake.jpg

| map_alt =

| map_caption = ShakeMap created by the USGS for the earthquake

| map2 = {{Location map|Pakistan

| relief = yes

| lat = 30.220

| long = 68.015

| mark = Bullseye1.png

| marksize = 50

| float = center

| caption =

| width = 260

}}

| timestamp = 2021-10-06 22:01:10

| isc-event = 621126624

| anss-url = us6000fsg9

| local-date = {{Start date|2021|10|07|df=y}}

| local-time = 03:01 PKT

| duration =

| pga =

| magnitude = 5.9 {{M|ww|link=y}}

| depth = {{Convert|9.0|km|abbr=on}}

| intensity = {{MMI|7}}

| type =

| location = {{Coord|30.220|68.015}}

| casualties = 42 dead, 300 injured

| aftershocks = {{M|b|link=yes}} 4.6 & 4.5

}}

An earthquake struck Pakistan's province of Balochistan near the city of Harnai on 7 October 2021.{{cite news |title=At least 20 killed as 5.9-magnitude earthquake rocks parts of Balochistan |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1650594/at-least-20-killed-as-59-magnitude-earthquake-rocks-parts-of-balochistan |newspaper=Dawn|location=Pakistan|date=7 October 2021}}{{cite news |title=Balochistan: A severe earthquake in Harnai area, 18 people killed

|url=https://www.bbc.com/urdu/pakistan-58823973 |access-date=7 October 2021 |publisher=BBC Urdu |date=7 October 2021 |language=Urdu}} The moment magnitude 5.9 {{M|ww}} quake struck in the early morning at 03:01 local time, killing at least 42 people and injuring 300 others.{{cite news |title=ایک اور زلزلہ: ٹھوس فیصلے ناگزیر|trans-title=Another earthquake: concrete decisions inevitable |url=https://dunya.com.pk/index.php/editorial/2021-10-08/6659 |access-date=7 October 2021 |agency=Dunya News |language=Urdu}} The earthquake occurred just one day before the anniversary of the 2005 Kashmir earthquake.

Tectonic setting

Pakistan is directly influenced by the ongoing oblique convergence between the Indian plate and Eurasian plate. Along the northern margin of the India-Eurasia convergent boundary is the Main Himalayan Thrust which accommodates north–south continental collision. Thrust faulting in the Hindu Kush and Himalaya region is the direct result of the plate interaction. In the Balochistan region, the convergence is highly oblique, involving the large Chaman Fault; a left-lateral strike-slip structure. While a large portion of the boundary is accommodated by strike-slip faulting, the region also hosts the Sulaiman fold and thrust belt. Major thrusting and folding have occurred within the ~10-km-thick sedimentary rocks which sits atop the India-Eurasia plate boundary; a near-horizontal, north-dipping décollement. The 2005 Kashmir earthquake occurred near the vicinity of the Main Himalayan Thrust. The more recent and larger magnitude 7.7 quake in 2013 in Balochistan was the result of oblique-slip faulting along this highly oblique boundary. That earthquake killed at least 800 and caused major damage in the province. Closer to the region was a {{M|wc}} 7.1 earthquake in 1997 which struck southeast, killing at least 60 people.{{cite web |title=M 7.1 – 29 km ESE of Harnai, Pakistan |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp0007xx2/executive |publisher=United States Geological Survey |access-date=7 October 2021}} That earthquake also had a thrust mechanism but occurred on a blind thrust fault.{{cite journal |author1=Kirsty Reynolds |author2=Alex Copley |author3=Ekbal Hussain |title=Evolution and dynamics of a fold-thrust belt: the Sulaiman Range of Pakistan |journal=Geophysical Journal International |date=2015 |volume=201 |issue=2 |pages=683–710 |doi=10.1093/gji/ggv005 |doi-access=free |url=https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstreams/97ee2a68-83a4-45c8-b2eb-2b27a3a712fd/download}}

