:Air Board (Australia)

The Air Board was responsible for control and administration of the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF), including operations, training, maintenance, and acquisitions.Lax, Taking the Lead, pp. 123, 126 On its establishment in 1920 the board comprised the Director of Intelligence and Organisation, Director of Personnel and Training, Director of Equipment, and Finance Member. Its purview included the Air Force's organisation and dispersal, allocation of aircraft to meet Army and Navy requirements, selection of air bases and buildings, development of training programs and schools, and recruitment.{{cite web|url=https://recordsearch.naa.gov.au/scripts/AutoSearch.asp?Number=CA+90|id=CA 90|title=Air Board|publisher=National Archives of Australia|access-date=22 November 2022|archive-date=22 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222104152/https://recordsearch.naa.gov.au/SearchNRetrieve/Interface/DetailsReports/AgencyDetail.aspx?reg_no=CA%2090|url-status=live}} The agency's composition evolved until, in 1954, it included the Chief of the Air Staff (CAS), Air Member for Personnel (AMP), Air Member for Technical Services (AMTS), Air Member for Supply and Equipment (AMSE), and Secretary of the Department of Air. The board essentially retained this form until its dissolution in 1976.Stephens, Going Solo, pp. 76, 463

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The CAS was responsible for the operational side of the RAAF, from policy and plans to overall combat command. As chairman of the Air Board, he controlled the agency's meetings, agenda, and minutes. According to Air Force regulations, the Air Board as a body was charged with running the RAAF; this power was not invested in the CAS alone. In practice, the CAS's operational and administrative responsibilities allowed him to exert a significant influence. Generally though, decisions were arrived at through collective discussion and consensus; each board member had the right to table a dissenting report, but such instances were rare. Despite the efforts of some government ministers and at least one CAS, Air Marshal John McCauley, to prevent members serving more than three to five years consecutively on the board, no arbitrary term limits were enforced. Ellis Wackett, the RAAF's senior engineering officer from 1942, maintained his place on the board for seventeen years, the longest tenure of any member; his experience and intellect made him, according to the official history of the post-war RAAF, "singularly adept at bringing a committee around to his point of view".Stephens, Going Solo, pp. 80–81 The arguably disproportionate sway held by technical services continued with Wackett's successor, Air Vice-Marshal Ernie Hey, who served on the board for twelve years.Stephens, Going Solo, p. 81

As well as being members of the board, AMP, AMTS, and AMSE were the heads of their respective branches within the Air Force and had delegated authority to administer those branches. Other officers such as the Deputy Chief of the Air Staff might attend meetings, but were not members of the board.Stephens, Going Solo, p. 76 The departmental secretary was a senior public servant, the permanent head of the Department of Air from 1939 to 1973 and afterwards a deputy secretary of the Department of Defence, responsible to the board for finance, administration, and direction of civilian support staff.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article131695595 |title=33,000 PS jobs reshuffled |newspaper=The Canberra Times |date=1 December 1973 |access-date=20 December 2017 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}} The minister of the department could choose to chair meetings and was expected to sign off on all decisions made by the board. This sometimes involved the minister in mundane matters, such as the acquisition of furniture and foodstuffs. Historian Alan Stephens observed that the board itself, despite consisting of an air marshal, three air vice-marshals, and a high-level government official, could devote "an inordinate amount of meeting time" to administrative minutiae, rather than concentrating on higher policy, major purchases, or operational aspects.Stephens, Power Plus Attitude, p. 114 Stephens contrasted this situation with the board's achievements in more substantial matters, such as the "educational revolution" it oversaw between 1945 and 1953, when programs such as RAAF College, RAAF Staff College, and the RAAF apprentice scheme were introduced.Stephens, Going Solo, pp. 118, 120, 142

The remnants of the wartime Australian Flying Corps (AFC) were disbanded in December 1919 and succeeded the next month by the Australian Air Corps (AAC), which was, like the AFC, part of the Australian Army. The AAC was an interim organisation intended to remain in place until the establishment of a permanent Australian air service.Sutherland, Command and Leadership, pp. 32–34Coulthard-Clark, The Third Brother, pp. 17–21 Since 1905, a Military Board and a Naval Board had controlled the armed services in Australia.{{cite web|title= Military Board of Administration|work= The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History|year= 2008|publisher= Oxford Reference|access-date= 2 December 2022|url= http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195517842.001.0001/acref-9780195517842-e-774|url-access= subscription|last1= Dennis|first1= Peter|last2= Grey|first2= Jeffrey|last3= Morris|first3= Ewan|last4= Prior|first4= Robin|last5= Bou|first5= Jean|isbn= 978-0-19-551784-2}}{{cite web|title= Naval Board of Administration|work= The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History|year= 2008|publisher= Oxford Reference|access-date= 2 December 2022|url= http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195517842.001.0001/acref-9780195517842-e-825|url-access= subscription|last1= Dennis|first1= Peter|last2= Grey|first2= Jeffrey|last3= Morris|first3= Ewan|last4= Prior|first4= Robin|last5= Bou|first5= Jean|isbn= 978-0-19-551784-2}} The Chief of the Naval Staff, Rear Admiral Sir Percy Grant, objected to the AAC being under Army control, and argued that an air board should be formed to oversee the AAC and any permanent Australian air force. The Navy further proposed that the new air service include army and naval support wings, each controlled by their respective boards, leaving the air board in direct charge of training only. The Army rejected this notion on the grounds that it recreated the divisions in Britain's wartime air services that were only resolved with the creation of the Royal Air Force (RAF).Coulthard-Clark, The Third Brother, pp. 8–10 A temporary air board first met on 29 January 1920, the Army being represented by Brigadier General Thomas Blamey and Lieutenant Colonel Richard Williams, and the Royal Australian Navy by Captain Wilfred Nunn and Lieutenant Colonel Stanley Goble, a former member of Britain's Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS) then seconded to the Navy Office.Stephens, The Royal Australian Air Force, pp. 27–28 Williams was given responsibility for administering the AAC on behalf of the board.

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The permanent Air Board was instituted on 9 November 1920 to oversee the day-to-day running of the proposed Australian Air Force that would succeed the extant AAC.Odgers, The Royal Australian Air Force, pp. 47–51 The board's members consisted of Williams as Director of Intelligence and Organisation, Goble as Director of Personnel and Training, Captain (later Squadron Leader) Percy McBain as Director of Equipment, and Albert Joyce as Finance Member (FM).Stephens, The Royal Australian Air Force, p. 29Coulthard-Clark, The Third Brother, pp. 466–468 The selection of Williams and Goble was a compromise between the competing interests of the Army and Navy for control of Australia's air arm: Williams, formerly of the AFC and Australia's senior airman, was the Army's choice, and Goble, the RNAS veteran, was the Navy's.Coulthard-Clark, The Third Brother, p. 26 A superior policy-making and budgetary control body, the Air Council, was formed the same day as the Air Board and consisted of the Minister for Defence, the Chief of the General Staff, the Chief of the Naval Staff, the Controller of Civil Aviation, and two members of the Air Board (Williams and Goble).Coulthard-Clark, The Third Brother, p. 12Lax, Taking the Lead, pp. 122–123 This arrangement ensured that the new Air Force would be, according to historian Chris Coulthard-Clark, "anything but an independent and co-equal third service". Part of the rationale was the youth of the Air Board's officers—Williams, Goble and McBain were all aged thirty or under—and their relative lack of administrative experience; it also gave the Army and Navy a greater say in how the new service should run.Coulthard-Clark, The Third Brother, pp. 354–355 The Air Board and Air Council were made responsible for administering the AAC from 22 November.Coulthard-Clark, The Third Brother, pp. 10–12

The Air Board's first official meeting, which took place on 22 December 1920, prepared the groundwork for the new air service. Williams proposed among other things an organisation consisting of seven squadrons—two for air defence, two for army cooperation, and three for naval cooperation—as well as a flying training school, a recruit depot, a stores depot, a liaison office in London, an overarching headquarters, and two wing headquarters. The Air Council approved these plans in principle the next day.Coulthard-Clark, The Third Brother, p. 32 Public servant and former Army officer Major Patrick Coleman was appointed Secretary to the Air Board—an administrative position—on 1 January 1921.Coulthard-Clark, The Third Brother, pp. 370, 466 By 15 February, the Air Board had chosen a date for the formation of the Australian Air Force (AAF): 31 March that year.Gillison, [https://oldsite.awm.gov.au/images/collection/pdf/RCDIG1070474--1-.pdf Royal Australian Air Force, p. 16] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222050750/https://oldsite.awm.gov.au/images/collection/pdf/RCDIG1070474--1-.pdf |date=22 December 2017 }} Williams carefully selected this date rather than 1 April, the birthday of the RAF, "to prevent nasty people referring to us as 'April Fools'".Coulthard-Clark, The Third Brother, p. 31 In accordance with a proposal by Goble at the first board meeting, held over at the time but subsequently approved, upon its formation the Air Force adopted the RAF's rank structure.Coulthard-Clark, The Third Brother, pp. 82–84 The board's three officers, along with their staff of ten, were based at the newly raised Air Force Headquarters co-located with the Department of Defence at Victoria Barracks, Melbourne.Coulthard-Clark, The Third Brother, p. 41

In July 1921, the Air Board recommended engaging Australian Aircraft & Engineering to manufacture six Avro 504 trainers, as much to encourage the local aircraft industry as for any practical purpose given the AAF already had many of the type, and the Air Council agreed.Coulthard-Clark, The Third Brother, pp. 250–252 The same month, the Air Board selected Richmond, near Sydney, as the site for the AAF's first air base in New South Wales, to augment its extant base at Point Cook in Victoria.Coulthard-Clark, The Third Brother, pp. 42, 132 Soon after, Williams proposed—and the Air Board approved—an ensign similar to the RAF's but displaying the Southern Cross over the RAF roundel. After the Air Council requested the opinion of the British Air Ministry, the RAF's Chief of the Air Staff, Sir Hugh Trenchard, expressed a desire to see all Dominion air forces employ the RAF ensign. The Air Council concurred, and the Air Force did not adopt a uniquely Australian ensign that included the Southern Cross until 1948.{{cite web|url=http://www.airforce.gov.au/About-us/About-the-RAAF/Air-Force-Ensign/?RAAF-8f1IO5DsOyuE6wai0uL8r0DjCUFX+enq|title=Air Force ensign|publisher=Royal Australian Air Force|access-date=18 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216143947/http://www.airforce.gov.au/About-us/About-the-RAAF/Air-Force-Ensign/?RAAF-8f1IO5DsOyuE6wai0uL8r0DjCUFX+enq|archive-date=16 December 2017}} The AAF pursued its own course in relation to the colour of its uniform, Williams choosing a unique shade of dark blue in contrast to the blue-grey of the RAF. The Air Council had sought approval from The Crown to use the adjective "Royal" for the AAF before it formed in March; this was granted in May and took effect when the necessary order by the Governor-General was promulgated on 13 August.Coulthard-Clark, The Third Brother, pp. 33–34 The same month, the Air Board approved Squadron Leader McBain's proposal for the "A series" of aircraft numbering: "A" (for Australia), then a figure designating the model, and then the individual aircraft's three-digit identifier.Coulthard-Clark, The Third Brother, p. 165 Williams submitted proposals for the creation of a reserve force to the Air Council in November, and these were approved, although it was not until March 1925 that the Air Board announced that the first Citizen Air Force (CAF) squadrons were to be formed.Coulthard-Clark, The Third Brother, pp. 225–226Parnell; Boughton, Flypast, p. 43 In August 1926 the board ordered the introduction of parachutes to RAAF aircraft.Parnell; Boughton, Flypast, p. 36 Having inherited World War I-era Imperial Gift aircraft on the RAAF's formation, the Air Board ordered Australia's first modern fighter, the Bristol Bulldog, in January 1929.Coulthard-Clark, The Third Brother, pp. 162, 178–179 Later that year, the board requested permission from the British government to use the RAF motto Per ardua ad astra for the RAAF, and this was granted.

As senior officer on the Air Board, from April 1921 Williams was known as First Air Member, the fledgling Air Force initially not being deemed suitable for a chief of staff appointment equivalent to the Army and Navy. Often referred to as the "Father of the RAAF", Williams became the first Chief of the Air Staff (CAS) in October 1922.Stephens, The Royal Australian Air Force, pp. 30–31 At the same time, as a cost-cutting measure, the Air Board was reduced to three members: the CAS, the Chief of the Administrative Staff, and the FM. The CAS continued to be known alternatively as First Air Member, and the Chief of the Administrative Staff—Air Member for Personnel (AMP) after 1927—as Second Air Member, for most of the decade.

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Goble took over as CAS from Williams in December 1922, and for the next seventeen years the pair alternated in the position, an arrangement that "almost inevitably fostered an unproductive rivalry" according to Alan Stephens. Under Air Force regulations, the CAS role was intended to be "first among equals", decisions being arrived at collectively and members able to submit dissenting opinions to the Minister for Defence, but Williams dominated the board to such an extent that in 1939 Goble complained that his colleague appeared to consider the Air Force his personal command. Nor did the Air Council exercise any control over the board from 1925, when the council ceased meeting.Stephens, The Royal Australian Air Force, pp. 52–53 The Air Council was formally dissolved in 1929, making the Air Board equivalent to the Military and Naval Boards under the Minister for Defence. The same year, a new position on the Air Board, Air Member for Supply (AMS), was created. Neither officer who filled this position over the next decade, Bill Anderson and Adrian Cole, had logistics training, and the official post-war history concluded that they relied heavily on the specialist knowledge of their experienced subordinate, the RAAF Director of Transport and Equipment, George Mackinolty.Stephens, Going Solo, p. 179

The RAAF faced challenges to its status as a service co-equal with the Army and Navy during the 1920s and 1930s.Coulthard-Clark, The Third Brother, p. 57 On several occasions the Air Board had to agitate for official representation commensurate with the other services.Coulthard-Clark, The Third Brother, pp. 62–67 The Air Board considered RAAF funding so low in mid-1924 that it was existing on a "hand to mouth" basis and could not maintain its program; Goble told a defence committee meeting with Prime Minister Stanley Bruce that the service had "two machines fit for war".Stephens, Power Plus Attitude, p. 25 In 1930, and again in 1932, the government of the day seriously considered amalgamating the Air Force with one of the other services.Coulthard-Clark, The Third Brother, pp. 72–77 As CAS, Williams, who maintained personal correspondence with successive RAF chiefs, Trenchard and Sir John Salmond, as allies in the fight for an independent air force, received much of the credit for seeing off these threats of merger.Coulthard-Clark, The Third Brother, pp. 62–63, 76–77Stephens, The Royal Australian Air Force, pp. 50–52 Only after 1932, Williams contended, was the position of the RAAF as a separate entity assured. Senior RAAF officers recognised the value of assistance to the civil community in terms of training and public relations, and in the 1920s and 1930s the Air Board authorised participation in a series of photographic surveys, meteorological flights, search-and-rescue missions, aerobatic displays, and air races.Coulthard-Clark, The Third Brother, pp. 295–305, 374, 378, 381, 399–401 The board was able to embark on an expansion program in 1934 thanks to an increase in overall defence spending by the Australian government, acquiring new bases, squadrons, and aircraft, including the Avro Anson, the RAAF's first low-wing monoplane and its first with a retractable undercarriage.Coulthard-Clark, The Third Brother, pp. 140, 182 In May 1938 the Minister for Defence approved the Air Board's recommendation to engage the recently formed Commonwealth Aircraft Corporation (CAC) to produce under licence the North American NA-33 trainer as the CAC Wirraway; the British government vigorously opposed the choice of a US design but the Australian government stuck by the decision.Coulthard-Clark, The Third Brother, pp. 274–280