Earthquake

According to the United States Geological Survey, the earthquake occurred due to a shallow thrust fault rupturing—the fault is part of the fold and thrust belt under the Sulaiman Mountains and Central Brāhui Range.{{Cite web|title=M 5.9 – 15 km NNE of Harnai, Pakistan|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000fsg9/executive|publisher=United States Geological Survey |access-date=7 October 2021 |date=7 October 2021}} {{PD-notice}} Rupture occurred on a fault either dipping shallowly to the north, or a fault dipping steeply to the south. It was followed by two magnitude 4.6 and 4.5 aftershocks.{{cite web |title=M 4.6 – 9 km E of Harnai, Pakistan |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000fshe/executive |publisher=United States Geological Survey |access-date=7 October 2021}}{{cite web |title=M 4.5 – 5 km S of Harnai, Pakistan |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000ftip/executive |publisher=United States Geological Survey |access-date=10 October 2021 |date=10 October 2021}} It was the largest earthquake in this region of Pakistan since a major tremor in 2013 which occurred nearby.{{Cite web|date=2021-10-07|title=Pakistan earthquake: at least 20 dead after powerful 5.7 magnitude tremor|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/oct/07/pakistan-earthquake-magnitude-deaths|access-date=2021-10-11|website=The Guardian}} The GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences placed the earthquake magnitude at {{M|w}} 5.8 at 10 km depth with a moment tensor solution indicating thrust faulting.{{cite web |title=GEOFON Program |url=https://geofon.gfz-potsdam.de/old/eqinfo/event.php?id=gfz2021tppl |website=geofon.gfz-potsdam.de |publisher=GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences |access-date=7 October 2021 |date=7 October 2021}}

Impact

Striking early in the morning at just after 03:00 local time, the earthquake collapsed many homes where residents were asleep. According to the Provincial Disaster Management Authority (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) (PDMA), severe damage was reported in the Harnai District and Shahrag area, where 10,000 mud homes were destroyed.{{Cite web|title=صوبائی و مرکزی حکومت زلزلہ متاثرین کی مشکلا ت کو حل کرنے کیلئے سنجیدگی کا مظاہرہ کرے، نور محمد دمڑ|url=https://dailyintekhab.pk/archives/177213|website=dailyintekhab.pk|language=Urdu|date=12 October 2021}}{{cite news |author1=Muhammad Zubair Khan |title=بلوچستان، ہرنائی میں زلزلہ: پاکستان کے کون سے علاقے زلزلے کے زیادہ خطرے کی زد میں ہیں؟|trans-title=Earthquake in Balochistan, Harnai: Which areas of Pakistan are most at risk of earthquakes? |url=https://www.bbc.com/urdu/pakistan-58825581 |access-date=7 October 2021 |publisher=BBC Urdu |date=7 October 2021}}{{cite news |title=Terrible earthquake in different parts of Balochistan, 20 people killed, 300 injured |url=https://www.aaj.tv/news/30268656/ |access-date=7 October 2021 |agency=Aaj TV |date=7 October 2021 |language=Urdu}} Damage was also reported in the cities of Sibi and Quetta.{{cite news |title=Shahbaz Sharif is deeply saddened by the loss of precious lives due to the earthquake |url=https://jang.com.pk/news/994946 |access-date=7 October 2021 |agency=Daily Jang |date=7 October 2021 |language=Urdu}} Provincial Minister Mir Ziaullah Langau said landslides have blocked roads leading to the affected region, disrupting rescue and recovery efforts.{{cite news |author1=Asad Hashim |title=At least 20 dead as houses collapse in Pakistan earthquake |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/10/7/earthquake-rocks-southern-pakistan-15-dead |access-date=7 October 2021 |agency=Al Jazeera |location=Quetta, Pakistan}} The majority of homes in the affected region were constructed of mud and stone, making them vulnerable to collapse or severe damage from earthquakes. The Deputy Commissioner at Government of Balochistan, Suhail Anwar Hashmi said that most of the fatalities resulted from roof and wall collapses.

According to geologist Sotiris Valkaniotis, the quake triggered at least 116 landslides, based on inferring satellite imagery from Sentinel-2.{{cite web |author1=Sotiris Valkaniotis |title=#Landslides (red dots) triggered by the Mw 5.9 #earthquake east of Quetta, Pakistan – mapped using Copernicus #Sentinel2 imagery. Not any major concentration, but they spread over a 20x40 km area. 1/2 |url=https://twitter.com/SotisValkan/status/1446908246619471872 |via=Twitter |access-date=10 October 2021 |date=9 October 2021}}