In February 1939, Williams was dismissed from his position as CAS and posted to the UK following publication of a report by Marshal of the Royal Air Force Sir Edward Ellington that criticised air safety in the RAAF.Stephens, The Royal Australian Air Force, pp. 55–57Coulthard-Clark, The Third Brother, pp. 347–348 According to a statement by Australian Prime Minister Joseph Lyons, "the Air Board cannot be absolved from blame for these conditions and ... the main responsibility rests on the Chief of the Air Staff".Coulthard-Clark, The Third Brother, pp. 79, 117 In what became a public slanging match with the government, the Air Board questioned Ellington's use of statistics to compare the safety record of the RAAF with the RAF's. Goble, who as AMP since January 1938 might have been considered responsible for safety standards, maintained that Williams had personally overseen air training since 1934. Williams believed that Generals Sir Harry Chauvel and Sir Brudenell White had influenced Ellington's thinking as part of a campaign to undermine the status of the Air Force.Coulthard-Clark, The Third Brother, p. 80 On Williams' departure, Goble was appointed acting CAS.

On the eve of World War II, the RAAF comprised twelve flying squadrons, two aircraft depots, and a flying school, situated at five air bases in Victoria, New South Wales, and Western Australia, all directly administered and controlled through Air Force Headquarters in Melbourne.Stephens, The Royal Australian Air Force, pp. 111–112Gillison, [https://oldsite.awm.gov.au/images/collection/pdf/RCDIG1070476--1-.pdf Royal Australian Air Force, pp. 66–67] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808194000/https://oldsite.awm.gov.au/images/collection/pdf/RCDIG1070476--1-.pdf |date=8 August 2017 }} The Air Board consisted of the CAS, AMP, AMS, and FM. Each of these members was responsible for their own branches within the RAAF, and each branch consisted of several directorates.Ashworth, How Not to Run an Air Force!, pp. 3–4 Officer staff across all board members' branches at Air Force Headquarters numbered thirty-eight.

In October 1939, following the outbreak of war, and without consulting the Air Board, the Australian government agreed to participate in the Empire Air Training Scheme (EATS).Gillison, [https://oldsite.awm.gov.au/images/collection/pdf/RCDIG1070476--1-.pdf Royal Australian Air Force, pp. 63–64, 75] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808194000/https://oldsite.awm.gov.au/images/collection/pdf/RCDIG1070476--1-.pdf |date=8 August 2017 }} The next month, the government reorganised the Department of Defence into four ministries: the Department of Defence Coordination, headed by Prime Minister Robert Menzies, and the Departments of Air, Army and Navy, each with their own minister; the Air Board became responsible to the Minister for Air.Ashworth, How Not to Run an Air Force!, pp. 11–12 The board's FM, Melville Langslow, was appointed Secretary of the Department of Air. In anticipation of a significant increase in manpower and units, the Air Board decided to decentralise command and control of the RAAF.{{cite magazine |title = Organising for War: The RAAF Air Campaigns in the Pacific | magazine = Pathfinder|issue= 121| date = October 2009| url = http://airpower.airforce.gov.au/APDC/media/PDF-Files/Pathfinder/PF121-Organising-for-War-The-RAAF-Air-Campaigns-in-the-Pacific.pdf|publisher=Air Power Development Centre|access-date=14 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328165039/https://airpower.airforce.gov.au/APDC/media/PDF-Files/Pathfinder/PF121-Organising-for-War-The-RAAF-Air-Campaigns-in-the-Pacific.pdf|archive-date=28 March 2018}} Goble proposed in January 1940 to organise the Air Force along functional lines with Home Defence, Training, and Maintenance Commands, as well as an Overseas Command. The Air Board supported the plan but the Australian government chose not to implement it.Gillison, [https://oldsite.awm.gov.au/images/collection/pdf/RCDIG1070724--1-.pdf Royal Australian Air Force, pp. 90–91] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817082210/https://oldsite.awm.gov.au/images/collection/pdf/RCDIG1070724--1-.pdf |date=17 August 2017 }}Ashworth, How Not to Run an Air Force!, p. 24 Goble was replaced in February 1940 by Air Chief Marshal Sir Charles Burnett, RAF, who focused on rapidly expanding the RAAF to meet the needs of EATS and believed that Australia's huge land mass would make a functional command system unwieldy. He reorganised the Air Force into a geographically based "area" system.Ashworth, How Not to Run an Air Force!, p. 26 The air officer commanding (AOC) each area was delegated operational and administrative authority within their sphere of responsibility, while the CAS and Air Board determined high-level policy.Stephen, Australia's Air Chiefs, p. 6

In March 1940, the Air Board was reorganised to comprise the CAS, AMP, Air Member for Organisation and Equipment (AMOE), Director-General of Supply and Production (DGSP), and FM; a Business Member (BM) was added in December. Like the FM, DGSP and BM were civilian positions.Ashworth, How Not to Run an Air Force!, pp. xv, 30, 36 DGSP superseded the position of AMS.Gillison, [https://oldsite.awm.gov.au/images/collection/pdf/RCDIG1070724--1-.pdf Royal Australian Air Force, p. 92] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817082210/https://oldsite.awm.gov.au/images/collection/pdf/RCDIG1070724--1-.pdf |date=17 August 2017 }} Williams, promoted to acting air marshal, was recalled from Britain to take up the position of AMOE.Ashworth, How Not to Run an Air Force!, p. 20 According to Williams, Burnett acted "as though he were a Commander in Chief", ignoring the Air Board's role in controlling the RAAF.Stephens, The Royal Australian Air Force, p. 116 Henry Wrigley, AMP from 1940 to 1942,Ashworth, How Not to Run an Air Force!, pp. 301–302 contended in a 1986 interview that Burnett had "never held a post in which he was a member of a corporate body like our Air Board or the Air Council in Britain ... he was very prone to try and override members of the Air Board ... And the duties and responsibilities of members of the Air Board were definitely laid down in the Air Force regulations ..."{{cite interview |last=Wrigley |first=Henry |subject-link=Henry Wrigley |others=Frank Marshall |title=Air Vice Marshal Henry Neilson Wrigley CBE DFC AFC (Ret'd) discusses his career in the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF), 1921–1946 |work=Official History Unit oral history program |publisher=Australian War Memorial |at=Part 3 (41:02–44:58)|date=13 March 1986|url=https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/C283497|access-date=20 December 2022|archive-date=20 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220090331/https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/C283497 |url-status=live}} Burnett did gain credit for pushing for the establishment of the Women's Auxiliary Australian Air Force (WAAAF), formed in March 1941 as the first uniformed women's branch of an armed service in the country.Ashworth, How Not to Run an Air Force!, p. 278{{cite web|title= Women's Auxiliary Australian Air Force|work= The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History|year= 2008|publisher= Oxford Reference|access-date= 2 December 2022|url= http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195517842.001.0001/acref-9780195517842-e-1322|url-access= subscription|last1= Dennis|first1= Peter|last2= Grey|first2= Jeffrey|last3= Morris|first3= Ewan|last4= Prior|first4= Robin|last5= Bou|first5= Jean|isbn= 978-0-19-551784-2}} He did so in the face of opposition from within the RAAF, as well as from both sides of Federal politics.Thomson, The WAAAF in Wartime Australia, pp. 68–72Gillison, [http://www.awm.gov.au/cms_images/histories/26/chapters/05.pdf Royal Australian Air Force 1939–1942], pp. 98–99. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817082210/https://oldsite.awm.gov.au/images/collection/pdf/RCDIG1070724--1-.pdf |date=17 August 2017 }} The Air Board had considered a letter from Mary Bell, wife of an RAAF officer, regarding a women's auxiliary in November 1939 but took no action at the time.Gillison, [http://www.awm.gov.au/cms_images/histories/26/chapters/05.pdf Royal Australian Air Force 1939–1942], pp. 99–100. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817082210/https://oldsite.awm.gov.au/images/collection/pdf/RCDIG1070724--1-.pdf |date=17 August 2017 }} In June 1940, Burnett invited Bell to produce a proposal for the women's service.Thomson, The WAAAF in Wartime Australia, pp. 52–54 Wrigley recalled that Burnett wanted his elder daughter, a veteran of Britain's Women's Auxiliary Air Force, to take charge of the WAAAF. As AMP, with responsibility for the new branch, Wrigley told Burnett that there had already been "enough public outcry" over a non-Australian being named CAS, and there would be "a further public outcry" if anyone other than an Australian was appointed WAAAF Director.{{cite interview |last=Wrigley |first=Henry |subject-link=Henry Wrigley |others=Frank Marshall |title=Air Vice Marshal Henry Neilson Wrigley CBE DFC AFC (Ret'd) discusses his career in the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF), 1921–1946 |work=Official History Unit oral history program |publisher=Australian War Memorial |at=Part 4 (24:00–25:15)|date=13 March 1986|url=https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/C283497|access-date=20 December 2022|archive-date=20 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220090331/https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/C283497 |url-status=live}} Instead, Wrigley selected a Sydney-based corporate executive, Clare Stevenson.{{cite AuDB|last=McCarthy |first=John |year=2012|volume=18|id2=stevenson-clare-grant-15550|title= Stevenson, Clare Grant (1903–1988 |access-date=22 December 2022}}

File:AustralianAirBoard1941.jpeg (Finance Member); R. Lawson (Director General of Supply and Production); Air Vice-Marshal H.N. Wrigley (Air Member for Personnel); Air Chief Marshal Sir Charles Burnett (Chief of the Air Staff); F.J. Mulrooney (Secretary to the Air Board); Air Marshal R. Williams (Air Member for Organisation and Equipment); W.S. Jones (Business Member); M.C. Langslow (Secretary of the Department of Air).]]

RAAF forces in the Middle East and Europe were fully integrated into the RAF chain of command. In contrast to the Canadians, who attempted to gain a place on Britain's Air Council and were able to establish No. 6 Group RCAF as part of RAF Bomber Command, the Australian government did not press for control of its own assets in the air war against Germany. The Air Board established RAAF Overseas Headquarters, London, in December 1941, to look after the interests of aircrew stationed in Europe and the Middle East, but the headquarters had little influence on the deployment of Australian personnel, who were subject to RAF policy and strategy even when they belonged to ostensibly RAAF squadrons.Ashworth, How Not to Run an Air Force!, p. 39Stephens, The Royal Australian Air Force, pp. 64–66 According to the official history of Australia in the war, air officers commanding the headquarters could only attempt to "retard the centrifugal forces affecting Australian disposition, and repair the worst administrative difficulties arising from wide dispersion".Herington, [https://oldsite.awm.gov.au/images/collection/pdf/RCDIG1070711--1-.pdf Air Power Over Europe, p. 278] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223102515/https://oldsite.awm.gov.au/images/collection/pdf/RCDIG1070711--1-.pdf |date=23 December 2017 }}

Supporting General Douglas MacArthur's "island-hopping" campaign in the Pacific demanded an airfield construction capability that the Air Force did not possess at the onset of war.Stephens, The Royal Australian Air Force, p. 157 In February 1942 the Air Board proposed raising RAAF engineering units to fulfil this requirement, and Cabinet agreed the following month.Wilson, Always First, p. 4 Allied Air Forces Headquarters was formed in April and assumed the operational responsibilities of the CAS in the South West Pacific Area (SWPA). Burnett had recommended the Air Board's abolition but the Australian government rejected the idea. Instead, the board was again reorganised: the offices of AMOE and DGSP were dissolved and replaced by those of the Air Member for Supply and Equipment (AMSE) and Air Member for Engineering and Maintenance (AMEM) to focus on the two key logistical functions of supply and engineering, respectively.Gillison, [https://oldsite.awm.gov.au/images/collection/pdf/RCDIG1070516--1-.pdf Royal Australian Air Force, pp. 475–479] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817203018/https://oldsite.awm.gov.au/images/collection/pdf/RCDIG1070516--1-.pdf |date=17 August 2017 }}Ashworth, How Not to Run an Air Force!, pp. 129–131 In June, Air Commodore Mackinolty became the inaugural AMSE and Air Commodore Ellis Wackett the inaugural AMEM. Author Norman Ashworth observed that splitting the logistical functions of the Air Board in this manner appeared to be a "uniquely Australian" experiment, and it was not inconceivable that the organisation had been "tailored" to suit the talents of the highly regarded Mackinolty and Wackett.Ashworth, How Not to Run an Air Force!, pp. 132, 137, 301–302

Image:Jones-Bostock-Burnett AWM 012249.jpg

In September 1942 the Allied Air Forces commander, Major General George Kenney, formed the majority of his US flying units into the Fifth Air Force, and their Australian counterparts into RAAF Command, led by Air Vice-Marshal Bill Bostock.Gillison, [https://oldsite.awm.gov.au/images/collection/pdf/RCDIG1070519--1-.pdf Royal Australian Air Force, pp. 585–588] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817162813/https://oldsite.awm.gov.au/images/collection/pdf/RCDIG1070519--1-.pdf |date=17 August 2017 }}Odgers, [https://oldsite.awm.gov.au/images/collection/pdf/RCDIG1070530--1-.pdf Air War Against Japan, pp. 4–6] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817203330/https://oldsite.awm.gov.au/images/collection/pdf/RCDIG1070530--1-.pdf |date=17 August 2017 }} This effectively made Bostock the RAAF's operational commander in the SWPA, but administrative authority was still in the hands of the Air Board and the CAS, Air Vice-Marshal George Jones, who had taken over from Burnett in May 1942. The division of operational and administrative command was the source of acute personal tension between Jones, who though de jure head of the RAAF had no say in its operational tasking, and Bostock, who was responsible for directing the RAAF's operations but was wholly dependent on Jones and the Air Board for the supplies and equipment needed to fight the war.Stephens, The Royal Australian Air Force, pp. 119–120, 144–145Gillison, [https://oldsite.awm.gov.au/images/collection/pdf/RCDIG1070516--1-.pdf Royal Australian Air Force, pp. 476–477] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817203018/https://oldsite.awm.gov.au/images/collection/pdf/RCDIG1070516--1-.pdf |date=17 August 2017 }} The in-fighting adversely affected command and morale in the RAAF, and hurt the service's reputation with its American allies.Stephens, The Royal Australian Air Force, pp. 122–123