Casualties

At least 42 people died, mostly women and children.{{Cite web|title=Islamic Relief Pakistan Response Strategy|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/pakistan/islamic-relief-pakistan-response-strategy|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=13 October 2021}} An unspecified number of residents were buried under the rubble of collapsed buildings and rescued by survivors. About 300 people were injured, with many hospitals in Balochistan overwhelmed by the influx of patients. Ten injured individuals, mostly men and elders were airlifted to Quetta.{{cite news |title=ہرنائی زلزلہ، شدید زخمی ہیلی کاپٹر سے کوئٹہ منتقل|trans-title=Harnai earthquake, critically injured transferred to Quetta by helicopter |url=https://jang.com.pk/news/994899 |access-date=7 October 2021 |agency=Daily Jang |date=7 October 2021}}

On the afternoon the same day of the disaster, funerals were held for those who had died. A district hospital in Harnai received 15 dead bodies and many severely injured children. Many of the patients were treated outside the hospital building due to overcapacity. Four deaths were coal miners working when the mine collapsed. In another instance, a mother and her two children were killed in their sleep when their home collapsed. Another girl, aged eight, was found lifeless under the wreckage.{{cite news |last1=Gannon |first1=Kathy |last2=Sattar |first2=Abdul |title=Strong earthquake in southwest Pakistan kills at least 23 |url=https://apnews.com/article/science-pakistan-earthquakes-bd2be7e2982a44a0f02ecb4f12e9d0e3 |access-date=7 October 2021 |agency=Associated Press |date=7 October 2021}} Six children were among the dead, including a one-year-old infant.{{cite news |title=22 killed, over 300 injured in earthquake in Pakistan's Balochistan province |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/22-killed-over-300-injured-in-earthquake-in-pakistans-balochistan-province/articleshow/86836344.cms |access-date=7 October 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=7 October 2021 |location=Karachi, Pakistan}}{{cite news |title=ہرنائی زلزلہ، ایک سالہ بچے کی لاش نکالتے غمزدہ باپ بے ہوش|trans-title=Harnai earthquake, sad father faints while removing body of one year old child |url=https://jang.com.pk/news/995223 |access-date=8 October 2021 |agency=Agence France-Presse |publisher=Daily Jang |date=8 October 2021}}

Dozens of coal miners in Balochistan are also reportedly missing, presumably trapped. According to the Deputy Commissioner of Harnai, 15 miners are unaccounted for outside the city. Rescue workers were sent to search for the missing.{{cite news |title=Balochistan earthquake, 15 miners trapped in a coal mine |url=https://news.com.pk/2021/10/07/13201/ |access-date=9 October 2021 |agency=news.com.pk |date=7 October 2021 |language=Urdu}}

By 9 October, 33 injured people were getting treatment for their injuries at the Sandeman Provincial Hospital in Quetta. Some victims were taken to the trauma center for their severe injuries.{{cite news |author1=Mohammad Zafar |title=Harnai quake death toll reaches 26 |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2323987/harnai-quake-death-toll-reaches-26 |access-date=9 October 2021 |agency=The Express Tribune |date=9 October 2021}}

On 10 October, an aftershock measuring magnitude 4.5 shook Harnai, injuring six people. The injured individuals were transported to a local hospital where they were treated.{{cite news |title=سبی اور ہرنائی میں زلزلہ،6افرادزخمی|trans-title=Earthquake in Sibi and Harnai, 6 injured |url=https://www.samaa.tv/urdu/pakistan/2021/10/2404809/ |access-date=11 October 2021 |agency=Samaa TV |date=11 October 2021}}

It was reported on October 16 that a casualty died while undergoing treatment at a hospital in Karachi, bringing the death toll to 27.{{cite news |author1=Mujeeb Ullah |title=Another Harnai earthquake victim died in Karachi |url=https://www.samaa.tv/urdu/pakistan/2021/10/2410539/ |access-date=17 October 2021 |agency=Samaa TV |date=16 October 2021}}