In March and April 1943 the government considered dissolving the Air Board and unifying control of the RAAF under a single commander senior to both Jones and Bostock, a move supported by the Commander-in-Chief Australian Military Forces, General Blamey, who noted that a similar arrangement was already in place for the Army, but this never eventuated. Meanwhile the Air Board, with the approval of the Minister for Air, Arthur Drakeford, ordered that Bostock be removed from RAAF Command and replaced with Air Commodore Joe Hewitt. Prime Minister John Curtin vetoed the decision on the grounds that such changes in higher command required agreement from the Americans; MacArthur and Kenney subsequently made clear that they did not consider Hewitt "an adequate replacement" for Bostock.Odgers, [https://oldsite.awm.gov.au/images/collection/pdf/RCDIG1070530--1-.pdf Air War Against Japan, pp. 15–18] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817203330/https://oldsite.awm.gov.au/images/collection/pdf/RCDIG1070530--1-.pdf |date=17 August 2017 }} In June that year the Air Board initiated inquiries with the Americans regarding helicopter development; following meetings between Jones and the Chief of the General Staff, Lieutenant General John Northcott, the board took responsibility for helicopter acquisition.Parnell; Boughton, Flypast, p. 197 This led to the order in 1946 of a Sikorsky S-51 for rescue and emergency work, but the board also began investigating the helicopter's potential for air-land and air-sea warfare.Stephens, Going Solo, p. 429

The Air Board reviewed the findings of the inquiry by Justice John Vincent Barry into the "Morotai Mutiny" of April 1945, when senior pilots of the Australian First Tactical Air Force (No. 1 TAF) attempted to resign their commissions to protest the relegation of RAAF fighter squadrons to strategically unimportant ground attack missions in the South West Pacific. Hewitt, the AMP, recommended that the AOC No. 1 TAF, Air Commodore Harry Cobby, be removed from command, along with his two senior staff officers. The majority of the board saw no reason to take such action, leaving Hewitt to append a dissenting note to its decision. Drakeford supported Hewitt's position, and the three senior No. 1 TAF officers were later dismissed from their posts.{{cite web|last= Alexander | first= Kristen |date= 1 September 2004 | title= 'Cleaning the Augean stables'. The Morotai Mutiny? | work=Sabretache | via=The Free Library | url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/%22Cleaning+the+augean+stables.%22+The+Morotai+Mutiny%3F-a0123162109|access-date=12 October 2017|archive-date= 20 May 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110520121304/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/%22Cleaning+the+augean+stables.%22+The+Morotai+Mutiny%3F-a0123162109 |url-status= live}}

During the war, the Air Board had overseen the RAAF's expansion from a complement in 1939 of 246 obsolescent machines including Wirraways, Ansons and Lockheed Hudsons, to a strength in 1945 of 5,620 sophisticated aircraft such as Supermarine Spitfires, P-51 Mustangs, de Havilland Mosquitoes, and B-24 Liberators; to support this force, the Air Force had provided all-through training for 18,000 technical staff, and further education for 35,000 more schooled initially outside the service.Stephens, The Royal Australian Air Force, pp. 152–154, 170–173

Following the end of the Pacific War in August 1945, SWPA was dissolved and the Air Board regained full control of all its operational formations.Ashworth, How Not to Run an Air Force!, p. 262 The board was once more the final authority for RAAF matters, exercising control through Air Force Headquarters.Stephens, Going Solo, p. 66

File:012247Hewitt1942.jpg

The Air Board's prime task in the immediate post-war period was transforming what was by some accounts the world's fourth-largest air force, numbering approximately 173,000 personnel, into a far smaller peacetime organisation. Much of the responsibility devolved to Hewitt as AMP.Stephens, The Royal Australian Air Force, pp. 170–173 The board had wanted a force of thirty-four squadrons and around 34,500 personnel but in January 1946 was instructed by the Australian government to reduce strength to 20,000.Stephens, Going Solo, pp. 14–15 Hewitt believed the RAAF was in danger of losing some of its best staff through rapid, unplanned demobilisation, and recommended it stabilise the workforce for two years at 20,000 while it reviewed post-war requirements. Although the Air Board supported Hewitt's proposal, government cost-cutting resulted in the strength of this "Interim Air Force" being reduced more quickly than planned, to around 13,000 by October 1946 and under 8,000 by the end of 1948.Stephens, The Royal Australian Air Force, pp. 176–179 With the government's concurrence, the Air Board arranged the summary dismissal of many high-ranking officers including Williams, Goble, and Bostock despite their being well below the mandatory retirement age; they were susceptible to such treatment in part because they were not on the board.Stephens, Going Solo, pp. 22–23 Hewitt and the board also rationalised the Air Force List of officers and their seniority that had become a source of irregularities owing to the many temporary and acting promotions granted during the war; this left several officers of senior rank demoted as many as three levels, such as group captain to flight lieutenant, in the first post-war List released in June 1947.Stephens, Going Solo, pp. 24–25

Despite acknowledging that the employment of women in the Air Force was an important factor in reducing "antagonism and prejudice" against them in the workplace in general, Hewitt recommended disbandment of the WAAAF; this was endorsed by the Air Board and by March 1947 all of the service's members had been discharged. Subsequent shortages of male personnel forced Jones and the board to reconsider this decision and recommend the establishment of a new women's service, leading to the formation of the Women's Royal Australian Air Force (WRAAF) in November 1950. In contrast to the situation for WAAAF members, who were paid two-thirds of the RAAF rates of pay for the same jobs, the board recommended that recruits to the new women's organisation receive the same rates of pay as their male counterparts. The Australian government did not concur, and WRAAF members could not expect to earn more than two-thirds the pay of males.Stephens, Going Solo, pp. 335–338 As AMP Hewitt was also responsible for establishing a post-war RAAF reserve contingent, including CAF squadrons for home defence so that permanent forces were able to deploy overseas as necessary.Stephens, Going Solo, p. 323 From September 1950 to January 1961, the Air Board was augmented by a CAF Member.{{cite magazine |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article232784020 |title=Constitution of the Air Board |magazine=Commonwealth of Australia Gazette |issue=64 |date=26 October 1950 |access-date=2 December 2017 |page=2709 |via=National Library of Australia}}{{cite magazine |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article232963361 |title=Constitution of the Air Board |magazine=Commonwealth of Australia Gazette |issue=59 |date=30 September 1954 |access-date=3 December 2017 |page=2844 |via=National Library of Australia}}{{cite magazine |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article241004007 |title=Constitution of the Air Board |magazine=Commonwealth of Australia Gazette |issue=4 |date=19 January 1961 |access-date=3 December 2017 |page=178 |via=National Library of Australia}}

Wackett sought to establish technical services as a distinct department within the RAAF, rather than forming part of the Supply Branch as in previous years. In March 1946 he gained the Air Board's approval for a Technical Branch, which was formed under his leadership in September 1948. This led to a separate listing of engineering personnel, as opposed to the earlier Technical List subgroup under the General Duties Branch. Wackett was disappointed by the limits imposed by the Air Board on career advancement for his personnel: the General Duties Branch in the late 1940s was permitted to maintain thirty-seven officer positions of group captain and above, but the Technical Branch was only allowed fourteen such slots, even though both departments had an almost identical overall strength of just under 400 staff; the anomaly led Wackett to submit a dissenting report on the subject to the Air Board. In October 1949, Wackett's title was changed from Air Member for Equipment and Maintenance to Air Member for Technical Services (AMTS).Stephens, Going Solo, pp. 171–173 The board renamed the Technical Services Branch the Engineering Branch in 1966.Lax, Taking the Lead, p. 511

File:Australian Air Board 1946.jpg (Business Member); Air Vice-Marshal G.J. W. Mackinolty (Air Member for Supply and Equipment).]]

In the immediate post-war period, the Air Board was responsible for determining which of its aircraft and other equipment was surplus to requirements. The official post-war history notes that this included such things as "ten kilometres of fur fabric (used to line flying suits), three hundred kilometres of hessian, four hundred kilometres of canvas, 53,539 mosquito nets, 3,800,000 razor blades and 20,711 pairs of corsets".Stephens, Going Solo, p. 14 As AMSE, Mackinolty was solely responsible for disposing of surplus equipment up to an original value of £500, and jointly responsible with the BM and FM for disposing of items valued between £500 and £10,000. Equipment worth more than £10,000 required the approval of the full Air Board and the Board of Business Administration in the Department of Defence.Stephens, Going Solo, pp. 14, 466 The position of Business Member was dropped from the Air Board in January 1948.{{cite magazine |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article232813546 |title=Constitution of the Air Board |magazine=Commonwealth of Australia Gazette |issue=39 |date=4 March 1948 |access-date=30 December 2017 |page=1571 |via=National Library of Australia}} Mackinolty died after a short illness in February 1951, and Hewitt took over as AMSE.Stephens; Isaacs, High Fliers, p. 107Stephens, Going Solo, p. 500

Despite the major reductions in personnel and equipment in the immediate post-war period, the Air Force was soon committed to a series of overseas ventures in concert with its Cold War allies.Eather, Odd Jobs, pp. xv–xvi In March 1946, No. 81 (Fighter) Wing deployed to Japan as part of the British Commonwealth Air Group (BCAIR), the air component of the British Commonwealth Occupation Force.Stephens, Going Solo, pp. 213–214 No. 81 Wing's commander was responsible to BCAIR for duties related to the occupation but could deal directly with Air Force Headquarters on RAAF personnel matters such as pay, postings, and promotions.Stephens, Going Solo, pp. 210–211 The ten RAAF transport crews committed to the Berlin Airlift flew British aircraft under the control of No. 46 Group RAF.Stephens, Going Solo, p. 196 RAAF combat forces deployed in the Malayan Emergency were directed by the RAF and in the Korean War by United Nations Air Command headquarters.Stephens, Going Solo, pp. 224, 246 The Australian squadrons in Malaya were deployed as a composite RAAF formation, No. 90 Wing, owing to the personal intervention of the CAS, Air Marshal Jones, who was mindful of repeating the experience of World War II, when RAAF units and personnel based in Britain had been absorbed by the RAF, rather than operating as a national group led by high-ranking Australian officers. He informed the British Air Ministry of this requirement—without consulting the Australian government—and the Air Ministry acceded.{{cite web|url=http://airpower.airforce.gov.au/HistoryRecord/HistoryRecordDetail.aspx?rid=196|title=No 90 Wing formed at Singapore| publisher =Air Power Development Centre|access-date=15 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316043544/https://airpower.airforce.gov.au/HistoryRecord/HistoryRecordDetail.aspx?rid=196|archive-date=16 March 2016}}Eather, Odd Jobs, pp. 47–48 RAAF squadrons in the Korean War were also grouped into a composite formation, No. 91 Wing.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article69467077 |title=RAAF serving on three fronts |newspaper=The Advocate |location=Burnie, Tasmania |date=11 April 1953 |accessdate=24 November 2022 |page=10 |via=National Library of Australia}}Stephens, Going Solo, pp. 228–229 The Gloster Meteor jets flown in Korea were the first type in Australian service to be fitted with ejector seats; the Air Board soon ordered their employment in all high-performance RAAF aircraft.Stephens, Going Solo, p. 441 The RAAF had sought swept-wing North American F-86 Sabres for Korea in preference to the straight-wing Meteors but none were available at the time.Stephens, Going Solo, pp. 229–230 When the Air Board proposed that CAC build the Sabre under licence in Australia the Minister for Air, Tommy White, initially rejected the notion, partly because he preferred British aircraft and also because he doubted the suitability of the proposed engine, the Rolls-Royce Nene. Jones arranged a phone conference for himself and White with the director of Rolls-Royce, who recommended using the Avon engine instead, and White subsequently agreed to procure what became the CAC Sabre.Helson, The Private Air Marshal, p. 348

File:RAAF UH-1D of 9 Sqn in Vietnam 1970.jpg

When No. 78 (Fighter) Wing deployed to Malta to help garrison the Middle East during 1952–1954, it was under the operational control of the RAF rather than the Air Board, but the British Air Council undertook to inform the board of any plans for combat missions except in emergencies.Stephens, Going Solo, pp. 203–204 The Air Board maintained full operational control of No. 79 Squadron when it deployed with Sabres to Ubon, Thailand, under SEATO arrangements in 1962. After United States Air Force (USAF) strike aircraft took up residence at Ubon in 1965 as part of operations in the Vietnam War, the RAAF fighters became responsible for protection of the American assets, in effect subjecting them to USAF tasking, despite the Air Board's ostensible authority.Stephens, Going Solo, pp. 274–278

Between 1965 and 1967, the Australian government committed three Air Force units for service in Vietnam: RAAF Transport Flight Vietnam (later No. 35 Squadron), operating DHC-4 Caribou transports; No. 9 Squadron, operating UH-1 Iroquois helicopters; and No. 2 Squadron, operating English Electric Canberra bombers.Stephens, Going Solo, pp. 285–300 The Air Board selected Air Commodore Jack Dowling as deputy commander of Australian Forces Vietnam (AFV) and Group Captain Peter Raw as RAAF task force commander, choices the official post-war history of the Air Force found wanting as neither officer was experienced in land/air warfare operations.Stephens, Going Solo, p. 292 Dowling was responsible to the Air Board for the "local administration" of all RAAF units in Vietnam.Horner, Australian Higher Command in the Vietnam War, pp. 89–91 The Caribous were tasked for pre-agreed roles by the USAF; the commanding officer was expected to seek permission from the Air Board for any mission outside his normal purview.Stephens, Going Solo, pp. 286–287 The Canberras operated under the direction of the USAF as part of the 35th Tactical Fighter Wing.Stephens, Going Solo, p. 302 The Iroquois were controlled by the 1st Australian Task Force. The official post-war history described No. 9 Squadron's first three months in Vietnam as "an inter-service disaster" owing to the unit's lack of readiness.Stephens, Going Solo, pp. 289–292 Air Board directives, "framed for peacetime flying" according to David Horner, initially precluded the Iroquois from operating in hostile conditions; the RAAF provided helicopter support for Australian troops during the Battle of Long Tan in August 1966 in spite of these directives.Horner, Australian Higher Command in the Vietnam War, pp. 18–19Dennis; Grey, From Past to Future, p. 9 Although the RAAF Iroquois established a high level of safety and efficiency after their teething issues, the early problems remained in the forefront of Army thinking, and probably contributed to the Australian government's decision in 1986 to transfer control of battlefield helicopters from the Air Force to the Army.Dennis; Grey, From Past to Future, p. 6Stephens, Going Solo, p. 296