Response

Following the quake, troops from the Pakistan Army were dispatched to Harnai to aid in rescue and relief operations. At least nine injured victims in need of medical treatment were transported via helicopters from the affected region to Quetta.{{cite news |title=Relief activities in the quake affected areas of Harnai, Pakistan Army troops reached |url=https://www.aaj.tv/news/30268668/ |access-date=7 October 2021 |agency=Aaj TV |date=7 October 2021 |language=Urdu}} The Inter-Services Public Relations, army, medical personnel, response workers, and officials are working together to coordinate the rescue and relief works. A team of search and rescue individuals from Rawalpindi was sent to Harnai to find survivors among the wreckage.{{cite news |title=Pak Army troops reach quake-hit areas in Balochistan |url=https://www.humnews.pk/latest/353804/ |access-date=7 October 2021 |agency=HUM News |date=7 October 2021}}

Provincial officials in Balochistan announced that 200,000 Pakistani rupees (approximately 1,170 US dollars) would be compensated to the families of each deceased individual.{{cite news |title=Harnai earthquake, Rs 2.2 aid announced for the families of the victims |url=https://www.samaa.tv/urdu/pakistan/2021/10/2401764/ |access-date=7 October 2021 |agency=Samaa TV |date=7 October 2021 |language=Urdu}} Sania Nishtar, a Pakistani physician, was to pay a visit to the affected area on instructions by the Prime Minister of Pakistan, where she would meet the victims and provide relief.{{cite news |title=On the directive of the Prime Minister, Dr Sania Nishtar will pay an emergency visit to Harnai district of Balochistan on Saturday |url=https://urdu.app.com.pk/urdu/276755 |access-date=8 October 2021 |date=8 October 2021 |archive-date=8 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008142831/https://urdu.app.com.pk/urdu/276755 |url-status=dead }} Relief workers guided by the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement were dispatched to the province to provide medical assistance. Residents who were homeless after the quake were housed in tents and provided basic needs. Despite the supplies given, many residents were still complaining that they are insufficient. Officials said that the delivery of supplies are delayed due to landslides and that the areas are not easily accessible.{{cite news |title=Many quake victims in Harnai are still waiting for help |url=https://urdu.geo.tv/latest/266130 |access-date=9 October 2021 |agency=Geo News Urdu}}

A relief package of 12,000 Pakistani rupees was approved by the government of Pakistan and is planned to be distributed to each affected family. The package would be distributed to the families Ehsaas Programme. Food trucks arrived in Harnai on October 11, supplying food for survivors.{{cite web |title=بلوچستان کے زلزلہ سے متاثرہ ضلع ہرنائی کے ہر خاندان کو 12 ہزار روپے کی امداد دی جائے گی، ڈاکٹر ثانیہ نشتر|trans-title=Rs 12,000 will be given to every family in Harnai district affected by Balochistan earthquake: Dr Sania Nishtar |url=https://urdu.app.com.pk/urdu/277074 |website=urdu.app.com.pk |access-date=11 October 2021 |date=11 October 2021}} The Pakistan Army and Air Force, together with the district administration distributed tents and food to over 500 individuals. The army also conducted building inspections. Medical tents setup by the army has treated at least 3,000 people.{{cite news |title=ہرنائی؛زلزلہ سے متاثرہ 500خاندانوں میں ٹینٹ ،آٹا اور ضروری اشیاء خوردنوش تقسیم|trans-title=Harnai: Tents, flour and food items distributed to 500 earthquake-affected families |url=https://vid.app.com.pk/vid/2021/10/%DB%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%9B%D8%B2%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%84%DB%81-%D8%B3%DB%92-%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%B1%DB%81-500%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%DA%BA-%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%BA-%D9%B9/ |access-date=11 October 2021 |agency=Associated Press of Pakistan |date=11 October 2021}}

Mining in the Harnai district was brought to a temporary ban by the Pakistan Mineral Development Corporation from October 12 to 19. Officials fear aftershocks could result in further casualties if they collapse mines.{{cite news |title=ہرنائی میں کان کنی پر عارضی طور پر پابندی عائد|trans-title=Mining temporarily banned in Harnai |url=https://jang.com.pk/news/997605 |access-date=13 October 2021 |agency=Daily Jang |date=13 October 2021}}

Local officials have banned the transportation of relief supplies outside the Harnai District.{{cite news |title=زلزلہ متاثرین کا امدادی سامان ہرنائی سے باہر لے جانے پر پابندی عائد|trans-title=Earthquake victims banned from carrying relief supplies out of Harnai |url=https://urdu.geo.tv/latest/266650 |access-date=17 October 2021 |agency=Geo News |date=15 October 2021 |language=Urdu}}