The RAAF underwent major organisational change under Jones' replacement as CAS, Air Marshal Sir Donald Hardman, RAF, between October 1953 and February 1954, when it transitioned from the wartime area command structure to a functional control system. This resulted in the establishment of Home (operational), Training, and Maintenance Commands. Some on the Air Board were unsure of the efficacy of a functional command system given the breadth of the country and the relatively small size of the RAAF, but Hardman had the support of the Minister for Air, William McMahon, and the board eventually ratified the structural changes.Stephens, Going Solo, pp. 74–78 Hardman had also observed that the terms "Air Board" and "Air Force Headquarters" (whose staff numbered over 1,300) were used synonymously to describe the RAAF's highest authority.Stephens, Going Solo, p. 463 Finding the roles of the board, the headquarters and the department to be blurred, he directed that Air Force Headquarters be absorbed by the Department of Air, through which the Air Board would now control its assets. In 1954, the position of FM was supplanted by the Secretary of the Department of Air. The functional commands were revised in 1959. The board approved renaming Home Command to Operational Command, and merging Training and Maintenance Commands into Support Command.Stephens, Going Solo, pp. 76–77Lax, Taking the Lead, p. 458 The Air Board reiterated that policies were the responsibility of the Department of Air, and implementing those policies the responsibility of the commands.Stephens, Going Solo, p. 78 The board and its staff progressively relocated from Melbourne to Russell Offices in Canberra between 1959 and 1961.

File:Australian Air Board 1955.jpg (Air Member for Personnel); Air Vice-Marshal J.E. Hewitt (Air Member for Supply and Equipment); Air Marshal J.P.J. McCauley (Chief of the Air Staff); A.G. Townley (Minister for Air); F.J. Mulrooney (Secretary to the Air Board); E.W. Hicks (Secretary of the Department of Air); Air Vice-Marshal E.C. Wackett (Air Member for Technical Services); Group Captain R.M. Rechner (Citizen Air Force Member).]]

Hardman had stressed to the Air Board in 1954 that "An air force without bombers isn't an air force", a tenet "held just as strongly by his successors" according to the official post-war history.Stephens, Going Solo, p. 362 In June 1963, to counteract a perceived threat from Indonesia out of which the Labor opposition was making political capital in the run-up to a Federal election, Prime Minister Menzies instructed the CAS, Air Marshal Sir Val Hancock, to investigate replacements for the Canberra. Although finding the US TFX, forerunner of the General Dynamics F-111, the most suitable aircraft, he recommended purchase of the already operational North American A-5 Vigilante as the simplest way to satisfy the requirement.Stephens, Going Solo, pp. 369–371 The Air Board and the Minister for Air, David Fairbairn, endorsed Hancock's recommendation but Cabinet over-ruled them and the Minister for Defence, Athol Townley, negotiated a deal for twenty-four F-111s without consulting Hancock or the Air Board; Menzies announced the decision in October.Stephens, Going Solo, p. 372Lax, From Controversy to Cutting Edge, pp. 28–30 In September 1966 the board considered an array of names—many of them Aboriginal in origin—for the new bomber, eventually deciding that "F-111" ("F-one-eleven") alone had "a certain amount of appeal, enhanced to a good extent by usage".Lax, From Controversy to Cutting Edge, p. 68 Much of the board's time over the following years was occupied with issues of structural fatigue and losses of USAF aircraft that delayed the F-111's introduction to Australian service until 1973.Stephens, Going Solo, p. 381Lax, From Controversy to Cutting Edge, pp. 62, 70, 90, 104 In the interim, the Air Board supported a proposal by the Minister for Defence, Malcolm Fraser, to lease twenty-four McDonnell Douglas F-4E Phantoms; the board felt constrained to reiterate its ongoing commitment to the F-111, issuing a statement that the aircraft would "meet the RAAF operational requirement more effectively than the F-4E by a decisive margin".Lax, Taking the Lead, p. 604

In 1971 the Air Board presided over celebrations for the RAAF's fiftieth anniversary, which included several air displays, a commemorative book, and the commissioning of an Air Force Memorial in Canberra. The board also decided to do away with the RAAF's dark-blue winter and khaki summer uniforms in favour of an all-purpose blue-grey suit.Stephens, Going Solo, pp. 451–453 This proved unpopular and Williams' original winter uniform design was reintroduced in 2000.Stephens, The Royal Australian Air Force, p. 305 In October 1975, the Air Board considered the findings of a Defence working party reviewing conditions for women in the armed services. As a result, the board decreed that a common rank structure should apply in the RAAF and the WRAAF, and that WRAAF members should have the same powers of command and discipline over male as well as female air force personnel; previously WRAAF members (and WAAAF members during World War II) had powers of command only over other servicewomen. The board also expanded the range of musterings available to women, though it continued to exclude them from combat duties.Lax, Taking the Lead, p. 273

File:Russell Offices.JPG

The Departments of Air, Army and Navy merged with the Department of Defence in November 1973 as part of a rationalisation plan formulated by the Secretary of Defence, Sir Arthur Tange.Stephens, The Royal Australian Air Force, pp. 295–296 According to the official history of the RAAF from 1972 to 1996, Tange had found the three service departments, the Department of Supply, and the central Department of Defence to be riven with "tribalism and entrenched attitudes", and the service boards, each reporting to their own minister, to be "laws unto themselves".Lax, Taking the Lead, p. 85 The Air Board became responsible to the Minister for Defence, and the civilian member of the Air Board, the Secretary of Air, became the Special Deputy of the Permanent Head, Defence (Air Office).Australian Bureau of Statistics, Official Year Book of Australia, p. 104 As a further consequence of Tange's plan, in 1976 the Army, Navy and Air Force chiefs were given individual responsibility to command their respective services, under the direction of the newly inaugurated Chief of the Defence Force Staff. This made the service boards redundant. The Air Board held its final meeting on 30 January 1976, and was dissolved on 9 February, along with the Military and Naval Boards.Stephens, Going Solo, pp. 83–84

The incumbent CAS, Air Marshal James Rowland, became the first officer to personally command the RAAF in a legal sense. A new Chief of the Air Staff Advisory Committee (CASAC) was set up to develop policy and oversee administration, but there was no requirement for the CAS to accept its advice.Odgers, The Royal Australian Air Force, p. 188 Chaired by the CAS, CASAC comprised the Deputy CAS, the Chief of Air Force Plans, the Chief of Air Force Manpower, the Chief of Technical Services, and the Director-General of Supply.Lax, From Controversy to Cutting Edge, p. 157 According to Alan Stephens, Rowland considered that the Air Board's "collective wisdom" had been generally beneficial to the RAAF, and believed the new arrangements led to {{" '}}paralysis and arrogation of decision making', and empire building in the Public Service component".Stephens, Going Solo, p. 80Stephens, Australia's Air Chiefs, pp. 11–12 Conversely, Rowland's successor as CAS, Air Marshal Sir Neville McNamara, endorsed the demise of the Air Board, finding that it had, in Stephens' words, "tended to perpetuate Branch enmities and divisions within the Air Force".

• Air Board (Canada)

{{reflist|30em}}

• {{cite book | year = 2000| title = How Not to Run an Air Force! Volume One – Narrative| url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170822135130/http://airpower.airforce.gov.au/APDC/media/PDF-Files/Heritage%20Series/HTG12-How-Not-To-Run-An-Air-Force!-Volume-1.pdf| last = Ashworth | first=Norman| publisher = RAAF Air Power Studies Centre | location = Canberra | isbn =0-642-26550-X|ref=none}}
• {{cite book|author=Australian Bureau of Statistics|title= Official Year Book of Australia 1974| year=1975|publisher=Australian Government Publishing Service | location=Canberra|url=https://books.google.com.au/books?id=OFD5eudElygC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|ref=none}}
• {{cite book|last=Coulthard-Clark |first=Chris |year=1991 |title=The Third Brother: The Royal Australian Air Force 1921–39 |location=North Sydney |publisher=Allen & Unwin |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403064733/http://airpower.airforce.gov.au/APDC/media/PDF-Files/Historical%20Publications/HIST32-The-Third-Brother-The-Royal-Australian-Air-Force-1921-39.pdf|isbn=0-04-442307-1 |ref=none}}
• {{cite book |editor1= Dennis, Peter|editor2=Grey, Jeffrey |editor-link2=Jeffrey Grey| date = 1995 | title = From Past to Future: The Australian Experience of Land/Air Operations – Proceedings of the 1995 Australian Army History Conference | publisher = Australian Defence Force Academy | location = Canberra|url=https://www.army.gov.au/sites/default/files/2019-11/1995_from_past_to_future_aust_experience_of_land_air_operations_0.pdf | isbn=0-7317-0337-5|ref=none}}
• {{cite book|last=Eather| first=Steve| year=1996| title=Odd Jobs: RAAF Operations in Japan, the Berlin Airlift, Korea, Malaya & Malta, 1946–1960|location=RAAF Williams, Victoria| publisher=RAAF Museum |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322011809/https://airpower.airforce.gov.au/APDC/media/PDF-Files/Heritage%20Series/HTG08-Odd-Jobs-RAAF-Operations-in-Japan,-The-Berlin-Airlift,-Korea,-Malaya-and-Malta-1946-1970.pdf|isbn=0-642-23482-5|ref=none}}
• {{cite book|last=Gillison | first=Douglas |year=1962| title=Australia in the War of 1939–1945: Series Three (Air) Volume I – Royal Australian Air Force 1939–1942 |edition=1st| location=Canberra| publisher=Australian War Memorial| url=https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/C1417315|oclc=2000369|ref=none}}
• {{cite book | last = Helson | first = Peter | title = The Private Air Marshal: A Biography of Air Marshal Sir George Jones | publisher = Air Power Development Centre | location=Canberra|year = 2010 | url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180403045958/https://airpower.airforce.gov.au/APDC/media/PDF-Files/Historical%20Publications/HIST21-The-Private-Air-Marshal-A-Biography-of-Air-Marshal-Sir-Geoge-Jones.pdf | isbn=978-1-920800-50-5| ref=none}}
• {{cite book |last=Herington |first=John |title=Australia in the War of 1939–1945: Series Three (Air) Volume IV – Air Power Over Europe 1944–1945 |location=Canberra |publisher= Australian War Memorial |year=1963 |edition=1st |url=https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/RCDIG1070212/|oclc=3633419|ref=none}}
• {{cite book |last=Horner|first=D.M. |author-link=David Horner|title=Australian Higher Command in the Vietnam War – Canberra Papers on Strategy and Defence No. 40|location=Canberra |publisher= Australian National University |year=1986 |url=http://bellschool.anu.edu.au/sites/default/files/publications/attachments/2016-03/sdsc-horner.pdf |isbn=0-86784-893-6|ref=none}}
• {{cite book|last=Lax |first=Mark |title=From Controversy to Cutting Edge: A History of the F-111 in Australian Service |year=2010 |publisher=Air Power Development Centre |location=Canberra |isbn=978-1-92080-054-3 |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326043207/http://airpower.airforce.gov.au/APDC/media/PDF-Files/Historical%20Publications/HIST22-From-Controversy-to-Cutting-Edge-A-History-of-the-F-111-in-Australian-Service.pdf|ref=none}}
• {{cite book|last=Lax |first=Mark |title=Taking the Lead: The Royal Australian Air Force 1972–1996|year=2020 |publisher=Big Sky Publishing |location=Newport, New South Wales|isbn=978-1-922265-95-1|edition=Kindle|ref=none}}
• {{cite book|last=Odgers | first=George |author-link=George Odgers|orig-year=1957| year=1968| title=Australia in the War of 1939–1945: Series Three (Air) Volume II – Air War Against Japan 1943–1945 | location=Canberra| publisher=Australian War Memorial| url=https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/RCDIG1070210/|oclc=246580191|ref=none}}
• {{cite book|last=Odgers| first=George|year=1984| title=The Royal Australian Air Force: An Illustrated History| location=Brookvale| publisher=Child & Henry |isbn=0-86777-368-5|ref=none}}
• {{cite book|last=Parnell|first=Neville|author2=Boughton, Trevor | title=Flypast: A Record of Aviation in Australia|publisher= Australian Government Publishing Service|location=Canberra|year=1988|isbn=0-644-07918-5|ref=none}}
• {{cite book|last=Stephens| first=Alan|year=1992|title=Power Plus Attitude: Ideas, Strategy and Doctrine in the Royal Australian Air Force 1921–1991|location=Canberra| publisher=Australian Government Publishing Service|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322013500/http://airpower.airforce.gov.au/APDC/media/PDF-Files/Historical%20Publications/HIST02-Power-Plus-Attitude-Ideas,-Strategy-and-Doctrine-in-the-Royal-Australian-Air-Force,-1921-1991.pdf|isbn=0-644-24388-0|ref=none}}
• {{cite book|last=Stephens| first=Alan| year=1995| title=Going Solo: The Royal Australian Air Force 1946–1971|location=Canberra|publisher=Australian Government Publishing Service|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822135528/http://airpower.airforce.gov.au/APDC/media/PDF-Files/Historical%20Publications/HIST03-Going-Solo-The-Royal-Australian-Air-Force-1946-1971.pdf|isbn=0-644-42803-1|ref=none}}
• {{cite book|last=Stephens| first=Alan|orig-year=2001|year=2006| title=The Royal Australian Air Force: A History| location=South Melbourne| publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-555541-7|ref=none}}
• {{cite book|editor-last=Stephens| editor-first=Alan |year=1992|title=Australia's Air Chiefs – The Proceedings of the 1992 RAAF History Conference|location=Canberra| publisher=Air Power Studies Centre|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401220917/http://airpower.airforce.gov.au/APDC/media/PDF-Files/Conference%20Proceedings/CONF03-RAAF-History-Conference-1992-Australia-s-Air-Chiefs.pdf |isbn=0-642-18866-1|ref=none}}
• {{cite book|editor-last=Sutherland| editor-first=Barry | year=2000| title=Command and Leadership in War and Peace 1914–1975 – The Proceedings of the 1994 RAAF History Conference|location=Canberra|publisher=Air Power Studies Centre|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403054859/http://airpower.airforce.gov.au/APDC/media/PDF-Files/Conference%20Proceedings/CONF20-RAAF-History-Conference-1999-Command-and-Leadership-in-War-and-Peace-1914-1975.pdf|isbn=0-642-26537-2|ref=none}}
• {{cite book|last=Thomson| first=Joyce| year=1991| title=The WAAAF in Wartime Australia| location=Melbourne| publisher= Melbourne University Press |isbn=978-0-522-84525-9|ref=none}}
• {{cite book|last=Wilson|first=David|title=Always First: The RAAF Airfield Construction Squadrons 1942–1974|year=1998|publisher=Air Power Studies Centre|isbn=0-642-26525-9|location=Canberra |ref=none }}

Category:History of the Royal Australian Air Force